Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
Chapter Two
Simple Strain
Strain : Is a measure of the deformation of the material which is subjected to
an external load , and its non-dimensional .
The strain may divided into : 1) Normal strain . 2) Shear strain
1) Normal Strain : It is occur due to normal stresses ( tensile causes +ve
strain and compressive stress causes –ve strain ).
∆L L − L1
ε = = 2
L L1 P
In tension :
∆L L2 − L1
εt = = (+ve strain ) L1 L2
L1 L1
In compression :
P
∆L L2 − L1
εc = = (-ve strain)
L1 L1
L2 L1
as L 1 larger than L 2
1
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
Stress-Strain Diagram :
In order to compare the strength of various materials to select the better
material for using , it is necessary to carry out some standard form of tests to
establish their relative properties . The most important of these tests is
(tensile tests) , in which a circular steel bar of uniform cross-sectional area is
subjected to gradually increasing tensile load until failure occurs , and
measuring the change in selected length (gauge length ) of bar simultaneously
, and then plot the relation between the tensile stress and tensile strain for bar
graph .
Stress-Strain diagram for mild steel
2
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
1-(O----A) : Straight line where the strain is linear proportional with
stress (σ ∝ ε )
∴σ = (Constant) *ε
∴σ = E *ε ( Hook’s law )
E-----Young modulus (modulus of elasticity ) .
P ∆L δ
σ = E *ε , Qσ = and ε= =
A L L
P δ P*L
∴ = E* ⇒δ =
A L A* E
A-----Refer to proportional limit .
2- (A----B) : The material may still be elastic but Hook’s law not valid .
B-----Elastic limit
3-(B----C) : Beyond point (B) strain are not removed (permanent strain).
C-----Upper yield point .
4-(C----D) : Increasing in deformation without increasing in load .
D-----Lower yield point .
5- (D----E) :The reduction in cross-sectional area of specimen will occur
(nicked specimen ) .
E-----Ultimate strength .
6- (E----F) : The failure will occur in specimen .
F----- Failure point .
3
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
2) Shear Strain : It is occur due to shear stress and its represented by ( ) in
radians , and its is defined as The angular change between two faces of
differential element . The shearing force cause shearing deformation , the
element that subjected to shear dose not change in length of its sides , but
undergoes change in shape from rectangle to parallelogram .
The average shearing strain is found by :
Ps s
δ
tan( γ ) = s
L
since the angle ( ) is usually very small , then
tan ( ) ≈( )
L
δs
∴γ =
L
Ps
The relation between shearing stress and shearing strain , assuming Hook’s
law apply to shear .
∴ τ = Cons tan t * γ
∴τ = G * γ
G------Modulus of elasticity in shear ( Modulus of rigidity )
Shearing deformation is expressed as :
V δs
τ = , τ = G *γ , γ =
A L
V δ
∴ = G* s
A L
V *L
∴δs =
A*G
4
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
Ex :-6- During a tensile test of the bar shown in figure , the overall extension
is (0.15mm) . Find the stress in each part of the bar .
Est=210GPa , EBr=120GPa
Brass
Sol:
Steel Steel
2δ st + δ Br = δ Total
P 20mm 50mm P
2 δ st + δ Br = 0 . 15 * 10 − 3
Pst * Lst PBr *LBr 100mm 200mm 100mm
∴2 + = 0.15*10−3
Ast * Est ABr * EBr
∴ Pst = PBr = P′ Steel
P P
Pst * 0.1 PBr * 0.2
∴2 + = 0.15*10−3
π π
(0.02)2 * 210*109 (0.05)2 *120*109
4 4
Brass
∴ Pst = PBr = P′ = 38.66 kN Steel
P P
Pst 38.66*103
σ st = = = 196.6MPa
Ast π 2
(0.02)
4
P 38.66 *103
σ Br = Br = = 123MPa
ABr π 2
(0.05)
4
5
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
Ex:-7- The rigid bar (AB) attached to two vertical rods as shown in figure ,
horizontally before the load (P) applied . If the load (P=50kN) , determine its
vertical movement .
