MEASURES OF MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY

1. During an epidemic of Measles in an urban slum community the no. of Measles

cases reported were 825, out of 1700 under five children. Out of these 825 cases,
65 developed complications to which 16 died. In a joint family if 17 persons, there
were 7 under fives. In that family there was one primary case & within the
incubation period, 5 secondary cases were occurred. Find out the following
a. Attack Rate of Measles.
b. Secondary attack rate.
c. Case Fatality Rate

No. of under five children = 1700

No. of Measles case = 825

No of patient who developed complications = 65

a) Attack rate =No. of new cases of a specified disease during a specified time
interval X 100
Total population at risk during the same interval
= 825/1700 X 100
Attack rate = 48.5 %

b) Secondary Attack rate = No of exposed persons developing disease within

range of incubation period_______________________x 100
Total no of exposed/susceptible contacts
= 5/6 x 100

S.A.R = 83.3%

c) Case Fatality Rate = Total number of deaths due to particular disease x 100
Total no of cases due to the same disease
= 16/825 x 100

C.F.R = 1.9%

2. In a population of 10,000 there were 200 cases of tuberculosis on January 1st 2007.
There were 40 new cases of tuberculosis during the year, 10 died due to
tuberculosis; 15 were cured and 5 others migrated out. The total number of deaths
due to all causes was 200. Calculate the following:
a. Incidence of Tuberculosis
b. Prevalence of tuberculosis.
c. Case fatality rate.
d. Proportional mortality rate for tuberculosis
a. Mid Year Population = 10,000
Old TB Cases = 200
New Tb Cases = 40
Death due to TB = 10
Number of cured TB Cases= 15
Migrated TB cases = 5
Crude death rate = 200
Prevalence of TB = 200+40 X100
10000
No of existing case (old+New)
During that year /Period___________ X 100 = 2.4 %
Estimated MYP at Risk
b. Incidence of TB
= No of new cases of TB during the yearX 1000
Population at risk in same year
= 40 X 1000
10000
= 4/1000 Population
c. Case Fatality rate
= Total No of death due to TBX 100
Total no of cases of TB

= 10/240 X 100
= 4.2 %
d. Proportional Mortality Rate for TB
= No of death from specific diseases in a year X 100
Total death due to all causes in that year
= 10/200X 100
= 5%
 3. With the following data of a PHC in 2007; calculate health indicators.
Midyear population- 35,000
Total deaths due to all causes - 350
Total persons with new sputum positive Tuberculosis cases- 50
Old cases of sputum positive Tuberculosis cases - 25
Deaths due to Tuberculosis- 10
Calculate: -
a) Crude death rate (1)
b) Prevalence rate of Tuberculosis case
c) Incidence rate of TB
d) Proportionate mortality rate due to Tuberculosis

a) Crude Death Rate = No of death during a year X 1000

MYP
= 350 X 1000
35000
CDR = 10/1000 Population
b) Prevalence rateof Tuberculosis

= No of existing cases (new+ old) of a specified diseaseduring a given year X 1000

Mid-year population in same year
= (50+25) x 100
35000
= 0.2 %
c) Incidence Rate of TB = No of new case of TB in during a year X 1000
Mid-year population in same year
= 50X 1000
35000
= 1.4/1000 Population
d) Proportionate mortality rate = No. of death from the specified disease in a year X
1000
Total death from all the causes in that year
= 10/350 X 100
= 2.86 %

4. Population of town on 1st Jan 2013 was 64550. There were 1500 births and 600
deaths for the year. In a morbidity survey 221 old cases of TB were found and 39
new cases were detected. Number of deaths due to TB was 2during that year.
Find out
i. Crude death rate
 ii. Case fatality rate
iii. Specific death rate due to TB
iv. Prevalence rate of TB
Population of town = 64550
Total births = 1500
Total death = 600
Old cases of TB= 221
New cases of TB = 39
Death due to TB that year = 2

i) Crude death rate= No of death during yearX 1000

Population during that year
= 600/64550 X 1000
= 9.3/1000

ii) Case fatality rate =Number of death due to Specific disease X 100
Total number of cases during that year
=2/260X100
=0.77 %

iii) Specific death rate= No of death due to TB that yearX 1000

Population of that year
= 2/64550 X 1000
= 0.03 /1000 population
iv) Prevalence rate of TB =No of existing cases (new+ old) of a specified
diseaseduring a given year X 100
Mid-year population in same year
= 221+39 x 100
= 64550
= 260/64550 X 100
= 0.4 %
 STUDY DESIGNS
1. A study was conducted to find out the association of blindness with diabetes.
Diabetes status was taken as the risk factor and distribution of blindness with
respect to presence or absence of diabetes as given below:

BLINDNESS

Diabetes Present Absent

Present 180 (a) 120 (b)

Absent 140 (c ) 200 (d)

A) What is the type of study?

