The word "Baroque"

comes from the

Portuguese term
"barocco", meaning
"irregular pearl or stone."
The Baroque period
originated in Italy,
specifically in Rome,
during the early 17th
century.
 BAROQUE Art
WHAT WAS GOING ON?
Development of
Counter-Reformation Caravaggio's influence
Baroque Architecture
Major Art Forms:
Baroque paintings are characterized
by drama, rich colors, and dramatic
light. They are meant to evoke
emotion and passion.

Used to stir the emotion of the

masses while depicting religious
themes and ideals.
Assumption of the Virgin by Annibale
Carracci (1600–1602) oin on wood
The use of strong contrast between
light and dark or chiaroscuro and
tenebrism is common.

A realistic approach is used to depict

human figures.

Linear perspective and dynamic

movement are often featured in
compositions. The Calling of Saint Matthew by
Caravaggio (1599–1600) oil on
canvas
NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE BAROQUE PERIOD

Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-1610)

Was an Italian painter active in Rome

for most of his artistic life.
Has a realistic observation of the
human state, both physical and
emotional, with a dramatic use of
lighting, which had a formative
influence on Baroque painting.
 NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE BAROQUE PERIOD

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIS WORKS:

He used chiaroscuro that came to be

known as tenebrism.
* tenebrism: creates a spotlight effect by surrounding well-
illuminated subjects with plunging darkness.
Vividly expressed crucial moments
David with the Head if Goliath by
Caravaggio (1609–1610) oil on
canvas
and scenes, often featuring violent
struggles, torture, and death.
VISUAL ANALYSIS ON THE FAMOUS WORK OF

Judith Beheading Holofernes (1598-1599 or 1602)

symbolizing courage and
dark background
assertiveness against male
dominance in society.
illuminated subjects

chiaroscuro uses shading to

realistic human figures
give the figures a three-
portrays vivid emotional drama
dimensional effect.

focuses the viewer’s attention

of the desired figures and
action
NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE BAROQUE PERIOD

(1560-1609)

was an Italian painter and instructor

was one of the progenitors, if not founders
of a leading strand of the Baroque style
borrowed styles from both north and
south of their native city, and aspiring for
a return to classical monumentality, but
adding a more vital dynamism.
 NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE BAROQUE PERIOD

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIS WORKS:

His work is known for its realism,
naturalism, and use of broken
brushwork.

combined elements from various

artistic traditions, including the High
Venus, Adonis and Cupid (1595) by
Annibale Carracci Renaissance, Mannerism, and
Venetian colorism.
VISUAL ANALYSIS ON THE FAMOUS WORK OF

The Beaneater (1580-1590)

Carracci's work depicted scenes of everyday life

idealized naturalism
with dignity and respect.
uses broken brushwork
Carracci's work was based on careful observation
captures movement
of nature and the human form.
close up composition

light striking use of rough brushwork, a low perspective, and a

focus on the subject's unrefined features,
showcasing a sympathetic portrayal of working-
class life that was considered innovative for its
time
NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE BAROQUE PERIOD

(1577-1640)

He is famous for his inventive and

dynamic paintings of religious and
mythological subjects.

He remains one of the most celebrated

and influential Flemish artists of the
Baroque period.
 NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE BAROQUE PERIOD

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIS WORKS:

His commissioned works were mostly

history paintings, which included
religious and mythological subjects,
and hunt scenes.

Hercules as Heroic Virtue

Overcoming Discord, 1632–33
 VISUAL ANALYSIS ON THE FAMOUS WORK OF

Massacre of the Innocents (1611-1612)

a depiction of infanticide ordered by King

Herod to prevent the prophesied new
historical themes
King of the Jews taking over the throne.
wide range of emotions:
grief, desperation, and
shows anatomically accurate figures done
mercilessness
by a technique called Écorché.
use of chiaroscuro

warm lighting presence of chiaroscuro due to the

contrasting light and shadow.

Massacre of the Innocents, Écorché is a French term that means "flayed". It's an artistic technique that depicts
1611–32 figures without skin, starting with the skeleton and muscles.
NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE BAROQUE PERIOD

(1593-1653)
She was one of the first and only female artists to
achieve success in the 17th century.

She illustrated traditional depictions of the female

protagonists of biblical and mythological stories
presenting them as self-motivated heroines
capable of making their own decisions rather than
passive objects of the male gaze.
 NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE BAROQUE PERIOD

CHARACTERISTICS OF HER WORKS:

Her teenage experience of sexual assault affected

much of her work and themes of abuse of
authority, rape, and violence permeate many of
her paintings.

