Digital Image Processing:
Introduction
Presented by
[Link] Kumar panda
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Contact-9438269572
Mail: prafullapanda@[Link]
This lecture will cover:
What is a digital image?
What is digital image processing?
Categorization of image processing
Image processing systems
Media for digital data recording ,storage and
distribution
Data formats of digital image
Display of digital image
Advantages of digital image processing
What is a Digital Image?
Digital image is an array of numbers depicting spatial
distribution of certain field parameters(such as reflectivity
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)
of electromagnetic radiation ,emissivity, temperatures,
some geographical or topographical elevation )
A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional
image as a finite set of digital values, called picture
elements or pixels
What is a Digital Image? (cont…)
Digital image consists of discrete picture elements called
pixel.
Each pixel has a coordinate (x, y) in the discrete space
representing a continuous sampling of the earth surface
A numerical value ,represented as DN ,is associated with
each pixel
Pixel value is also called image intensity, image brightness or
gray level which stored as binary digits in computer.
1 pixel
What is Digital Image Processing?
Digital image processing involves the manipulation
and interpretation of digital image with the aid of
computer
Digital image processing focuses on two major
tasks
– Improvement of pictorial information for human
interpretation
– Processing of image data for storage, transmission
and representation for autonomous machine
perception
What is DIP? (cont…)
The continuum from image processing to
computer vision can be broken up into low-, mid-
and high-level processes
Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process
Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes
Output: Understanding
Examples: Noise removal, Examples: Object
Examples: Scene
image sharpening recognition,
understanding,
segmentation
autonomous navigation
W
O Capturing data
R
K
F
L Using digital
O Using film camera
camera/scanner
W
Analog data
O
F
A/D conversion by film
D scanner Digital data
I
G Digital data
I
T
A Raw digital image
L Preprocessing
I
M Corrected digital image
A
G
E
P Enhancement Transformation Classification
R
O Enhanced image Transformed mage Classified image
C
E
S Image out put
S
I
N Analog Digital
G (Hard copy print out) (Digital data base)
Major image processing techniques
Image rectification and restoration
De-striping
Radiometric correction Missing scan line removal
Detector response calibration Random noise removal
Sun angle and topographic correction
Atmospheric correction Systematic errors
Geometric correction Image to ground
Non Systematic errors
sub setting Image to image
Miscellaneous
Mosaicking
Image Enhancement Min-max. stretch
Image reduction Linear methods
Image magnification Saturation stretch
Colour composite
Contrast enhancement Histogram equalization
Non Linear methods
Histogram normalization
Density slicing
Thresholding
High pass filter
Frequency domain
Low pass filter
Filtering Convolution filter
Edge detection filter
Statistical filter
Median filter
mode filter
Major image processing techniques continued………..
Addition
Image transformation subtraction
Image arithmetic operation
multiplication
PC transformation
Indices/ rationing
Tasseled cap transformation
Colour space transformation
Fourier transformation
Image fusion Multiplicative fusion
PCA transform fusion
HIS transform fusion
Wave let transform fusion
Major image processing techniques continued………..
Minimum distance to mean
Image classification Parametric rules
Supervised classification Maximum like hood
Non Parametric rules Linear discriminate
Parallelepiped
Unsupervised classification
Feature space
One pass clustering
sequential clustering
Statistical clustering
K-means clustering
ISODATA clustering
RGB clustering
Image processing system
Hard ware
• Main farmed based
• Minicomputer based
• Microcomputer based
Peripherals
Input device-To enable analog-to-digital
conversion
Image out put devices-For displaying
Printer-produce hard copy
Image recording equipment-establish for data
archives
Software
• ERDAS Imagine
• PCI Geomatica
• TNT mips
• ENVI(Environment for Visualizing Images)
• GRASS
• ERIPS
• EMPIS
• ELAS
• GYPSY
LINUS
WINDOWS
Media for digital data recording
,storage and distribution
• HDDT(High density digital tapes)
• Transferred to CCT/ Floppy disk-for distribution
• Magneto-optical disk with erasable function
• CD-ROM
• DVD
Data formats of digital image
• Images are available in two forms photo graphic and
digital form
• In 1982 common format LTWG(Landsat Technical
Working Group)
• CEOS( Committee on earth observation satellite)
• GeoTIFF, HDF(Hierarchical Data Format )
File interleaving formats
1. Band interleaved by pixel(BIP) A set of multiband data
with respect to each pixel arranged spatially by the
pixel number and line number
2. Band interleaved by line(BIL) Line data are arranged in
the order of band number and repeated with respect
to line number
3. Band sequential (BSQ) image data(pixel no and line
no) of each band are separately arranged
Display of digital image
• VDU
• LCD
• CRT
ADVANTAGES OF DIP
Low cost
Efficient computer hard ware and soft
ware
Data storage
Easy to asses
Accuracy