B) Calculate the exposure rates.
C) Calculate the Odds ratio.
D) Comment on Odds ratio.

a) Case-control study
b) Exposure rate among cases = a/ (a+c) x 100
= 180/320 x 100
= 56.25%
c) Exposure rate among controls = b / (b+d) x 100
= 120/320 X 100
= 37.5%
d) Odd’s ratio (OR) = ad/bc
= (180 x 200) / (140x120)
= 36000/16800
= 2.14

e) COMMENT: OR of 2.14 indicates that people with DM have 2.14 times more
risk of having blindness when compared to people without DM

2. 7000 smokers and 3000non-smokers were followed up for about

20 years to document the development of smoking- associated lung cancer. Out of 7000
smokers, 70 developed lung cancer and among 3000 non-smokers 3 developed lung
cancer

SMOKING LUNG CANCER TOTAL

SMOKING Present Absent Total
Present Present 70 (a) 6930 (b) 7000 (a+b)
Absent Absent 3 (c ) 2997 (d) 3000 (c+d)
TOTAL TOTAL 73 (a+c) 9927 (b+d) 10000
(a+b+c+d)
a) What is the study design?
b) What is the incidence rate of lung cancer among smokers and non-smokers?
c) Calculate Relative Risk.
d) Give your interpretation.

a)Cohort study
b) Incidence rate among smokers = a x 1000
(a+b)

= 70 x 1000
7000
= 10 per 1000 population

Incidence rate among non- smokers = c x 1000

(c+d)

= 3 x 1000
3000
= 1 per 1000 population
c) Relative risk= Incidence rate among smokers = 10/1
Incidence rate among non-smokers
= 10

d) Interpretation
• RR=10 (RR>1), indicates incidence rate of lung cancer is 10 times higher among
smokers than non-smokers

3. A study was conducted in NIMHANS, Bangalore to find the association between

repeated seizures and mental retardation. Among 150 mentally retarded cases 60
gave history of repeated seizures and among 200 mentally normal people 40 gave
history of repeated seizures.
a. Identify the study design (1)

b. Find the odds ratio (2)

c. Interpret the result (1)

Mental retardation

Seizures Present Absent

60 40
Present
90 160
Absent

a. Case Control study

Odds Ratio = ad / bc
= 60X 160
40 X 90
[Link] Ratio = 2.67
[Link]:
Odds radio of 2.67 indicates that those who had repetated seizures are 2.67 times at risk
of getting mental retardation compared to those who don’t have repeated seizures.
4. In a study conducted on 500 patients of cancer of oral cavity and equal number of
healthy persons; Tobacco chewing was observed in 240 cancer patients and 40
healthy persons.
a. What is the study design?
b. Calculate exposure rates amongst cases and controls.
c. Calculate odds ratio.

Tobacco Oral Cancer TOTAL

chewing Positive Negative
Positive 240 40 280
Negative 260 460 720
TOTAL 500 500 1000

a) Case Control study

b) Exposure rates among cases = a/ (a+c) x 100

= 240/500 X 100
= 48 %

c) Exposure rates among controls = b / (b+d) x 100

=40/500 X 100

=8%

Odds ratio = ad / bc

= 240X 460 = 110400

260 X 40 10400
= 10.61
Tobacco chewers are 10.6 times at risk of getting oral cancer compared to non tobacco
chewers.
 MCH indicators and Fertility Indicators
1) The following data were obtained from zone-5 of Chennai corporation records.
(i) Mid-year population 10000
(ii) No. of live births 5000
(iii) No. of foetal deaths (>28 weeks gestation) 200
(iv) No. of deaths within 7 days of birth 200
(v) No. of deaths between 8th day-28 days 100
(vi) No. of deaths below 1 year of age 500
Calculate perinatal mortality rate, Early neonatal mortality rate, Late neonatal mortality
rateand Infant mortality rate.
a) Perinatal mortality rate= Late foetal deaths + early neonatal deaths in a given year x
1000
Total number of live births in the same year
= (200+200) / 5000 x 1000