She became known for her realism, her

accomplished use of chiaroscuro, and for placing
women and their stories at the center of all her
Susanna and the Elders (1610) images.
 VISUAL ANALYSIS ON THE FAMOUS WORK OF

Judith Slaying Holofernes (1620)

It presents a portrait of women's power,
while simultaneously asserting her own
power as an artist.

dramatic use of light The painting contains an intense energy,

and shadow
from Holofernes' grasping fist and the
biblical event struggle of the women to complete the task
display of power
to the spurting blood from the neck wound.

This dynamism is further highlighted by the

use of bold colors and dramatic chiaroscuro.

Judith Slaying Holofernes

(1620)
NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE BAROQUE PERIOD

(1632-1675)
Was a Dutch painter who specialized in domestic
interior scenes of middle-class life.

Considered as one of the greatest painters of the

Dutch Golden Age.

He is famous for his intimate household scenes

with amazing light.
 NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE BAROQUE PERIOD

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIS WORKS:

Vermeer is renowned for his

exceptional use of light and shadow.
*chiaroscuro
He did not paint religious or
mythological scenes, but rather
Girl with a Pearl Earring by
Johannes Vermeer (1665) focused on ordinary people engaged
in everyday activities.
VISUAL ANALYSIS ON THE FAMOUS WORK OF

Woman Holding a Balance (1664)

applied a gray or ocher ground layer over
realistically rendered
his canvas or panel support to establish
radiant light the color harmonies of his composition.

express a sense of inner harmony

he utilized the laws of perspective and
conveys calm expressions the placement of individual objects to
uses vanishing point
create a sense of nature’s underlying
order.

vanishing point to emphasize the main

compositional element in the painting.
NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE BAROQUE PERIOD

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606-1669)

He was one of the leading painters of the

Dutch Golden Age.

He is remembered for his dramatic use of

light and shadow, his versatility, and his
portraiture.
 NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE BAROQUE PERIOD

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIS WORKS:

He is known as a painter of light and

shade.

His paintings are full of drama,

contrasts between light and dark and
experimental brushwork.
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes
Tulp, 1632
 VISUAL ANALYSIS ON THE FAMOUS WORK OF

The Night Watch (1642)

A hidden Rembrandt

one of the first paintings to portray a

group in action.
tenebrism and chiaroscuro

dramatic use of light and the lighting emphasizes the status and
shadow rank of the individual subjects.
illuminated subjects
the painting shows a spotlight effect,
directing the viewers' attention.

The Night Watch, 1642

Baroque architecture was
characterized by a dramatic
departure from the Renaissance and
ancient world's regular compositions.

It was created to help the Catholic

Church regain followers who had left
for Protestantism. Santa Susanna at the Baths of Diocletian
(completed in 1603)
By Carlo Maderno
Highly decorative and theatrical style
which appeared in Italy in the late
16th century and gradually spread
across Europe.

Baroque architects took the basic

elements of Renaissance architecture
and made them higher, grander,
more decorated, and more dramatic.
 (1533–1602)
Italian Architect and Sculptor

Famously designed the façade of the Church of

the Gesù
* façade: the face of a building
Architectural style rooted in functionality, drew
influence from Michelangelo's Mannerism and
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola's Classicism.
His designs for the façade demonstrated his
tendency towards a more decorative style,
The Church of the Gesù (1580)
inspired by Michelangelo.
 (1556-1629)
Italian Architect

remembered as one of the fathers of

Baroque architecture.
His façades of Santa Susanna, St. Peter's
Basilica, and Sant'Andrea della Valle were of
key importance in the evolution of the
Italian Baroque.

Top: Santa Susanna (1603)

Bottom: Façade of St. Peter's
Basilica from Rome (1612)
 Pietro Berrettini (1596 or 1597-1669)
Italian Baroque Painter & Architect

one of the key figures in the emergence of

Roman Baroque architecture.
He was also an important designer of
interior decorations.
best known for his frescoed ceilings
used Quadratura painting technique
* Quadratura: uses illusionistic architecture to create the
Palazzo Barberini (1625-1633)
Grand Salon of Palazzo Barberini appearance of three-dimensional space on flat surfaces.
 (1599-1667)
Italian Architect

He is known to be Bernini's rival in the field of

architecture.
He has a preference for complex geometric and
curvilinear forms, coupled with his dramatic
interplay of dark and light.
His style emphasized unity, continuity, and
mathematical precision, creating visually striking
and dynamic spaces that engaged the senses.
Top: San Carlo alle Quattro
Fontane (1638-1646)
Bottom: Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza
(1642-1660)
 Baroque sculpture emphasized
dynamic movement and energy.
Figures spiraled around a central
void or extended into surrounding
space.