St. Al.
L (m) 3 4
Aluminium
Area (mm 2) 300 500 Steel
E (GPa) 200 70
A B
P
Sol : 2m 3m
From F.B.D C
∴ ∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ PSt + PAl = P = 50kN ------(1) PAl
PSt
∴∑MC = 0 ⇒ 2 * PSt = 3* PAl ⇒ PSt = 1.5PAl -----(2)
Sub. (1) into (2)
P
∴1.5PAl + PAl = 50kN ⇒ PAl = 20kN
F.B.D
∴ PSt = 30kN
PSt * L St 30 * 10 3 * 3
∴ δ St = = −6 9
= 1 .5 * 10 − 3 m = 1 .5 mm
ASt * E St 300 * 10 * 200 * 10
PAl * L Al 20 * 10 3 * 4
∴ δ Al = = −6 9
= 2 .29 * 10 − 3 m = 2 .29 mm
A Al * E Al 500 * 10 * 70 * 10
For triangle shown by similarity of triangle :
δ P − 1 . 5 2 . 29 − 1 . 5
∴ =
2 5
2 ( 0 . 79 )
δ P = + 1 .5 St=1.5mm
5 Al=2.29mm
δ P = 1 . 816 mm P
6
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
Poisson’s ratio ( ) :
Another type of elastic deformation is the change in transverse dimensions
accompanying axial tension or compression .
If the bar is extended by axial tension , there is a reduction in the transverse
dimensions .The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is called
Poisson’s ratio . This ratio is constant for each material like [ for steel
( )=0.25-0.3 , for concrete ( )=0.2 , and for rubber ( ) ≤ 0.49 ] .
when the load (P) in X-direction : (Px)
−ε y −εz
υ= =
εx εx
when the load (P) in Y-direction : (Py)
−εx −εz
υ= =
εy εy
when the load (P) in Z-direction : (Pz)
−εx −ε y
υ= =
εz εz
δd
From above figure ⇒ ε Lateral = ( in Y-direction )
d
δb
ε Lateral = ( in Z-direction )
b
δL
ε Longitudin al = ( in X-direction )
L
ε Lateral
∴υ =
ε Longitudinal
υε x = −ε y = −ε z
σx
Qσ x = ε x * E ⇒ ε x =
E
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Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
σx
Q −υ * = ε y = εz For one axial loading
E
σx
ε X ( 1) = (due to stress along X-direction )
E
σ
ε X(2) = −υ y (due to stress along Y-direction )
E
σx σy
∴ Total strain in X-direction (ε X ) = − υ ----------(1)
t
E E
σy σ
∴ Total strain in Y-direction (ε Yt ) = −υ x -----------(2)
E E
From (1) and (2) :
(ε + υ * ε y )E
σ =
x
1−υ 2
x
∴ (ε + υ * ε x )E For Bi axial loading
σ =
y
1−υ
y 2
and for Tri axial loading :
1
εx = [σ x − υ (σ y + σ z )]
E
1
ε y = [σ y − υ (σ x + σ z )]
E
1
ε z = [σ z − υ (σ x + σ y )]
E
8
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
Ex: -8- A square steel plate has a tensile strains of ( x=2.37*10-7 , y=3.95*10-
4
) along X and Y directions . Find ( x and y ) when (E= 210 GPa) and
( =0.28) .
Sol:
σx σy
εx = −υ
E E
1
2.37*10−7 = [σ x − 0.28σ y ]
210*109
σ σx
εy = y
−υ
E E
1
3.95*10−4 = [σ y − 0.28σ x ]
210*109
∴ σ x = 0 .344 MPa
σ y = 1 .05 MPa
9
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
Ex :-9- A rectangular Aluminum block is (100mm) long in X-direction ,
(75mm) wide in Y-direction and (50mm) thick in Z-direction . It is subjected
to tri axial loading consisting of uniformly distributed tensile force of (200kN)
in the X-direction and uniformly distributed compressive forces of 160kN in
Y-direction and (220kN) in Z-direction. If the Poisson’s ratio ( =0.333) and
(E=70GPa) . Determine a single distributed load that must applied in X-
direction that would produce the same deformation in Z-direction as original
loading .