Perinatal mortality rate = 80 per 1000 live births

b) Early neonatal mortality rate = Total number of death from birth to 7 days of life
in a given year x 1000
Total number of live births in the same year

= (200/5000) x 1000

Early neonatal mortality rate = 40 per 1000 live births

c) Late neonatal mortality rate = Total number of death from 8 days to 28 days
in a given year x 1000
Total number of live births in the same year

= 100/5000 X 1000

Late neonatal mortality rate = 20 per 1000 live births

d) Infant mortality rate = Number of death of children less than 1 year of age in year x
1000
Total number of live births in the same year
= 500/5000 X 1000
Infant mortality rate = 100 per 1000 live births
 2. The midyear population of Kelambakkam PHC is 38,000. The age distribution of
women in reproductive age and live births are given below:

Age group No. of Women No. of live births

15 - 24 3500 455
25 - 34 3700 315
35 - 44 2900 210
10100 980

Calculate:
a. Age specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
b. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
a. Age specific fertility rate (ASFR)
=Number of live births in a particular age group x 1000
Mid-year female population of same age group

Age group ASFR

15-24 years = 455/3500 x 1000
= 130 per 1000 population
25-34 years = 315/3700 x 1000
= 85 per 1000 population
35-44 years = 210/2900 x 1000
= 72 per 1000 population

b. Total fertility rate = 10X ∑ ASFR/1000

= 10 (130+ 85 +72) /1000
= 2.87

3. A town of population during the year 2005 of 1 lakh had in that year, 2300 live
births, 1100 deaths of all age groups, 5 maternal deaths, 138 infant deaths.
 Calculate Crude birth rate, Crude death rate, Maternal mortality ratio and Infant
mortality rate.

Solution:
CBR = No of live birth during the year X 1000
Estimated midyear population

= 2300/1,00,000 X 1000
= 0.023X 1000
= 23 per 1000 population

Maternal Mortality Ratio=Total number of female deaths due to complication of pregnancy, childbirth (or)
within 42 days of delivery from puerperal causes in a given year/Total number of live births in the same year
=5/2300X 100000
= 217 per 100000 live births
Crude death rate
CDR = No of deaths in one year X 1000
Mid-year population
= 1100/1,00,000 X 1000
= 0.011 X 1000
= 11 per 1000 population
Infant mortality rate
IMR = No of deaths of children less than one year of age in a year X 1000
No of live births in the same year
= 138/2300 X 1000
= 0.06 X 1000
= 60 per 1000 live births

4. The following data relate to a town for the year 2000

Midyear population 100000
No. of live births 2400
No. of deaths 1040
Of those who died 600 were women of whom 8 died between the 1st and 42nd
day following delivery, 2 between 43rd and 56th day following delivery. The rest of the
deaths were unrelated to delivery.
No. of foetal deaths (>1000 gm.) 40
No. of deaths under 1 week 40
No. of deaths in first 4 weeks 120
No. of infant deaths 160
Calculate the following
a. Crude death rate
b. Maternal mortality ratio
c. Post-neonatal mortality rate
d. Infant mortality rate.

Solution:
a. Crude death rate
CDR = No of deaths in one year X 1000
Mid-year population

= 1040/1,00,000 X 1000
= 0.0104X 1000 = 10.4 per 1000 population

b. Post neonatal mortality rate

PNMR = No of deaths of children
b/w 28 days – one year of age in the given year X 1000
Total no of live births in the same year

= (160-120)/2400 =40/2400 X 1000

= 0.0166 X 1000
= 16.6 per 1000 live births
c. Maternal Mortality Ratio
MMR = Total no of female deaths due to complications of pregnancy, child birth and puerperium in an
area during given period X 1000
Total no of live births in same area during the same and period
= 8/2400 X 100000
= 333.3/100000 live births

d. Infant mortality rate

IMR = No of deaths of children less than one year of age in a year X 1000
No of live births in the same year

