DC CIRCUITS

Elements in a DC :
Circuit

can classifedintotuo
types i
Elements in a DC Ciruit be

to the ciret
(A)ActiveElements :Those ohich poidepowes supply

)Cucnt Source

(B)Passive lets :
em Those ohich consume, store or dissipate power Inthe

()Resistr
(0) Tn cluctor

()Capacitr
Sources :

ltaeSource:
(4)

)
Vo

ldealVo ltageSouTce : () calVoLtage Source :

Practi

SoUreS ane of two types :

Now practical voltage

(a) Depen dunt Source

: (6) Dnclep endunt Soure :
R

2 R
(B) Cument Souree :

()Ideal Cumemt Source : () Pra cticalCurent Seurce :

I
Now, practiealcument soures are

(a)Depen dent Souree : (6) Lndepemont Sousce

:

+ V

Laws
Kirchoß}'s :
Cument
(4) Kirehoft's Lao et
Curent
or Klirchot's
Lenetin
Law :

The off's GireuitLao (KcL)

Kirch r on Lao states that
kirehof'sJun cti
the totalcument entinga juneton or nDdle in an electie Uruut s

equal to the totalcuYLnt laungthe jum hion or n ode.

() Kireh ,'s Voltage Lauo or kirchobs'sLoop Lao:

The KirehoßfsVoltage Lao (KVL) or Kirehoff's o op Los statshat

swm of allthe voltags m any closed oop n an
electic cretis ze.
Xy=o
 Ri

50
10 V 20V
20.2

by KCL,

By kVL, Loop 2:
20- /0I,-
20I,=0
20 10 I,-20 I,
= 0

.40- jo(Z, I,)- 602g =0

+

4-(It) -lg=o
4-7I2= 0

= 0.57)A

SuperpositonThen eM :
esponse of ciTuitco
linear nected
Superposihon Theorem states that the e

the
to multiplesourasis indleudthe algebraleSum of the rsponses o
cirit comectead to the SOUres indi
shootelsieitingioally,
the o ther
tances in the ciruit
SBlrCLs nd leasi ng their
resis
W
10

202 20V
20 2 Rg V

5120
Byet = 5+
20 X/D
A Rnet = 10+
5+20
20 +/0

3
A

I )4
=
35/3

I+
IL= ,=4= 0.571 A
 Nodal Andlysis : No
R b R

No

20V
|DV 2Ra
20

/0- Vb, 20-Vb Vb

5 20

20-Vb V
2 4

-20

V,=0y= Il.
42 V

-I = l,
42
20
A = 0.57|A

Thevenin's Theorem :
Theei'sThere m states that an9 turo teminal
De neturokseen be

oplaced by am aguivalentereit
eomsis ting sotlyof a voltag Soursce And

2 suues resjstamce.
52
(3)ap

40
b RL 20 (Van)

5X/D

5410 40/3

RI fo/3 + 20
a
Ve 20 4 = 0.57|A
rov(4)
V
3
 Norton's Thewrem:

amy act ve metwk replaodby a

may be single

Norton's Therrem) states that

single msis tance between
any pair
ument Source 'nparallel eith a

pAssMe elementin a netwok.

tominalsacDsS a

R Ra
R Ro

50 102

202 Vs) 20
1OV Ra Vo) 20V

20

RN
4A Ww
20

b
5X|0
5t)D
-X4 A = 0.5A

Tme Domain Analysis

(2) Seies R-L Circeit,
GDth

ohen the sueitoh s OFS

uAen tAe suoitehis ON,

L= te (L) E
Deeay

V-L 2 - iR= 0
Tme Cons tant

Ldi=dt R

t+K.
-lnlV-iR|=
Gyoth
ViR = e

VR e
Decay

i= -e
(6) Seaies R-c Gireuit:

Uhen te sueitchis ON,

-=0

dt RC

-tJRC
dt

Lo(-Rc) e-t/Rc
Ve
+ Ky

2= ve (I-e Re)

Time Constamt:

T= Re