STATING REASONS AND USING EXAMPLES Writers need certain skills. In this chapter, you will learn to: * Use listing and outlining to brainstorm and organize ideas * Develop a paragraph with reasons and examples * Write effective conclusion sentences * Use complex sentences with reason and condition clauses * Apply more rules of capitalization and comma usage © Write, revise, and edit a paragraph with reasons and examples. Costa Rica is a grent place to spend a semester doing research for a number of reasons. Can you think of some?In this chapter, you will lean how to write a listing-order paragraph using reasons and examples to support your ideas. You will also learn about complex sentences with reason clauses and condition clauses. Finally, you will learn additional rules related to capitalization and commas. To help you get ideas for writing, you will first do some prewriting EWRITING In Chapters 3 and 4, you used listing and outlining to brainstorm and organize ideas for steps in a “how-to” paragraph and for details in a descriptive paragraph. In this chapter, you will use listing and outlining to brainstorm and organize ideas for a paragraph with reasons and examples. LISTING AND OUTLINING WITH REASONS AND EXAMPLES In this section, you will practice using listing and outlining to organize the ideas. You will follow three steps: (1) listing reasons and examples, (2) editing your list and adding more information, if necessary, and (3) organizing your list into an outline. ERAGERE From List to Out @ A friend asked you to recommend a place to study English. With a partner or a small group, discuss various schools and reasons your friend should consider them. Consider things such as: location cost courses instructors student body success rate equipment (computers, etc.) cultural excursions Statirig Reasons and Using Examples 137‘© Choose one of the schools you discussed in Part A. Follow the directions. 1, List reasons * Use listing to brainstorm as many reasons as you can to support your recommendation. Reasons to Study at Reasons Examples 2. List examples * In the right-hand column, add one or two specific examples for each reason you listed: for example, the name of a specific course, the cost of classes, a special program, or details about what makes the location convenient. 3. Edit the list. * Cross out any ideas that you don’t want to write about. + Add more supporting details, as needed. + Number your reasons to show the order they will appear in your outline, 138 CHAPTERS4, Organize your list into an outline. * Use yout list to complete the outline. You can write phrases or complete sentences. + Add a topic sentence, (You will be given a chance to add a concluding sentence later on.) Save your outline to use in the Try It Out! activity on page 150. nme Reasons to Study at ‘ToPIC SENTENCE is. good place to study English for — several reasons. ‘st muason A ‘ara neAsoN eeAMPLes Stating Reasons and Using Examples 139PARAGRAPHS WITH REA: py ANT When writing a paragraph of recommendation, you use reasons and examples to support your main idea. Here are the keys to writing a well- organized paragraph: * State your recommendation in your topic sentence. * Give several reasons for your recommendation. Your reasons tell why you are making the recommendation. * Support each reason with examples. « End with a concluding sentence restating your recommendation. LOOKING AT THE MODEL The writing model discusses reasons to study wildlife in Costa Rica. Work with a partner or in a small group. Read the model. Then answer the questions. & Writing Model Dre bee Devete eG renee Costa Rica: A Great Place to Study Wildlife Costa Rica is a great place to spend a semester doing wildlife research for two reasons. First of all, this small country has very diverset geography, so it has many different wildife habitats. For example, Tortuguero National Park, on Costa Rica's northeastern coast, has more than ten different wildlife habitats, including rainforests, beaches, swamps, and canals. Students can study alligators in the swamps or observe sea turtles as they lay their eggs on the beaches. Another example is Carcovado National Park on the west coast. With its 13 different habitats, including an ancient rainforest, it is one of the most important nature preserves of the American continents. Second, Costa Rica has an astounding number of wildlife species*, For instance, near the Arenal Volcano, there are 135 species of reptiles, including tortoises, snakes, and lizards, and over 250 species of birds live in the area. Another place with a rich variety of wildlife is Corcovado. There students can observe exotic animals, such as anteaters, spider monkeys, jaguars, and over 360 species of birds. Indeed, Costa Rica is a wonderful place to study if you love wildlife. 1 diverse: showing great variety species: types of animals or plants (the same form is used for both singular and plural) 440 CHAPTERSQuestions about the Model 1. What is the controlling idea? 2. What are the writer’s exact reasons? 3. What transition signal does he use to introduce each reason? 4. How many examples does the writer use to support each reason? What words signal each example? 5. Does the concluding sentence restate the recommendation or the reasons? 6. What organizational pattern does the writer use: space order, time order, or listing order? # Looking at Vocabulary: Words that Describe Geography When you describe a place, you will often use words to describe its geography. Geographical terms have very specific definitions, so it is important to know exactly what each term means. For example, both a stream and a canal are like small rivers of water, but a stream is shallow, rocky, and natural while a canal is deep and made by humans. ERcesew Looking at Words that Describe Geography © Look at the writing model. Find and underline the words from the box. (The words are in the order that they appear in the model.) habitats -rainforests- swamps _ continents coast beaches canals volcano © Complete the sentences with words from the box in Part A. If needed, use a dictionary to help you. 1. According to an article I read, rainforests _ cover only 6% of the Earth's surface, yet they contain more than 50% of the planet's plant and animal species. People associate the name Ferdinand de Lesseps with the building of both the Suez and Panama —__ 3. The states of California, Oregon, and Washington are on the west of the United States. 4, Visitors to Hawaii can often see streams of hot lava flowing into the ocean at night from Kilauea, the island’s most active —___ (continued on next page) Stating Reasons and Using Examples 1445, The __ in California are famous for surfing, high waves, and rocky cliffs and shores. 6. __ are low-lying areas of wetland that are home to mosquitoes, alligators, snakes, and a wide variety of other wildlife. 7. Deserts are one of the most extreme on earth, so it’s surprising to learn they are home to a wide variety of plant and animal life. 8. Most people think of Asia and Europe as two different ____, but in fact they are one large area of land that some people call Eurasia. ORGANIZATION In this section, you will look at how to organize a paragraph with reasons and examples. You will also learn how to write effective topic and concluding sentences and how to use transition signals for reasons, conditions, and examples. REASONS AND EXAMPLES When you write a topic sentence such as Costa Rica is a great place to spend a semester doing wildlife research, you need to support it with reasons to help convince your readers. You then need to support your reasons with specific examples The author of the writing model gives two main reasons to explain why Costa Rica is a great place to spend a semester studying wildlife: * Ithas very diverse geography, so it has many different wildlife habitats. « Ithas an astounding number of wildlife species. ‘The writer supports each reason with two examples. The examples are specific facts about specific places. To support his first reason, he talks about the number and kinds of habitats in Tortuguero and Corcovado. To support his second reason, he mentions specific facts about the range and number of various wildlife species near Arenal Volcano and Corcovado. 