= 160/2400 X 1000
= 66.66 over 1000 live births

5. Mid Year Population - 1000000

Age group No. of Women No. of live births
15 - 24 50000 500
25 - 34 40000 350
35 - 44 30000 100
Total 120000 950
 Calculate:
1. Age specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
2. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
3. General Fertility Rate (GFR).
Solution:
1. General Fertility Rate
GFR = No of live births in an area during the year X 1000
Mid- year female population age 15-44 (or49) in
the same area in same year
= 950/1,20,000 X 1000
= 0.00792 X 1000
= 7.92 per 1000
2. Age Specific Fertility rate
ASFR (15-24) = 500/50,000 X 1000 = 10
ASFR (25-34) = 350/40,000 X 1000= 8.75
ASFR (35-44) = 100/30,000 X 1000= 3.33

3. Total Fertility Rate

= 10 X35-44
∑ X ASFR
15-24
1000
= 10 X (10+8.75+3.3)/1000

= 220.8
1000
= 0.22 per 1000

Environmental health

1. The 3rd cup in the Horrock’s outfit gives a definite blue colour when the
indicator is added. Calculate the quantity of bleaching powder required
to disinfect a well 6 metres in diameter with 3 metres of water in it.
Explain the practical procedure of disinfection of well.
 • 3rd cup showing blue colour indicates 6g (3x2g) of bleaching powder is required
to disinfect 455 litres of water
• If 6g of bleaching powder is required to disinfect 455 litres of water
• Amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect 84780 litres will be,
= 84780 x 6
455
= 1118 grams of bleaching powder required to disinfect the well.

2) Find the amount of bleaching powder required for disinfection

3) Dissolve bleaching powder in water

- Bleaching powder required for disinfecting the well is placed
in a bucket (not more than 100 g in 1 bucket), make thin paste
- Add water until 3/4th of the bucket is full
- Stir the contents well
- Allow it to sediment for 5-10 minutes, when lime settles down
- Supernatant solution is chlorine solution, transfer it to other bucket
- Chalk/ lime is discarded, as it increases hardness of water

4) Delivery of chlorine solution into the well

The bucket containing chlorine solution is lowered some distance below water
surface, and the well water is agitated by moving the bucket violently both vertically
and laterally. This should be done several times so that the chlorine solution mixes
immediately with the water inside the well
5) Contact period
A contact period of 1 hour is allowed before the water is drawnfor use.

2. Determine the quantity of bleaching powder with 33% available chlorine required to
chlorinate a circular well measuring 4 meters in diameter with 6 meters of water in it.
 Horrock’s test done on a sample of water shows blue colour in the 3rd cup. Explain the
practical procedure of disinfection of well.
Given Diameter of well = 4 meters
Depth of well = 6 meters
Volume of water in litres = 3.14 x d2x h X 1000
4
= 3.14 x4x 4 x 6 X 1000
4

= 301.44 X 1000

= 75360 litres

Horrock’s apparatus shows blue colour in 3rd cup

i.e. 3 x 2 = 6 gms of bleaching powder

6 gms is required to disinfect 455 litres of water

455 = 6 gms

75360 = 6 x

X = 6 X 75360 = 993.75 gms

455

= 993 gms of bleaching powder required to disinfect the well.

2) Find the amount of bleaching powder required for disinfection

3) Dissolve bleaching powder in water

- Bleaching powder required for disinfecting the well is placed
in a bucket (not more than 100 g in 1 bucket), make thin paste
- Add water until 3/4th of the bucket is full
- Stir the contents well
- Allow it to sediment for 5-10 minutes, when lime settles down
- Supernatant solution is chlorine solution, transfer it to other bucket
- Chalk/ lime is discarded, as it increases hardness of water

4) Delivery of chlorine solution into the well

 The bucket containing chlorine solution is lowered some distance below water
surface, and the well water is agitated by moving the bucket violently both vertically
and laterally. This should be done several times so that the chlorine solution mixes
immediately with the water inside the well
5) Contact period
A contact period of 1 hour is allowed before the water is drawnfor use.

3. In a PHC with a population of 50000, 6000 blood smears were taken under active
surveillance in the year [Link] Examination, 60 blood smears were found positive for
[Link], 5 for [Link], 4 for [Link] and falciparum. Calculate Annual Parasitic
Incidence, Annual Blood Examination rate, Slide positivity rate and Slide falciparum rate.