Y
σz σy σ
εz = −υ −υ x 160k N
E E E
50mm
3
Px 200 * 10
σx = = = 53 . 3 MPa (tension )
A 0 . 05 * 0 .075 X
75mm
220kN 200kN
160 * 10 3
σy = = 32 MPa ( compressio n )
0 .05 * 0 . 1
220 * 10 3 Z
σz = = 24 .34 MPa ( compressio n ) 100mm
0 .075 * 0 .1
1
∴ε z = 9
[−24.34 − 0.333(−32 + 53.3)] *10 6
70 *10
ε z = −0.52 *10 −3
σx P Px
ε z = −υ = −υ x ⇒ −0.52 *10 −3 = −0.333
E A* E 0.075 * 0.05 * 70 *10 9
∴ Px = 410 kN (Tension )
10
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
Statically Indeterminate Members :
There are certain combinations of axially loaded members in which the
equations of static equilibrium not sufficient for solution .This condition exists
in structures where the reactive forces or the internal resisting forces over a
cross section exceed the number of independent equation of equilibrium .
Such this cases are called Statically Indeterminate and require the use of
additional relations which depend upon the elastic deformation in the
members .
Following general principals that can be applied to solve this kind of
problems :-
1- Applied the equations of static equilibrium to free body diagram of the
structure or part of it .
2- Obtain additional equations from the geometric relations between the
elastic deformations that produced by loads for the unknown which are more
than independent equations of equilibrium .
11
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
Ex:-10- In the figure shown , a pendulum loaded with (2kg ), the pendulum
consist of 3-bars of equally length , if the outer are made of bronze and the
meddle of steel and their diameter shown on figure . Determine the axial force
in each member .
Es=200GPa , Eb=120GPa .
d=100mm
Sol:- From F.B.D
∑F
Pbr
= 0 ⇒ 2Pbr + Pst = 2*9.81⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (1) Pbr Pst
y 700mm
d=50mm
δ st = δ br
Pst * Lst Pbr * Lbr
∴ =
Ast * Est Abr * Lbr
2 kg 2 kg
Ast * Pbr * Est F.B.D
∴ Pst =
Abr * Ebr
π
(0.05) 2 * Pbr * 200 * 109
Pst = 4 = 0.416Pbr
π 2 9
(0.1) * 120 *10
4
∴ Pst = 0 . 146 Pbr …….(2) sub in equ.(1)
2 * Pbr + ( 0 .416 ) Pbr = 2 * 9 .81
∴ Pbr = 8 .12 N
Pst = 3.37 N
Pbr 8.12
∴ σ br = = = 1.033kPa
Abr π 2
(0.1)
4
P 3.37
σ st = st = = 1.716kPa
Ast π 2
(0.05)
4
12
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
Ex-11- A horizontal bar of negligible mass, hanged by hinge at point (A) as
shown. The bar is assumed to be rigid and is supported by vertical bronze bar
of (2m) length , a steel bar of (1m) length , using the data given below ,
determine the stress in each bar .