142 CHAPTERSRees ame ToPIC SENTENCE sr Reason EXAMPLE EXAMPLE 2 Devas ‘CONCLUDING SeNTENGE Identifying Examples and Details Look at the outline of the writing model. The outline has two main points, reasons A and B. Each reason is supported with two examples that are supported by details. Reread the model on page 140 and complete the missing information in the outline. Costa Rica: A Great Place to Study Wildlife Costa Rica is a great place to spend a semester doing wildlife _ __research for two reasons. ___A. Very diverse geography 1, Tortuguero National Park (on —____ ceast) a. more than b. swamps - study alligators c. beaches 2, National Park a, different habitats b. —__ rainforest ce. one of the most important preserves on the B. Astounding number of wildlife species - es ar the Arenal Voleano species of reptiles (tortoises, snakes, lizards) Stating Reasons and Using Examples 143EGUEEEN Identifying and Organizing Reasons and Examples Use sentences a-h to complete the outline. (Hint: Identify the two reasons first and then the examples. The examples under each reason can be in any order.) a. A beach community offers recreation for residents of all ages b. To enjoy the beach, people don’t need to have anything special—just a swimsuit, a towel, and sunscreen. c. Ifyou live near a beach, you can easily take a picnic lunch or dinner there. |. For adults, the beach is a great place to just relax or go for a walk. . It costs very little money to enjoy time at the beach. ‘Teenagers can do sports, such as surfing and volleyball. . Often the parking is free or residents can get parking stickers. Fo se Bp |. Children love to splash in the water, jump in the waves, and play in the sand. me Living in a Beach Community ‘ToRIe SENTENCE There are two reasons why beach communities are great places to live. sr nesson A - oe EXAMPLES 1. ‘xo reason, 2 3. _ — ‘CONCLUDING SENTENCE To sum up, beach communities offer great recreation at low prices. 144° CHAPTERS:EEXCSSEEE Giving Specific Examples © Work with a partner. Use your imagination to add reasons and examples to the outline, Write two specific examples for each reason. Use complete sentences. rme The Best Restaurant in Town ‘Tom SENTENCE Joe's Diner is the best restaurant in town. 1st REASON A. The food is delicious. _ comnts 1. Joe's dovble cheeseburger is juicy and full of flavor. 2. 2uorerscs __B, The service is fast and cheerful. wows |. 2. ‘BRO REASON C. The prices are low. = powers | Lo _ 2. conciuowa amirence | Indeed, if you're looking for great food, amazing service, and reasonable prices, Joe's Diner is the place to go. Stating Reasons and Using Examples. 145© Work alone. Think of a local restaurant to write about. Add reasons and examples to support your topic sentence. Don't worry about adding a concluding sentence at this time. You will add one in Practice 8 on page 150. nme The Worst Restaurant in Town yore semrence | ____ is the worst fast-food restaurant in town, [add nome) - ‘1sr reason 2D REASON ‘rw neason TRANSITION SIGNALS THAT INTRODUCE REASONS When you use reasons to support a topic sentence, you should introduce each one with a transition signal. There are two patterns that you can use to do this: Partenn 1: First of all, Second, This pattern uses a listing-order transition signal at the start of each reason: first, first of all, second, third, finally, and so forth. First of all, this small country has very diverse geography, $0 it has many different wildlife habitats. Second, Costa Rica has an astounding number of wildlife species. 146 CHAPTER 5Parrenw 2; The first reason is The second reason is ‘This pattern uses the transition word in the subject. There are two ways to complete a sentence that uses this pattern: * With a noun phrase’ The first reason is diverse geography and many wildlife habitats. The second reason is Costa Rica’s astounding number of wildlife species. * With a noun clause? (that + subject + verb) The first reason is that Costa Rica has a diverse geography and many wildlife habitats. The second reason is that Costa Rica has an astounding number of wildlife species. GGRGCA ME Using Transition Signals to introduce Reasons Here are three reasons to visit San José, the capital of Costa Rica. Rewrite each reason twice: first, with a listing-order transition signal, and then with a transition signal in the subject. Reason 1: San José has a pleasant climate. _ First San José has a pleasant climate. b. The first reason is that San José has a pleasant climate, Reason 2: Hotels and restaurants are inexpensive. a. b. Reason ‘The people are friendly to tourists. a b. noun phrase: group of words ending with a noun that belong together in meaning: for example, the old house, a good book, several jrienus noun clause: a dependent clause that functions in this pattern ae complement after a linking verb; for example, The first reason is that Miami has beautiful benches Stating Reasons and Using Examples 147TRANSITION SIGNALS THAT INTRODUCE EXAMPLES There are three transition signals that you can use to introduce examples: for example, for instance, and such as. Notice these patterns: Parent: For example, (+ sentence) Be careful when you begin a sentence with For instance, (+ sentence) For example or For instance. Make sure your ‘sentence follows either Pattern 1 or Pattern 2. When your example is a complete sentence, begin the sentence with For example or For instance. These two transition signals have exactly the same meaning, Put them at the beginning of the sentence and follow them with a comma.* For example, Tortuguero National Park has more than ten different wildlife habitats. For instance, Tortuguero National Park has more than ten different wildlife habitats. Partenn 2: , Such as (+ nouns) _—___, for example (+ nouns) ____., for instance (+ nouns) When your example is one or more nouns that appear at the end of a sentence, precede it with such as, for example, or for instance. Note these rules: * Puta comma before such as. Students can observe exotic animals, such as anteaters and spider monkeys. * Puta comma before and after for example and for instance. Students can observe exotic animals, for example, anteaters and spider monkeys. Students can observe exotic animals, for instance, anteaters and spider monkeys. Dye Oda The restaurant specializes in ‘The restaurant specializes in shellfish. For shellfish. For example, fresh example, it serves fresh lobster and crab. (Parrerw 1) lobster and crab. ‘The restaurant specializes in shellfish, such as fresh lobster and crab. (Parrenn 2) The restaurant specializes in shellfish, for example, fresh lobster and crab. (Parren 2) * For example and for instance can also appear after the subject or at the end of an example that isa complete sentence. Note the use of commas in each. case Tortuguero National Park, for example, has more than ten difterent wildlife habitats. Tortuguero National Park, for instance, has more than ten different wildlife habitats. ‘Tortuguero National Park has more than ten different wildlife habitats, for example. Tortuguero National Park has more than ten different wildlife habitats, for instance. 148 CHAPTERSECC AIaN Using Transition Signals to Introduce Examples © Add commas to the sentences. 1, Denmark has many children’s attractions, such as Tivoli Gardens and Legoland 2. Japan is famous for its beautiful gardens. For example the rock garden of Ryoanji Temple is known all over the world. 3. In Sao Paulo, there is a mix of architecture. You can see traditional architecture in some buildings for example the Martinelli Building and the Banco do Estado de Sao Paulo. 