Baroque sculpture used lighting,

water, and architecture to enhance
the viewer's experience. It often fused
these elements to create dramatic,
Apollo and Daphne (1622–1625) by Gian

immersive effects. Lorenzo Bernini (Borghese Gallery)

The Baroque style emerged from
Renaissance sculpture, which, drawing
upon classical Greek and Roman
sculpture, had idealized the human
form.

Another important influence leading to

the Baroque style was the Catholic
Church, which was seeking artistic
weapons in the battle against the rise of
Apollo and Daphne (1622–1625) by Gian

Protestantism. Lorenzo Bernini (Borghese Gallery)

 (1598 -1680)
Italian Sculptor & Architect

Large groups are represented by his religious

works – statues of Biblical figures, angels,
saints of the church, the crucified Christ, etc.

Master of Baroque Sculpture & Architecture –

Bernini revolutionized Baroque art with
dramatic movement, emotion, and theatrical
compositions.
(Top) David (1623–24)
(Bottom) The Rape of Proserpina (1621–22)
 (1628–1715)
French Sculptor
A leading sculptor of Louis XIV’s court, Girardon
was instrumental in shaping the French Baroque
style, which balanced grandeur with classical
restraint.
A student of François Anguier, he helped shape
the refined French Baroque style.
He was one of the greatest sculptors at
Versailles.
(Top) Apollo Served by the Nymphs (1667-75)
(Bottom) Basin of Saturn (1672-77)
 (1598–1654)
Italian Sculptor & Architect

Algardi was one of Bernini’s main rivals and offered

a more classical, less theatrical approach to
Baroque sculpture.

He specialized in marble busts and relief sculptures,

which became highly sought after among European
nobility.
(Top) Bust of Cardinal Paolo Emilio Zacchia (1626)
(Bottom) Hercules and the Hydra (Early 1600s)
 (1568–1649)
Spanish Sculptor

Unlike Bernini’s dynamic compositions,

Montañés focused on serene, naturalistic
expressions that emphasized religious devotion.

Called the "God of Wood" for his masterful

religious sculptures, widely used in Spanish
churches.

(Top) Christ of Clemency (1603–1605)

(Bottom) Saint Ignatius of Loyola (1610)
 KEY FEATURES:
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES

CHIAROSCURO
Italian term that means "light-dark".
It concentrates on defining painting
contrasts.
This method was developed during the
Renaissance, but it wasn’t until
The Calling of Saint Matthew by
Caravaggio used it that it gained
Caravaggio (1599-1600)
popularity and became a staple of the
Baroque era.
 KEY FEATURES:
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES

TENEBRISM
tenebra, which means “darkness,” and
the Italian word tenebroso

popularized and is said to have been invented

by Caravaggio.
mostly emphasizes a painting’s darkest
regions.
Martyrdom of St. Andrew by
Jusepe de Ribera (1628)
It intended to provide the “spotlight” effect,
often known as “dramatic illumination.”
 KEY FEATURES:
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES

QUADRO RIPORTATO
Italian for “carrying picture"
employed by artists to create what
appeared to be a frame around a
painting that was actually a collection
of paintings arranged as a fresco.
One of the pioneers of the Baroque era,
The Triumph of Bacchus and
Ariadne by Annibale Carracci
(1597)
Annibale Carracci, employed this
method.
 KEY FEATURES:
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES

TROMPE-L'ŒIL
French term that means "trick the eye".

A painting technique that creates the

illusion of three dimensions and depth.
Used to make the viewer question
whether what they are seeing is real.
Grand Salon of Palazzo Barberini Draws the eyes upward, creating the
by Pietro da Cortona (1633-1639)

illusion of looking into the heavens.

 KEY FEATURES:
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES

QUADRATURA
a Baroque painting technique that uses
illusionistic architecture to create the
appearance of three-dimensional space
on flat surfaces.
uses perspective, foreshortening, and
The Triumph and Apotheosis of St.
Ignatius of Loyola by Andrea Pozzo
other spatial effects to trick the eye.
(1688-1694)
used by Pietro da Cortona.
 KEY FEATURES:
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES

FLEMISH
is characterized by meticulous attention
to detail, layered application of paint with
a focus on glazing.
uses a warm underpainting, and a high
level of realism in depicting textures and
The Descent from the Cross by Peter
Paul Rubens (1612-1614) surfaces.
Peter Paul Rubens is the prime example.
Rococo comes from the
French word “rocaille”
meaning rubble or rock. The
Rococo style originated in
Paris, France in the early
1700s.
The Rococo art period was a
time in the 18th century when
a light-hearted, ornamental,
and airy style of art was
popular in Europe. It was
characterized by pastel colors,
gilding, and curvy lines.
 ROCOCO ART
WHAT WAS GOING ON?
Shift to the aristocracy Culture of Luxury and Arts influenced by the
Excess Upperclass
Major Art Forms:
Rococo art often used pastel colors,
gold, and ivory.
Featured serpentine lines,
asymmetry, and curvature.
Depicted scenes of love, leisure, and
play.