Steel Bronze
A(mm2) 600 300
2m Br
E(GPa) 200 83 1m St
A
Sol:- 0.6m 1m 0.8m
50kN
Pst Pbr
∑M A= 0 ⇒ 0.6Pst +1.6Pbr = 50* 2.4..........(1)
FAx
From triangles symmetry : F.B.D
δ st δ
= br FAy 50kN
0 .6 1 .6
1 Pst * L st 1 Pbr * Lbr
( )= ( )
0 .6 Ast * E st 1 .6 Abr * E br st
br
1 Pst * 1 1 Pbr * 2
( −6
)= ( )
0.6 600 * 10 * 200 * 10 9
1.6 300 * 10 −6 * 83 * 109
∴ P st = 3 . 61 Pbr ....... (2 ) Sub in (1)
∴ 0 . 6 ( 3 . 61 Pbr ) + 1 . 6 Pst = 120
31.9 *103
∴ Pbr = 31.9kN ⇒ σ br = = 106MPa
300 *10−6
115*103
Pst = 115kN ⇒ σ st = = 191.66MPa
600 *10−6
13
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
Thermal Stresses :
The change in temperature causes bodies to expand or contract , the
amount of linear deformation ( th ) is expressed as follows :
δ th = α * L * ∆T
where :
-------The coefficient of linear deformation in unit of (m/[Link])
L-------Length of the body (m)
T------Temperature change (Co).
A general procedure for computing the loads and stresses caused when
thermal deformation happened as result for temperature changing is outlines
in steps :
1-Assume that the body is free from all applied loads and constraints so that
thermal deformations can occur freely .
2- Apply sufficient load to the body to restore it to the original condition
3- Solve to find unknowns , using equations of equilibrium and equations
which are obtained from geometric relations between the temperature and
load deformation .
14
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
Ex-12- At (20Co) rigid slab having a mass of (55Mg) is placed upon two
bronze rods and one steel rod as shown in figure . At what temperature will
the mechanical stress in the steel rod be zero .
Steel Bronze
55Mg
A(mm2) 6000 6000
E(GPa) 200 83
Br St Br 250mm
(1/Co) 11.7*10 -6 19*10-6 300mm
Sol :-
δ Sttotal = δ Brtotal
mech mech
δ total = δ thermal + δ mechanical th th
th
when stress in steel been zero ⇒ Pst=0 ⇒ st=0
∴δ Sttotal = δ Stthermal
From figure of total deformation :
∴δ Stthermal = δ Brthermal − δ Brmechanical
Pbr * Lbr
∴α st * Lst * ∆T = α br * Lbr * ∆T −
Abr * Ebr
55*103 * 9.81
* 0.25
−6 −6
11.7 *10 * 0.3 * ∆T = 19*10 * 0.25* ∆T − 2
6000*10−6 * 83*109
T=109Co , T2=T1+ T
∴ T2=20+109=129Co
15
Strength of Materials Chapter Two Simple Strain
Ex-13- Composite bar shown in figure is consist of steel and aluminum bar
and its supports rigidly , and the load of (P=100kN)is applied as shown in
figure at temperature (20Co) . Find the stresses in steel and aluminum bar
when temperature reach to (100Co) .
Steel Aluminum
St
A(mm2) 1200 900 Al
E(GPa) 200 70 P
(1/Co) 11.7*10-6 23*10-6
L(m) 0.5 0.3
th
Sol :
∑Fx = 0 ⇒ R1 = R2 + P...........(1)
R1 P R2
Q The bars is rigidly supports
∴ δ thtotal = δ mechtotal
δ thSt + δ thAl = δ mechSt + δ mechAl
PSt * LSt PAl * LAl
Qα St * LSt * ∆T + α Al * LAl * ∆T = +
ASt * ESt AAl * EAl
PSt * 0.5 PAl * 0.3
11.7 *10−6 * 0.5 * (100− 20) + 23*10−6 * 0.3* (100− 20) = +
1200*10 * 200*10 900*10−6 *10*109
−6 9
∴ PSt + 2.266 PAl = 485 .7 * 10 3..........( 2)
when : Pst=R1 , PAl=R2=R1- P , P=100kN
Sub (1) in (2)
( )
∴ R1 + 2.266 R1 − 100 * 10 3 = 485 .7 * 10 3
∴ R1=218kN=PSt
218 * 10 3
∴σ = = 181 . 75 MPa
1200 * 10 − 6
St
R 2 = 218 − 100 = 118 kN
118 * 10 3
∴σ Al = = 131 .1MPa
900 * 10 − 6
16