4, There are also many modern buildings in Sao Paulo. For instance the Banco Sumitomo and Conjunto Nacional are very modern in design, 5. Bolivia offers tourists many interesting places to visit for instance the capital city of La Paz. and the islands in Lake Titicaca. @© Complete the sentences with for example, for instance, or such as. Add commas where needed. For some, there may be more than one answer. 1. Like many big American cities, San Francisco has several ethnic neighborhoods North Beach (Italian), the Mission District (Hispanic), and Chinatown (Chinese) 2. When you visit the ethnic neighborhoods of Miami, you feel that you are ina foreign country. in Little Havana you can easily imagine that you are in Cuba 3, Summers are much cooler in San Francisco than in Los Angeles. ‘0 is about 65 the average July temperature in San Francis degrees Fahrenheit, but it is 85 degrees Fahrenheit in Los Angeles. 4, Mexico’s Yucatén Peninsula has many luxury beach resorts Canetin and Cozumel. 5. The Yucatén is full of archeological treasures ____ the Mayan ruins at Chichén Itz4 and Tulum Stating Reasons and Using Examples 149CONCLUSION SIGNALS In addition to the conclusion signals such as Indeed and To sum up that you have already learned (see Chapter 2, page 53), you can begin a concluding sentence with For these (two/three/four) reasons and Because of. Notice these two patterns: Parent: For these reasons, (+ sentence). For these two reasons, Costa Rica is a wonderful place to study if you love wildlife Parrern 2; Because of (noun phrase), (+ sentence). Because of its diverse habitats and many animal species, Costa Rica is a wonderful place to study if you love wildlife. GEG Using Conclusion Signals © Look back at the outline in Part A of Practice 5, page 145. Use Indeed or To sum up, For these reasons, and Because of to rewrite the concluding sentence in three different ways. 1, Indeed, if you're looking for great food, amazing service, and reasonable prices Joe's Dineristhe placetogo, © Look back at the outline in Part B of Practice 5, page 146. Write three different conclusions, using Indeed or To sum up, For these reasons, and Because of Write a paragraph recommending a place to study English using the outline you created in Practice 1 (page 139). Follow these directions. 1. Follow your outline as you write your draft. 2. Use transition signals to introduce your reasons and examples. Try to use for example, for instance, and such as at least once, 3, Adda concluding sentence. Remember to use an appropriate conclusion signal, such as Indeed, To sum up, For reasons, or Because of 4. Proofread your paragraph, and correct any mistakes. 150 CHAPTERSIn Chapter 3, you learned about complex sentences with dependent time clauses. In this section, you will look at complex sentences with dependent reason clauses and complex sentences with dependent condition clauses. COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH REASON CLAUSES AND CONDITION CLAUSES A reason clause is a dependent clause that explains why something happens or why someone does something, It has a subject and verb and begins with an introductory word known as a reason subordinator. Because and since are reason subordinators. Gees ea Nay because They canceled the game because the field was too wet. since Since the field was too wet, they canceled the game. A condition clause is a dependent clause that states a condition that causes a certain result. It has a subject and verb and begins with an introductory word known as a condition subordinator. If is a condition subordinator. See NEST Lucey if My best friend John is unhappy if he doesn’t get an A in every class. Like time clauses, reason clauses and condition clauses can come before or after the independent clause. If you use a reason or condition clause before the independent clause, you must use a comma to separate the two clauses. Because the field was too wet, they canceled the game. If he doesn’t get an A in every class, John is unhappy. Here are some things to know about reason and condition subordinators: # Because and since have exactly the same meaning, and there is no difference in their use, Because Tina is good at math, she decided to become an engineer. Since Tina is good at math, she decided to become an engineer. Tina decided to become an engineer because she is good at math. Tina decided to become an engineer since she is good at math. Stating Reasons and Using Examples 151« The word since can be either a reason or a time subordinator. Since | don't own a car, | take the bus to school. (aeasen) Since Eddie started lifting weights, he has become much stronger. (rie) » Because is a subordinator. Because of is a two-word preposition. Hawaii is popular because it has beautiful beaches. (sveonomaron) Hawail is popular because of its beautiful beaches. (prerosiicn) « sfintroduces a condition. Sentences with conditional clauses require special combinations of verb forms. In this chapter, you will work with examples of conditional sentences that deal with real situations in the present and future. If you don’t practice, you won't learn as quickly. If you go to Costa Rica, you will see many unusual insects. Don't open an email attachment if you don’t know the sender. ERLGHCEEIN Analyzing Complex Sentences @ Read each sentence. Underline the independent clause once and the dependent clause twice. Draw a circle around the subordinator. Add a comma if needed. 1, Tourists love Arizona(becausdit has many interesting things to do. 2. Since summers are hot in Arizona the best time to go there is the spring or fall. 3. If you are interested in Native Americans you will enjoy visiting the Navajo and Hopi reservations" in northern Arizona. 4, You can visit a tribal fair? if you are lucky. 5. The Navajo call themselves a “nation” because they govern themselves. 6. Since the Navajo language is so difficult the US. military used it for secret messages in World War II. reservations: areas of land in the United States kept separate for Native Americans to live on + tribal fair: an outdoor event where Native Americans celebrate their culture 152 CHAPTERS® Eee ° Use your own ideas to complete the dependent clause of reason or condition in each sentence. 1. Tenjoy traveling because _! like to learn about new cultures 2, Since ___ —______,, l usually take the train. 3. [will take a special trip next year if 4, Because New York City is very expensive, -- 5. Since __, I want to see as much of the world as possible. 6. Thave to travel now because — Editing Sentence and Punctuation Errors Work alone or with a partner. Read the paragraph. Find the four sentence and punctuation errors, Bracket the four parts that need editing, and use a symbol from the box to identify each error, (Hivr: Use each symbol once.) es (comma splice) _P (punctuation error) frag (fragment) ro (run-on) Soccer Soccer is truly the world’s most popular sport. Since the game began in England about 150 years Cagh it] has spread to every corner of the globe. Millions of people go to soccer stadiums to watch their favorite team. While millions more watch on television. One reason for soccer's popularity may be its economy. Anyone can afford to play soccer because it doesn’t require expensive equipment. Also, players can use almost any field or even a street to play the game. Soccer is the number one sport in most of the world, it is not the most popular sport in North America. Ice hockey is the favorite in Canada American football is the favorite in the United States. However, soccer has also gained new professional teams and fans in those countries. On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the paragraph correctly. Then compare answers with a partner. Make further corrections as needed Stating Reasons and Using Examples 153Geka }Combining Sentences @ Use a word from the box to combine the sentences in each group into a single simple, compound, or complex sentence. For some, there may be more than one answer, and but since _that while because if so when My Love-Hare RELATIONSHIP WITH TRAVELING 1. a. There are two reasons I love traveling for work. b. There are two reasons I hate traveling for work, 2. a, [work asa salesperson. b. Thave to travel out of town for a week once a month. 