Jean-Honoré Fragonard (Grasse 1732-1806

Paris)
La coquette fixée ('The Fascinated Coquette')
oil on canvas
NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE ROCOCO PERIOD

(1684–1721)

is considered the father of Rococo art.

was a French painter and draftsman who

popularized the fête galante style, which
depicted aristocratic courtship and flirtation.

Some of his best known subjects were drawn

from the world of Italian comedy and ballet.
 NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE ROCOCO PERIOD

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIS WORKS:

His paintings feature figures in aristocratic

and theatrical dress in lush imaginary
landscapes.
Watteau's paintings evoked the wonderlands
of opera, romance, and epic.
Watteau's work was influenced by genre
The Embarkation for Cythera
(1717)
scenes of everyday life in Flanders and the
Netherlands.
 VISUAL ANALYSIS ON THE FAMOUS WORK OF

Pierrot Content (1712)

depicts a scene of flirtation and

seduction in a park-like setting.
warm undertones, soft
colors, and graceful lines the presence of music signifies the
different levels or phases of love,
elegant postures
possibly from initial attraction to deeper
depicts love, beauty, and commitment.
nature

an example of Watteau's fête galante

paintings.

The Scale of Love (1717-1718)

Fête galante is an outdoor entertainment or rural festival, especially as depicted in
18th-century French painting.
NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE ROCOCO PERIOD

(1732-1806)
was a French painter and printmaker
whose late Rococo manner was
distinguished by remarkable facility,
exuberance, and hedonism.
most popular works are genre paintings
conveying an atmosphere of intimacy
and veiled eroticism.
 NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE ROCOCO PERIOD

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIS WORKS:

Fragonard's use of setting was unique in the

degree to which it heightened narrative
drama.
His compositions are often framed as if
stages, with light used to direct the viewer's
eye in such a way that the sequence of events
The Progress of Love: The Meeting
(1771–1773)
becomes clear.
Uses symbolism in complex and subtle ways.
VISUAL ANALYSIS ON THE FAMOUS WORK OF

The Swing (1767)

showcasing playful eroticism Fragonard's technique was

and sensuality distinguished by its spontaneity
statuary and trees serve to and freedom.
convey mood

long, fluid strokes indicating

His use of texture was innovative,
folds of clothing often employing impasto to
convey depth and movement.
billowing fabrics, pastel colors,
and soft dappled lighting
The artist's handling of tone was
masterful, creating a harmonious
balance between light and dark.
 NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE ROCOCO PERIOD

(1703 - 1770)
was a French painter, draughtsman and
etcher.
is known for idyllic, voluptuous paintings of
classical themes, allegories, and pastoral
scenes.
Boucher renders his subject with soft, hazy
brushwork, making her appear dreamlike and
almost ethereal.
 NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE ROCOCO PERIOD

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIS WORKS:

The subjects are depicted in a graceful

manner, flowy movement, and
curving forms.
Frequently used pastel colors to
create a dreamy atmosphere.
The Rising Sun (1752) oil on canvas
Mythological and allegorical themes
were common in his paintings.
VISUAL ANALYSIS ON THE FAMOUS WORK OF

The Triumph of Venus (1740)

Stormy clouds adds a
sense of depth and drama

Portrays the myth of the Birth of

Venus.
Venus is surrounded by nymphs,
tritons, and cherubs, reinforcing the
themes of beauty, fertility, and divine
allure.
The flowing fabric and presence of
doves further emphasizes her role as
the goddess of love.
Light appears diffused,
giving it a soft look.
 NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE ROCOCO PERIOD

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1696 - 1770)

was an Italian painter and printmaker from

the Republic of Venice.
described by Michael Levey as "the greatest
decorative painter of eighteenth-century
Europe, as well as its most able craftsman."
His luminous, poetic frescoes epitomize the
lightness and elegance of the Rococo period.
 NOTABLE ARTIST FROM THE ROCOCO PERIOD