ABER = No of slides examinedX 100

Population under surveillance

= 6000X 100= 12 %
50,000

API = Confirmed cases in a year X 1000

Pop under surveillance

= 60+5+4 X 1000 = 1.38 per 1000 population

50,000

SPR = No of slides positive for malaria X 100

No of slides examined

= 60+5+ 4X 100= 1.15 %

6000

SFR = No of slides positive for P. falciparum X 100

No of slides examined

= 5+ 4 X 100 = 0.15 %
6000
 4. In a PHC with a population of 100000, 5000 blood smears were taken under active
surveillance in the year [Link] Examination, 100 blood smears were found positive for
[Link], 30 for [Link], 10 for [Link] and falciparum. Calculate Annual Parasitic
Incidence, Annual Blood Examination rate, Slide positivity rate and Slide falciparum
rate.

API = Total no of confirmed cases during that year X 1000

Total population under surveillance
= 100 +30 + 10 X 1000 = 140X 1000
100,000 100,000
= 1.4 / 1000 pop

ABER = No of slides examined X 100

Pop under surveillance

= 5000X 100 = 5 %
100,000
SPR = No of slides positive for malaria X 100
No of slides examined

= 140 X 100
5000

= 2.8%

SFR = No of slides positive for P. falaciparum X 100

No of slides examined

= 30+10 X 100 = 0.8 %

5000
 Screening Tests
1. Results for using FNAC as a test for diagnosing breast cancer are
given below

Breast Cancer
FNAC Total
Present Absent
Positive 122 58 180
Negative 22 518 540
Total 144 576 720
Calculate:
a. Sensitivity (1)
b. Specificity (1)
c. Positive predictive value(1)
d. Negative predictive value (1)

Solution:

Sensitivity = a/ (a+c) x 100

= 122/ (122+22) x 100

= 122/144 x 100

= 0.8472 x 100

= 84.72 %

Specificity = d/(b+d) x 100

= 518/(58+518) x 100

Specificity = 0.8993 x 100

= 89.93 %

Negative predictive value = d/(c+d) x 100

= 518/ (22+518) x 100

= 518/540 x 100

= 0.9593 x 100
 = 95.93%

Positive Predictive value= a / (a+b) x 100

=122/180 x 100

=0.677 x 100

= 67.77%

2. The following were the data obtained while evaluating pap smear
as a screening test for cancer cervix.

Cancer Cervix
Pap Smear Total
Present Absent
Positive 320 80 400
Negative 160 1440 1600
Total 480 1520 2000
Calculate:
a. Sensitivity (1)
b. Specificity (1)
c. Positive predictive value (1)
d. Negative predictive value (1)

Solution:
a. Sensitivity = a/(a+c) x 100
= 320/(320+160) x 100
= 320/480 x 100
= 0.0666 x 100
= 66.66%
b. Specificity = d/(b+d) x 100

= 1440/ (80+1440) x 100

= 1440/1520 x 100
= 0.9474 x 100
= 94.74%
c. Positive predictive value = a / (a+b) x 100
= 320/ (320+80) x 100
= 320/400 x 100
= 0.8 x 100
= 80%
 d. Negative predictive value = d/(c+d) x 100

=1440/1600 x 100

=90%

3. The test results of diagnosis of HIV infection by ELISA test is as follows:

Elisa Test Result True Infection Status Total

Infected Non-infected
Positive 4900 950 5850
Negative 100 94050 94150
Total 5000 95000 100000
Calculate:
a. Sensitivity (1)
b. Specificity (1)
c. Positive predictive value (1)
d. Negative predictive value (1)

Solution:
a. Sensitivity = a/(a+c) x 100
= 4900/ (4900+ 100) x 100

= 4900/5000 x 1000
= 0.98 x 1000
= 98%

b. Specificity= d/(b+d) x 100

= 94050/ (950+94050) x 100

= 94050/95000 x 100
= 0.99 x 100
= 99%
c. Positive predictive value
= a/(a+b) x 100
= 4900/(4900+950) x100
= 4900/5850 x 100
= 0.8376 x 100
 = 83.76%
d. Negative predictive value
= d/(c+d) x 100
= 94050/(100+94050) x 100
= 94050/94150 x 100
= 0.9989 x 100
= 99.89%

4. From the details given in the table, evaluate ECG as a screening for
myocardial infarction.
Calculate
a. Sensitivity (1)
b. Specificity (1)
c. Positive Predictive value (1)
d. Negative Predictive value (1)

Disease Myocardial No Total

Infarction Myocardial
Infarction
Abnormal 50 91 141
ECG
Normal 5 216 221
ECG
Total 55 307 362