3. a. First of all, I love traveling for work. b. Traveling for work allows me to meet new people. ¢. Traveling for work allows me to go to new places. 4, a, For example, Lam interested in history. b. I try to set aside some time to visit a local historical site. c. Ltry to set aside some time to walk around the downtown area. 5. a. Second, | feel energized. b. I feel challenged. c. Tam on my monthly sales trips. 6. a. On the other hand, traveling for work can be difficult. b. Sometimes I hate traveling for work 7. a. The first reason is this. b. I don't sleep well in hotels. 8. a. often watch TY late into the night. b. I can’t fall asleep. 9. a. Asa result, in the morning I’m very tired, b. By afternoon I need a nap. 154 CHAPTERS10. a. The second reason I hate traveling is this. b. Imiss my family. 11. a. Oursons are very young. b. They don’t understand why Lam away. c. They want to talk to me every night. 12, a. Lam away for an entire week b. It is hard on my sons. c. Itis hard on my wife. d. Itis hard on me. 13. a, I get a promotion next year. b. Iwill have a sales area closer to home. c. [won't have to do overnight trips. 14. a, In conclusion, Ihave a love-hate relationship with traveling b, [try to stay positive. ¢. I try to focus on the good things Stating Reasons and Using Examples 155© Write the new sentences from Part A as a paragraph My Love-Hate Relationship with Traveling There are two reasons I love traveling for work and two reasons I hate it: CAPITALIZATION: TWO MORE RULES In previous chapters, you have learned ten rules for capitalizing words in English (see pages 18-19 and 96). Here are two additional rules: ire) EXAMPLES Capitalize: 1. some abbreviations Nore 1: If a name includes nouns and prepositions, only the first letter of each noun is included in the abbreviation. Nore 2: Capitalize only the first letter of the abbreviation of a person's title. 2. all words in a greeting, but only the first word in the closing of a letter or email IBM USA UCLA UK UAE ‘United States of America = USA City Colleges of = ccc Dr Mr Mrs. Prof. Dear Sir: Love, ‘Dear Madam, Best wishes, 156 CHAPTERSWork alone or with a partner. Read the email. Change the small letters to capital letters where necessary. See Appendix E, page 199, to review the rules. Dm dear piki, well, here i am in new york city. i still can't believe that i'm actually here! i ar fed on saturday after a long flight from paris on air france. the food was excellent, and so was the movie. we saw the new romance, island gir. i stayed saturday and sunday nights at the fairmont hotel near rockefeller center. then on monday i moved into my dormitory at columbia university. i spent my entire first weekend here sightseeing. | saw many famous places: rockefeller center, the united nations, the guggenheim museum, the new york stock exchange, and the statue of liberty. i also visited another famous art museum and the nbc television studios, today is a holiday in the united states. it is labor day, so all government offices, schools, and banks are closed, people in the usa celebrate the end of summer by having a three-day weekend. many new yorkers spend the day in central park or go to the beach on long island. i learned some interesting things about new york. its nickname is “the big apple,” but no one knows why it's called an apple and not a banana or an orange. maybe it's because the apple is the state fruit. another interesting fact is that musicians who play in the subway have to audition? before they get permission to perform. many of the subway musicians are extremely talented. well, that’s all for now. classes begin next week. i'm having a good time, but i miss you all, and i really miss french food. write soon. with love, nicole audition: give a short performance asa test of one’s ability to perform Stating Reasons and Using Examples 157PUNCTUATION: FOUR MORE COMMA RULES ~ In Chapter 3 (page 99), you learned four rules for using commas. Here are four more comma rules: ey rN Ry Use a comma: 1. to separate thousands, millions, billions, ete. Note 1: Do not use a comma in a number that expresses a year or is part of an address. Nore 2: Do not use a comma to separate dollars from cents or whole numbers from decimals. Instead, use a decimal point. 2, to separate the parts of dates and after years in the middle of a sentence 3, to separate the parts of a US. address, EXCEPT between the state and the zip code, when the address is in a sentence Nore: When you write an address in a letter or on an envelope, use a comma between the city and state, but do not use a comma at the end of each line. 4, after the greeting and closing of an email or a personal letter, and after the closing of an email, a personal letter, or a business letter. Nore: In business letters and formal emails, a colon (:) is typically used after the greeting. 158 CHAPTERS The trip cost them over $3,000. The college has over 25,000 students. 2935 Main Street $59.95 $2,999.99 6% = 6.875 45% The third millennium started on January 1, 2001, not on January 1, 2000. The address of the Office of Admissions is 1410 NE Campus Parkway, Seattle, WA 98195. Office of Admissions 1410 NE Campus Parkway Seattle, WA 98195 Dear Michiko, Dear Mom, Love, Very truly yours, Dear Ms. Prescott: Dear Sir or Madam: To Whom It May Concern:Editing Commas © Work alone or with a partner. Review the comma rules on pages 99 and 158. Read the paragraphs. Add commas where necessary. (Not all sentences need them.) Paracrar 1 Some students work full time and go to school part time. For example, one of my classmates takes two courses and works 40 hours a week. Since he is also married and has two children he is a very busy person. He works at night attends class in the morning and sleeps when he can. When he fell asleep in class yesterday we decided not to wake him up. PARAGRAPH 2 Scientists believe that animals can think feel and communicate just as humans can. My dog certainly acts like a human at times. For instance when he does something bad he looks guilty. He hangs his head drops his tail and looks up at me with sad eyes. Later we usually discover the reason for his guilty looks but it’s hard to punish him. ParaGRarn 3 At the moment China is the country with the largest population but experts say that India will overtake it by the year 2040. In that year India’s population will be around 1520000000 (over 1.5 billion) while China’s population will only be around 1450000000 (1.4 billion) PaRaGRaru 4 My mother lives in Miami in the winter and in Denver in the summer. When it becomes too hot in Florida she moves to Colorado. She moves back to Florida when it gets too cold in Colorado. Her address in Florida is P.O. Box 695 Miami FL 33167 and her address in Colorado is 3562 State Street Apt. 3-C Denver CO 80210. (continued on next page) Stating Reasons and Using Examples 159Paracrarn 5 On Sunday June 10 2012 I graduated from college. Then on Monday June 11 2012 I started my first full-time job. I couldn't wait to get my first paycheck but I was quickly disappointed. I was expecting over $4000 but the check was for only $3245.75. That was an important lesson. When you enter the real world you have to pay taxes, ‘On a separate sheet of paper, write eight sentences illustrating each of the ‘comma rules on pages 99 and 158, but leave out the commas. Then give your sentences to a partner and ask him or her to put in the commas, First of all I feel totally relaxed when I'm at the lake. # plying Vocabulary: Using Nouns that Describe Geography Before you begin your writing assignment, review what you learned about words that describe geography on pages 141-142 EEXGHGEREM Using Words that Describe Geography 160 CHAPTERS: Work with a partner. Answer the questions. 1. What is your favorite beach? 2. What places come to mind when you hear the word volcano? Do you know of any places where volcanoes have erupted recently? 