CHARACTERISTICS OF HIS WORKS:

Tiepolo's paintings often feature

expansive, dramatic scenes that convey a
sense of grandeur and movement.
He brought fresco painting to new heights
of technical virtuosity, illumination, and
dramatic effect.
Allegory of Merit Accompanied by
Nobility and Virtue (1757) Fresco
 VISUAL ANALYSIS ON THE FAMOUS WORK OF

Rinaldo and Armida in Her Garden (1742-1745)

the garden represents the seductive
nature of pleasure and the potential for
distraction from one's higher purpose.
usage of rich colors, light,
and detail
effectively symbolizes the conflict
the mirror represents illusion between love and duty.
and deception of Armida's
charms
the way Rinaldo gazes into Armida's
eyes signifies his captivation by her
beauty, falling into her deception.
Rinaldo and Armida in Her Garden
(1742-1745)
Rococo architecture emerged in France in the
early 18th century as a more decorative and
playful evolution of Baroque architecture.

Inspired by nature, Rococo interiors include

floral patterns, shell motifs, and curved lines,
creating an airy and luxurious feel.

Unlike the grand, formal spaces of Baroque

architecture, Rococo focused on intimate
Winter Palace (St. Petersburg, Russia) (1754 - 1762)

settings like private salons and aristocratic

residences.
 (1695–1768)
Bavarian architect

Cuvilliés was so diminutive in stature that it

was as a court dwarf.
* Court Dwarf: They were owned and traded amongst
people of the court, and delivered as gifts to fellow kings
and queens
A Belgian-born architect who worked in
Bavaria, Cuvilliés was a master of interior
design and influenced Rococo architecture in
Amalienburg Pavilion (1734–1739) Germany.
 (1684–1754)
French sculptor, architect, and interior designer
He introduced the French Rococo interior design
to Russia.
Pineau played a crucial role in popularizing
intricate wood carvings and stucco decorations,
essential elements of Rococo interior design.
*Stucco fine plaster used for coating wall surfaces or molding into
architectural decorations.
Pineau’s contributions helped shape the
luxurious, ornate, and playful look of 18th-
century European palaces and aristocratic
Winter Palace (St. Petersburg, Russia) (1754 - 1762) homes.
 (1695–1750)
French goldsmith, architect, and designer
*A goldsmith is a metalworker who specializes in working with gold
and other precious metals

He worked as the official designer for King Louis

XV, creating luxurious objects, furniture, and
architectural plans.
His designs featured elaborate curves, asymmetry,
and intricate ornamentation, influencing
decorative arts across Europe.
His book, Livre d'Ornements, became a major
(Top) Livre d'Ornements (1734–1735) source of inspiration for artists and craftsmen.
(Bottom) Cabinet de Mr le Compte Bielinski
(1742–1748)
 (1684–1754)
German architect

He pioneered complex vaulted ceilings

and domes with light, airy structures.
He trained as an artillery engineer,
which influenced his architectural
precision.
He was a key architect of the late
Baroque and Rococo periods in
Germany.
Würzburg Residence (Germany) (1720 - 1744)
Rococo sculpture was theatrical, sensual
and dynamic, giving a sense of movement
in every direction.

It is characterized by its use of curvy lines,

bright colors, and asymmetry. It also
includes themes of playfulness, love, and
celebration.

Rococo differed from the Baroque period

in its coloring and inclusion of more light- Prometheus by Nicolas-Sébastien Adam (1762)

hearted and secular themes.

 (1688-1752)
Italian Sculptor

He was trained in Venice and became one of

the best known sculptors of his period in
Venice.

He is best known for his illusory veiled

depictions of human body, where the
contours of the face and bodies beneath the
veil are discernible.
(Top) Modesty (1752)
(Bottom) Dama Velata (1722)
 (1688-1752)
French Sculptor

He was a French sculptor of the 18th century

who worked in both the rococo and
neoclassical style.

He made monumental statuary for the

Gardens of Versailles but was best known for
his expressive portrait busts.
(Top) Marie-Antoinette (1771)
(Bottom) Geneviève-Françoise Randon de
Malboissière (1768)
 (1704-1778)
French Sculptor

He was a sculptor who adapted the classical

style of the French Baroque to an intimate
and decorative Rococo ideal.

He was a preeminent French Rococo sculptor.

His figural statues span a variety of materials,
including bronze, marble, and porcelain. He
was also a pupil of Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne.
(Top) Pygmalion and Galatea (1763)
(Bottom) The Bronze Horseman (1768-1782)
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