Solution:
Sensitivity = a/(a+c) x 100
= 50/(50+5) x 100
= 50/55 x 100
= 0.9090 x 100
= 90.90%

Specificity

= d/(b+d) x 100
= 216/ (216+91) x 100
= 216/307 x 100
 = 0.7036 x 100
= 70.36 %
Positive predictive value
= a/(a+b) x 100
= 50/ (50+91) x 100
= 50/141 x 100
= 0.3546 x 100
= 35.46%

Negative predictive value

= d/(c+d) x 100
= 216/(5+216) x 100
= 216/221 x 100
= 0.9774 x 100
= 97.74%

5. Calculate the following for the data given in the table:

a. Sensitivity
b. Specificity
c. Positive predictive value
d. Negative predictive value

Sputum Culture

Positive Negative Total

Microscope Positive 25 5 30
Negative 10 60 70
Total 35 65 100
Solution:
Sensitivity = a/(a+c) x 100
= 25/ (25+10) x 100
= 25/35 x 100
= 0.7143 x 100
= 71.43%
Specificity
 = d/(b+d) x 100
= 60/(5+60) x 100
= 60/65 x 100
= 0.9231 x 100
= 92.31%
Positive predictive value
= a/(a+b) x 100
= 25/ (25+5) x 100
= 25/30 x 100
= 0.8333x 100
= 83.33%

Negative predictive value= d/(c+d) x 100

= 60/ (10+60) x 100
= 60/70 x 100
= 0.8571 x 100
= 85.71%

6. A new screening test for disease X was found to be positive in 20% of

the 600 people among whom the prevalence of the disease was
known to be 16%. There were 12 false negatives. Calculate,
a. Sensitivity
b. Specificity
c. Positive predictive value
d. Negative predictive value

Disease

+ Total
Test Positive 84 36 120
Negative 12 468 480
Total 96 504 600
Solution:
Sensitivity: = a/(a+c) x 100
= 84/(84+12) x 100
= 84/96 x 100
= 0.875 x 100
= 87.5%

Specificity:

= d/(b+d) x 100
= 468/(36+468) x 100
= 468/504 x 100
= 0.9286 x 100
= 92.86%

Positive predictive value

= a/(a+b) x 100
= 84/ (84+36) x 100
= 84/120 x 100
= 0.7x 100
= 70%

Negative predictive value:= d/(c+d) x 100

=468/480 x 100
= 97.5%
 Biostatistics

1. The diastolic blood pressures of 10 individuals were 83, 75, 81, 99, 71, 90, 75, 95,
77, [Link] the Mean, Median, and Standard deviation.

∑𝑋 830
𝑋̅ = = = 83
𝑛 10

Mean = 83
Arrange the data in increasing order

71,75,75,77,81,83,84,90,95,99

Median = Average of middle values

81 + 83 164
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = = = 82
2 2
Median = 82

∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝜎) = √
𝑛−1

X 𝑋̅ (𝑋 − 𝑋̅) (𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
71 83 -12 144
75 83 -8 64
75 83 -8 64
77 83 -6 36
81 83 -2 4
83 83 0 0
84 83 1 1
90 83 7 49
95 83 12 144
99 83 16 256
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2 = 762

762 762
𝜎=√ = √ = √84.66 = 9.20
10 − 1 9

Mean = 83, Median = 82, S.D = 9.20

2. The marks obtained by the students at the entrance examination were as follows:
24 35 38 23
26 33 36 20
34 38 42 38
Calculate the Mean, Median and Standard deviation.
∑𝑋 387
𝑋̅ = = = 32.25
𝑛 12

Mean = 32.25
Arrange the data in increasing order
20,23,24,26,33,34,35,36,38,38,38,42
Median = Average of middle values

34 + 35 71
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = = = 35.5
2 2
Median = 35.5
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝜎) = √
𝑛−1

X 𝑋̅ (𝑋 − 𝑋̅) (𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
20 32.25 -12.25 150.06
23 32.25 -9.25 85.56
24 32.25 -8.25 68.06
26 32.25 -6.25 39.06
33 32.25 0.75 0.56
34 32.25 1.75 3.06
35 32.25 2.75 7.56
36 32.25 3.75 14.06
38 32.25 5.75 33.06
38 32.25 5.75 33.06
38 32.25 5.75 33.06
42 32.25 9.75 95.06
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2 = 562.22

562.25 562.22
𝜎=√ = √ = √51.11 = 7.15
12 − 1 11
 Mean = 32.25 , Median = 35.5 S.D = 7.15
3. The duration of illness in days in a group of patients suffering from upper respiratory
tract infection in given below.
9 8 6
7 4 8
11 6 8
9 12 5
Calculate theMean, Median, Mode and Standard Deviation.