3. Can you name a city or country that is famous for one or more canals? . ‘Name a swamp that you have visited or that you know about. Where is it? What kinds of wildlife does it have? What do you know about rainforests? List four things. Would you like to live in a house on the coast? Why or why not? What continent do you want to visit someday? Why? eno wm Imagine you have to do a research paper about a habitat that is common in your area, Which habitat would you write about? Why?WRITING ASSIGNMENT In this chapter, your assignment is to write a paragraph recommending an area to live in. It can be your hometown, the place where you live now, or any place that you know well. Give at least three reasons why a person would enjoy living there, and support your reasons with specific examples. Use the writing model about Costa Rica on page 140 as a guide. BD Prowrte> STEP 1; Prewrite to get ideas. * Use listing, clustering, or freewriting to brainstorm reasons and examples. * Study your prewriting and decide on two to four reasons to write about, Make sure you can include at least one specific example for each reason. The more examples you give, the better your paragraph will be. * Organize your reasons and examples by making an outline. Make your outline as detailed as possible. It should be similar to the outline on page 139. * Review the words in Looking at Vocabulary and Applying Vocabulary on pages 141-142 and 160, Look at your outline again and, if possible, add in some words to describe the geography of the place. ‘BD Wite > STEP 2: Write the first draft. * Write FIRST DRAFT at the top of your paper. + Follow your outline to write your paragraph. Add transition signals to introduce your reasons and examples. Try to include at least three complex sentences with clauses of reason and condition. \ edit > STEP 3: Revise and edit the first draft. + Exchange papers with a partner, and give each other feedback on your paragraphs. Use Chapter 5 Peer Review on page 214. * Consider your partner’s feedback and revise your paragraph. Mark changes on your first draft. * Check your paragraph carefully against Chapter 5 Writer’s Self-Check on page 215, and make more changes as necessary. Stating Reasons and Using Examples 161‘Det write > STEP 4: Write a new draft. * Refer to the changes you made on your first draft and do a final draft of your paragraph. * Proofread it carefully. + Hand it in to your teacher. Your teacher may also ask you to hand in your prewriting, your outline, and your first draft. Sateen In this chapter, you learned to: © Use listing and outlining to brainstorm and organize ideas O Develop a paragraph with reasons and examples O Write effective conclusion sentences O Use complex sentences with reason and condition clauses. O Apply more rules of capitalization and comma usage O Write, revise, and edit a paragraph with reasons and examples Which ones can you do well? Mark them @& Which ones do you need to practice more? Mark them ® San @ ted wartine To succeed in academic writing you need to be able to write quickly and fluently. For example, you might have to write a paragraph for a test in class, and you only have 30 minutes. In this activity, you will write a paragraph in class. You will have 30 minutes. To complete the activity in time, follow the directions. 1, Read the prompt below (or the prompt your teacher assigns) carefully. Make sure you understand the question or task. Then decide on the topic of your paragraph, (3 minutes) 2. Use listing to get ideas, Then read over your list and decide which ideas you will write about. Edit your list and then make an outline to organize your ideas. (8 minutes) 3. Write your paragraph. Be sure to include a title, a topic sentence, supporting ideas, transition signals for reasons and examples, and a concluding sentence. (15 minutes) 162 CHAPTERS4, Proofread your paragraph. Correct any mistakes. (4 minutes) 5. Give your paper to your teacher. Prompt: Write a paragraph recommending a place you can go for a day trip. Include at least three reasons why someone should visit this place. Give examples and details to support your reasons. @ your sourNnat Continue making entries in your journal. If you cannot think of a topic for a journal entry, try one of these ideas: « Imagine that one of your friends has asked your advice about a major purchase that he or she is about to make (for example, a car, laptop, cell phone, or camera). What would you recommend? Support your suggestion with reasons and examples. * What type of area do you like to visit when you have free time? For example, do you prefer the mountains, a lake, or a city park? Write about why you like the area. * What is your favorite place to shop for clothing? Explain the reasons you like it and give examples and details. For more ideas for journal entries, see Appendix A on page 193. Stating Reasons and Using Examples 163Writers need certain skills. In this chapter, you will learn to: * Distinguish between facts and opinions * Introduce reasons and examples with transition signals * Use outlining to organize reasons and details * Write adjective clauses with who, which, and that * Identify and fix fragments * Use quotation marks correctly * Write, revise, and edit an opinion paragraph EXPRESSING YOUR OPINION Ancient Greek philosophers enjoyed meeting in public to discuss their opinions. What techniques do you think they used to present their ideas convincingly?In the previous chapter, you learned how to write a paragraph using reasons and examples to support your ideas. In this chapter, you will learn how to organize a paragraph in which you express an opinion supported by details and facts. You will also learn about adjective clauses with who, which, and that. To help you get ideas for writing, you will first do some prewriting In this section, you will practice using ideas from reading to support your opinion. GETTING IDEAS FROM READING When you express your opinion in writing, you may support your reasons with examples and details from personal knowiedge and experience. However, your writing will be stronger and more convincing if you can also include facts, ideas, and quotes from one or more other sources. These might include newspaper or magazine articles as well as information from websites and reference books. GEGEN Getting Ideas from Reading © Read the biog post. Be ready to answer questions about the writer's main idea and supporting details. How Should Schools Punish Cheaters? € Nowadays the Internet has made it easier for students to cheat. Students can share homework —_ | or test answers online, and they can even buy essays to use. In a recent survey of 4,800 high school students, 53 percent admitted to cheating on tests, and 62 percent said they had turned in homework that was not their own work. Few students are caught cheating, but when it happens, the punishment is often severe. Some schools remove the student from the class, while other schools suspend! or expel? the student. The principal usually puts a note about cheating in the student's academic record, which may become part of a student's college application file someday. suspend: officially stop a student from attending school because he/she has broken rules expel: offically make a student leave a school (continued on next page) Expressing Your Opinion 165Last week, a Westridge High Schoo! junior copied a classmate's homework in his honors math class®. The teacher caught him, and he admitted to cheating. Consequently, he had to withdraw from the class for the rest of the year. The student knew this might happen because the previous September he and his parents had signed an academic honesty statement for the honors class that clearly explained the teacher's cheating policy: The punishment for anyone caught cheating even one time was immediate removal from the class. However, the student's father, who is a lawyer, wants to fight the punishment. He says that the school rules call for removal from a class after a student is caught cheating twice, not once. The father believes his son should remain in the honors class because the rules of the school and the rules of the teacher are in conflict with each other. In addition, he says the punishment is too | severe for a practice that is so common among students. Removal from the honors class will make it impossible for his son to get into a top university. Yesterday, the father started legal action against the school The school officials are firm in their decision. “If we do not punish cheating, then we reward students who cheat and we put honest students at a disadvantage," says Ann Linsione, the principal. “Students who study long hours and work hard should not have to compete against dishonest students for top grades.” Most students agree. “We are all under a lot of pressure,” says one honors student. "Actually, | feel bad for the guy because he's a smart student who made a bad choice. But, in the end, there's no excuse for dishonesty.” What's your opinion? Do you think the punishment is too harsh? Send your comments, and I will post your ideas in my next blog. Shonors math class: a math class in which only top students attend, octane el eel lS aM RON A it 166 CHAPTERS® e SUPPORTING DETALS ‘2un reason SUPPORTING DETAILS ‘ro REASON ‘SUPPORTING DETALS With a partner or small group, discuss the question: Do you think the punishment is too harsh? Check (v) the statement that best expresses your opinion. Then use the information from the blog and your own knowledge and experience to complete the outline below. Save your outline to use in the Try It Out! activity on page 177. Do You THINK THE PUNISHMENT IS TOO HARSH? 0 YES, it is too harsh, The student should be allowed to stay in the honors class. O NO, it is not too harsh. The student should be removed from the honors class. Outline Expressing Your Opinion 167OPINION PARAGRAPHS An opinion is a statement of someone's belief. When you say, “I believe or “I think that. ..,” you are expressing an opinion. In everyday life, people talk and write about their opinion or point of view on a wide variety of issues Examples include: Should smoking be allowed everywhere? Do you agree with restrictions on teenagers during their first year of driving? Should the government ban the sale of handguns? If you look at the “Letters to the Editor” section of any newspaper, you will find letters from people discussing their points of view. People post their opinions on online news sites and in blogs. In college classes, you often have to express and support your opinions. Here are four keys to writing a successful opinion paragraph: State your opinion clearly in the topic sentence. Present the reasons for your opinion in logical order: Use facts to support each reason. End with a powerful concluding sentence that your reader will remember, LOOKING AT THE MODEL ‘The writing model contains one writer opinion about video games. Work with a partner or in a small group. Read the model. Then answer the questions, # Writing Model WI tt eae a age te Video Games and Violence Pe ee In my opinion, violent video games are harmful to young people. First of all, studies show that playing these games can cause changes in the behavior of young people. According to researchers, immediately after playing these games, young people have more aggressive thoughts and angry feelings. In addition, frequent players get into more fights at school and have more arguments with their teachers. A second reason that violent video games are harmful to young people is that, in my opinion, they make young people less sensitive to violence in the real world, | believe that these games make it entertaining to shoot and kill, and the line between imaginary violence and real violence 168 CHAPTERGbecomes very thin or disappears entirely for children. Thirteen-year-old Noah Wilson, for example, was stabbed to death by a friend who often played the violent game Mortal ‘Kombat. On a talk show that | watched recently, Noah's mother claimed that the boy who stabbed her son was acting out the part of Cyrex, a character in the game. A third reason is that, in my opinion, children who do not have good home situations or who have emotional problems may not understand that violence is not a good solution. An extreme example of this kind of thinking resulted in the Columbine High School massacre? in 1999. Two students shot and killed 12 classmates, a teacher, and themselves at the Colorado high school. The two young killers were fans of the video games Doom and Wolfenstein 3D. For these three reasons, | feel that violent video games are harmful to young people and should be controlled—or, even better, banned? Sources: 1. Jill U. Adams, “Effects of violent video games,” the Las Angeles Times, May 3, 2010, atticleslatimes,com/2010/ may /08/health /la-he-closer-20100503 (accessed July 1, 2012) 2. Paraphrase froma transcript of the television program Donahe, July 22, 2002, [Link]/news_articies/cdonahue_july_22.him (accessed Novernber 3, 2006). Tmassacre: murder of many people 2 banned: prohibited, not allowed Questions about the Model 1, What is the writer’s opinion about violent video games? What phrase does he use to introduce his opinion? 2. How many reasons does the writer give for his opinion? 3. What transition signals does the writer use to introduce his reasons? 4, In your opinion, which reason is stronger: the first one or the last one? Why? # Looking at Vocabulary: Word Forms Learning word forms is a good way to expand your vocabulary and add more variety to your writing. For example, if you know both the noun and. adjective forms of a word, you can avoid repeating the same words over and over. A second reason that violent video games are harmful to young people is that, in my opinion, they make young people less sensitive to violence in the real world. Expressing Your Opinion 169Looking at Word Forms @ Look at the writing model. Find and underline the adjective forms of the 170 CHAPTER6 nouns in the first column. Then write the adjectives you found in the second column. Nouns Apjectives violence violent harm as aggression a anger sensitivity entertainment imagination SN 2 we PP emotion Circle the correct word form that completes each sentence. 1. Some parents disapprove of video games that promote ((oiencs) violent. 2. They are afraid that such games do more firm / harmful) than good. 3. Video games are a popular form of (entertainment / entertaining) for many people. 4. Some people believe that children show more (aggression / aggrossive) after playing violent video games. 5. During the last part of the movie, my friend became very (emotion / emotional) and began to cry. 6. Since he was a child, the artist has always had a wild (rnagination / imaginative). 7. I didn’t think that the TV show was very (entertainment / entertaining). 8, Clara has a great (sensitivity / sonsitive) for animals. She seems to understand them very wellORGANIZATION In this section, you will look at how to organize an opinion paragraph. You will also learn how to introduce your reasons and supporting examples with appropriate transition signals. FACTS AND OPINIONS An opinion is what someone believes. People can disagree with opinions. A fact, however, is a true statement that no one can disagree with. Read these sentence pairs. Which ones are facts, and which ones are opinions? ‘The sun rises in the east. The sunrise was beautiful this morning. ‘The temperature of the Jake is 55 ‘The lake is too cold for swimming. degrees Fahrenheit. According to highway accident reports, Using a cell phone while driving is using 4 cell phone while driving is dangerous. dangerous. Women could not vote in the United Everyone should vote. States until 1920, Mrs. King said, “I am a good mother.” Mrs. King is a good mother. The sentences in the left column are facts. They are true. Even the last sentence, “Mrs. King said, ‘lama good mother,” is a fact. It is true that she said that. What she said—"L am a good mother”—is an opinion. However, a statement that reports what she said is a fact because no one can disagree that she said it. The sentences in the right column are opinions. People can disagree with them. They may or may not be true. Of course, you can use opinions as reasons, but your paragraph will be stronger and more convincing if you support your opinion with facts. Expressing Your Opinion 171GEGUEEM !dentitying Facts and Opinions Complete the outline for the writing model on pages 168-169. Use full sentences, but do not include transition signals. Then analyze each sentence in the column on the right. Write F for fact and O for opinion. Video Games and Violence tone sewresce | In my opinion, violent video games are harmful to young people. st REASON A. Studies show that playing these games can cause changes in ___ the behavior of young people. SUPPORTING DETAILS 1, According to researchers, immediately after playing —— these games, players have more aggressive thoughts and angry feelings. 