∑𝑋 93
̅𝑋 = = = 7.75
𝑛 12
Mean = 7.75
Arrange the data in increasing order

4,5,6,6,7,8,8,8,9,9,11,12

Median = Average of middle values

8 + 8 16
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = = = 8
2 2
Median = 8

Most repeated value is a series

Mode = 8
∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝜎) = √
𝑛−1

X 𝑋̅ (𝑋 − 𝑋̅) (𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2
4 7.75 -3.75 14.06
5 7.75 -2.75 7.56
6 7.75 -1.75 3.06
6 7.75 -1.75 3.06
7 7.75 -0.75 0.56
8 7.75 0.25 0.06
8 7.75 0.25 0.06
8 7.75 0.25 0.06
9 7.75 1.25 1.56
9 7.75 1.25 1.56
11 7.75 3.25 10.56
12 7.75 4.24 18.06

∑(𝑋 − 𝑋̅)2 = 60.22

 60.22 60.22
𝜎=√ = √ = √5.47 = 2.33
12 − 1 11
Mean = 7.75, Median = 8, Mode = 8, S.D = 2.33

4. A study was conducted to test if use of herbal tea played any role in prevention
of common cold. Data was collected on the number of people who developed
cold and those who did not develop cold and data was tabulated in relation to
whether they consumed herbal tea or not.
Had cold Did not had cold

Consumed herbal tea 12 34

Not consumed herbal tea 23 38

a. State the null hypothesis ?

b. Calculate the Chi – square value ?
c. Conclude Null hypothesis ?
Solution:
Null hypothesis:
There is no difference between the develop cold and relation to whether they
consumed herbal tea or not.
The Observed value are given by:
Had cold Did not had cold Total

Consumed herbal tea 12 34 46

Not consumed herbal tea 23 38 61

35 72 107

The Expected frequency is given by:

Had cold Did not had cold

Consumed herbal tea 46 × 35 46 × 72

= 15.05 = 30.95
107 107
 Not consumed herbal tea 61 × 35 61 × 72
= 19.95 = 41.04
107 107

Calculation:

O E O-E (𝑂 − 𝐸)2 (𝑂 − 𝐸)2

𝐸
12 15.04 -3.04 9.24 0.61

34 30.95 3.05 9.30 0.30

23 19.95 3.05 9.30 0.46

38 41.04 -3.04 9.24 0.23

𝜒 2 = 1.61

Degree of freedom = ( No of column − 1 ) × (No of row − 1)

= ( 2 − 1 ) × (2 − 1) =1
Calculated value χ2 = 1.61
Table χ2 value at 1 df and 5% level = 3.84
Inference:
The calculated χ2 value (1.61) is less than the table value χ2 value (3.84).
Therefore the null hypothesis is accepted. There is no association between
consumption of herbal tea and development of cold.

5. The details about 2 vaccines were presented in the table.

Vaccine Attacked Not attacked Total
A 22 68 90
B 14 72 86
Total 36 140 176
Calculate:
a. State the null hypothesis ?
b. Calculate the Chi – square value ?
c. Conclude Null hypothesis ?
Solution:
Null hypothesis:
There is no difference between the effect of the two vaccines.

Vaccine Attacked Not attacked

A 36 × 90 140 × 90
= 18.36 = 71.55
176 176
B 36 × 86 140 × 86
= 17.54 = 68.37
176 176

O E O-E (𝑂 − 𝐸)2 (𝑂 − 𝐸)2

𝐸
22 18.36 3.64 13.24 0.72

68 71.55 3.55 12.60 0.17

14 17.54 3.54 12.50 0.71

72 68.37 3.63 13.17 0.19

𝜒 2 = 1.79

Degree of freedom = ( No of column − 1 ) × (No of row − 1)

= ( 2 − 1 ) × (2 − 1) =1
Table at 0.05 level, table value = 3.84
Calculated value = 1.79.
Inference
The calculated χ2 value (1.79) is less than the table value χ2 value (3.84).
Therefore the null hypothesis is accepted. Vaccine B is not superior to
vaccine A.