2. Frequent players get into more fights at school and have — more arguments with their teachers. ‘2ND REASON B. In my opinion, they make young people less sensitive to violence. surPorna oeTALS 1. 2. Neah Wilson (15) was stabbed to death by a friend who often played the violent game Mortal Kombat. 3. Ona talk show I watched recently, Noah's mother claimed = —___ that the boy who stabbed her son was acting out the part of Cyrex, a character in Mortal Kombat. _ ‘Sno REASON ¢. [SUPPORTING DETAILS 1, An extreme example king resulted in the -_ Columbine High Schoo! massacre in 1999. 2 — 3. The two young killers were fans of the video games Doom and Welfenstein 3D. 172 CHAPTER6TRANSITION SIGNALS IN OPINION PARAGRAPHS Here are some things to keep in mind about transition signals in opinion paragraphs: ‘* When you state an opinion, you should indicate that it is an opinion by using an opinion signal, such as one of these: Ce E-Ten rey Le ny Tn my opinion, Tn itty opinion, everyone should (with a comma) be allowed to owna gun. In my view, ... ‘In my view, no one should be (with a comma) allowed to own a gun. believe (that)... believe that smoking should not (without a comma) be allowed in public places. T think (that) ... [think smokers have rights, too. (without a comma) * To give information from an outside source (a book, a newspaper, another person), use according to with a comma. Reese eres According to X,... According to Gregory, his mother never (with a comma) wrote to him or sent him birthday cards. = the Earth is becoming warmer. | # In your concluding sentence, you can remind your reader of the number of reasons. fore ToEe eeAe La For these (two, three, four, and ‘For these three reasons, I believe 0 on) Teasons, .. that violent video games are (with a comma) harmful to young people. If you wish, you can also add a recommendation for action. For these three reasons, | believe that violent video games are harmful to young people and should be controlled—or, even better, banned. Expressing Your Opinion 173GAAGEL MY Outlining an Opinion Paragraph Tori SENTENCE Asr reason ‘SUPPORTING DETAILS 2uo Reason SUPPORTING DETAILS ‘Sno Reason ‘supPORTING DETALS. 174 CHAPTERS Work alone or with a partner. Use the completed outline for Topic 1 as an example. Choose two of the remaining topics and complete the outline for each, Follow the directions. 1. On the first line, write a topic sentence with an opinion signal. 2. Think of two or three reasons for your opinion and write them on the appropriate lines. You can write sentences or notes. 3. Think of one or more supporting details for each reason, and write them on the appropriate lines. For example, you might use: « statistics from a class survey that you conduct + a quotation from a classmate or neighbor + an example from personal experience 4, Write a concluding sentence that mentions the number of reasons or make a recommendation for action. Toric 1: Gun Controt Laws Gun Control Laws In my opinion, responsible people should be allowed to own gun. A. People need to defend themselves in today’s violent society. 1. Personal story? News story? 2. Interview classmates/neighbors to get quotations? B. Criminals will always find ways to get guns. 1. Bumper sticker: “If guns are outlawed, only outlaws will have guns” 2, Statistics on crimes with guns that are not properly registered | C. The US. Bill of Rights? gives citizens the right to own guns. 1. Quotation from the Bill of Rights 2. Public support for legal gun possession For these reasons, I believe laws prohibiting gun ownership are wrong. + USS. Bill of Rights: the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which state the basic rights of US. citizensTopic 2: CaprraL PUNISHMENT" Capital Punishment ‘1ST REASON SUPPORTING DETAILS -2N REASON ‘8UPFORTING DETAR ‘surronTiNG DETAILS ‘CONCLUDING SENTENCE “capital punishment: the death penalty for the most serious crimes Expressing Your Opinion 175Toric 3: Using CELL PHones iv Pustic PLAces Using Cell Phones in Public Places Ast Reason [SUPPORTING DETALS 2n0 Reason SUPPORTING DETANS ‘SUPPORTING DETAILS ‘CONCLUDING SeNTENCE 176 CHAPTERme. ‘Topic SENTENCE 11 REASON ‘supvormiva Devas 2n0 Reason SUPPORTING DETAILS ‘SRO REASON SupPOnTING DETALS ‘[Link] sentence TRY IT OUT! Toric 4: Your Own Ina Review the blog post about cheating on pages 165-166 and the outline you completed in Practice 1C on page 167. On a separate sheet of paper, write an opinion paragraph on this question: Do you think the punishment is too harsh? Follow these directions. 1. Organize your ideas about the question into an outline. Remember to add a topic sentence and a concluding sentence. 2. Follow your outline as you write your draft. 3. Use transition signals where appropriate. 4, Proofread your paragraph and correct any mistakes. Expressing Your Opinion 177SENTENCE STRUCTURE In the previous chapters, you learned about different types of dependent clauses, including time, reason, and condition clauses. In this section, you will learn about another kind of dependent clause called an adjective clause. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES WITH WHO, WHICH, AND THAT Adjective clauses (also called relative clauses) begin with words such as who, which, and that. These dependent clauses act like adjectives because they give more information about a noun. Here are some things to know about adjective clause: * Adjective clauses begin with the words who, which, and that (among others) who is used for people which is used for things that is used for things (and for people in informal English) * An adjective clause follows the noun it gives more information about. « Commas are sometimes used with adjective clauses, and sometimes not, (You will leam about this on page 180.) In the examples, the adjective clause is highlighted. An arrow points to the noun that the adjective clause gives more information about, If we do not punish cheating, then we reward students(@ha)cheat The principal usually puts a note about cheating in the student’s academic recgre hie) may be part of a student's college application file someday. Sixty-two percent turned in homework hadWwas done by someone else. Identifying Adjective Clauses Look at each sentence. Underline the adjective clauses twice, and circle who, which, or that. Then draw an arrow back to the noun that the adjective clause gives more information about. > 1. In my opinion, students @ho)wear uniforms behave better, in the United 2. Long Beach, California, which was one of the first citi States to require uniforms in elementary and middie school, reported increased attendance and decreased bad behavior. 178 SHAPTERGGane) 3. According toa survey that was done in South Carolina, middle school students who wear school uniforms have more positive feelings about their schools than students in schools that do not require uniforms. 4, Schools that require uniforms help lessen economic and social differences among students. 5. Students who cannot afford the latest fashions do not feel self-conscious. 6, Physical appearance, which can cause middle school students much anxiety, is less important when everyone wears the same uniform. Adjective Clauses with Who and Which Complete the adjective clause in each sentence with who or which. (Do not use that in this exercise.) 1, In arranged marriages, are common in many countries, someone else chooses your marriage partner. 2, Sometimes the parents, _ know their child better than. anyone, choose. 3. Sometimes the parents hire a matchmaker, —___ charges a fee to find the right person. 4, The two young people are probably very nervous at their first meeting, usually takes place in the bride’s home. 5. Insome cultures, a young man or woman doesn’t like the parents’ or matchmake! 's choice may say no. 6. Marrying for love, ______ is the custom in most Western cultures, does not guarantee happiness, 7. The divorce rate among couples —_____ marry for love is very high 8. People ___listened only to their hearts sometimes wish they had listened to their heads. Expressing Your Opinion 179PUNCTUATING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Using commas around an adjective clause depends on whether the clause provides extra information about the noun or whether it provides information that is necessary to identify the noun. Compare these sentences: lexrna aromuntion Necessary WroANATON fool {ou wor use comes) Rachel’Moore, who never votes in A person(wholnever votes in elections is elections, is not a good citizen not a good citizen In the sentence on the left, the adjective clause who never votes in elections provides extra information about Rachel Moore. You don’t need this information to identify her because her name tells us who she is. If an adjective clause gives extra information, separate it from the rest of the sentence with commas. In the sentence on the right, the adjective clause never voles in elections provides information that is necessary to identify person. What kind of person is not a good citizen?—A person who never votes in elections. If the information in an adjective clause is necessary, do not use commas. Here are additional examples [EXTRA INFORMATION. NECESSARY INFORMATION (se coumes) (00 no use conmuas) Children shouldn’t play the video game Children shouldn't play video gattesthad teach criminal behavior. Grand Theft Auto, which teaches criminal behavior sergio, @hO) sitting next to the window, The stdcent(@hd) is sitting next to the isn’t paying attention. window isn't paying attention. a x Let's study at my apartment, is justa They rented an apartment that)was just a few minutes from campus. few minutes from campus. Use that (not which) with clauses that provide necessary information. ‘connect: A college major that is very popular these days is psychology. iwcorsrer: A college major, which is very popular these days, is psychology. Never use commas when a clause begins with that. ‘connect: A book that gives synonyms for words is called a thesaurus. iconrecr: A book, that gives synonyms for words, is called a thesaurus. 180 CHAPTERSPunctuating Adjective Clauses @ Look at each sentence. Underline the adjective clause twice, and circle who, which, or that. Draw an arrow to the noun that it gives more information about. Add commas if needed. 1. A country @haDhas a king or queen is called a monarchy. 2, England, @rhielDhas a queen, is a monarchy. 3. A pediatrician is a doctor who takes cate of children 4. Dr. Jones who is our neighbor is a pediatrician. 5, Students who studied got As on the final exam. 6, Gabriela and ‘Trinh who studied together got As on the final exam. 7. My birthday is next Monday which is a holiday. 8, A holiday that is especially fun for children is Halloween. @ Read the paragraph. Add commas where needed. The Story of Coca-Cola A popular beverage that is sold all over the world is Coca-Cola. A doctor who lived in Atlanta, Georgia, invented it in 1886. Dr. John Pemberton who was also a pharmacist first sold Coca-Cola as a nerve tonic, stimulant®, and headache medicine. The name of the dark brown syrup that made people feel better was “Pemberton’s French Wine Coca.” Later someone added soda water to the syrup and it became the beverage that is our modern Coca-Cola. The first part of the name (coca) comes from cocaine which was one of the original ingredients. The second part of the name (cola) comes from kola nut which is still an ingredient today. The original formula has changed over the years. OF course, Coca-Cola no longer contains cocaine which is an illegal drug but it still tastes delicious. The formula for Coca-Cola is a secret that is, carefully guarded ives you energy stimulant: something that stimulates, gives you energy (similar to tonic) Expressing Your Opinion 181COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH ADJECTIVE CLAUSES In this section, you will practice writing complex sentences with adjective clauses, Remember that an adjective clause is a dependent clause. Therefore, you must combine it with an independent clause to make a complex sentence. GREE ©Combining Clauses and Sentences @ Combine each independent clause on the left with an adjective clause on the right to make a complex sentence. For some, there may be more than one answer. Put the adjective clause directly after the noun it gives more information about. Add commas if needed. Inperenvent CLauses Apyecrive CLauses & They gave their boss a Rolex watch. —_ a, who owns a yacht and a jet 2. The purse is hers. b. which has a view of Central Park 3. Alice moved to New York last ef who was celebrating his 50th month. birthday 4. She is living in an apartment. d. who has love 5. Uncle John is a billionaire. e. that is lying under the chair 6. A person has everything. £. who is my best friend 1, They gave their boss, who was celebrating his 50th birthda _a Rolex watch. 182 CHAPTERS@ Combine each pair of simple sentences into a complex sentence containing an adjective clause with who, which, or that. Add commas where needed. Cultures in Conflict 1. Jamila Haddad ran away from home last week. Jamila is a high school student in Chicago. Jamila Haddad, who is a high school student in Chicage, ran away from home last week. 2. She ran away to avoid a marriage. The marriage was arranged by her parents. She ran away te avoid a marriage that was arranged by her parents. 3. Mr. and Mrs. Haddad are very traditional. Mr. and Mrs. Haddad are from Lebanon, 4, Jamila is the oldest daughter in the Haddad family. The Haddad family immigrated to this country seven years ago. 5. Her parents want her to marry a man. The man is 32 years old 6. The husband-to-be lives in Lebanon. Lebanon is a country in the Middle East. 7. He owns a business. The business is very successful. (continued on next page) Expressing Your Opinion 183PRACTICE 184 CHAPTER 6 8. People say he is very nice. People know him. 9. Jamila ran away from home rather than marry the man. Jamila wants to g0 to college in her new country, 10. Mr. and Mrs. Haddad don’t understand why she ran away. Mr. and Mrs. Haddad thought they had arranged a good future for their daughter. Using Adjective Clauses in Definitions For items 1-5, unscramble each set of words to make a definition that contains an adjective clause. (If you need to, look up unfamiliar words in a dictionary.) 1. A fanatic / who / a / person / extreme ideas / has / is A fanatic is a person who has extreme ideas. 2. A vegetarian / person / doesn’t eat / meat / is / a / who 3. Ahybrid / car / gasoline / and / that / a / is / runs / on / electricity 4. Transients / have / who / people / no / permanent home / are 5. The giant panda / animal / is / that / near / extinction / an / is For 6 and 7, write your own definitions using the words given and others as necessary. 6. Los Angeles / city / famous for 7. Dental hygienists / people / teethMORE ABOUT FRAGMENTS In Chapter 3, you learned about the sentence error called a fragment. Sometimes this error happens when you write a dependent clause and forget to add an independent clause: conrecr: If you want to transfer to a four-year college. connec: Because it was raining when we left. Here is another kind of sentence fragment: ineonnecr: Ron, who also takes night classes. ticonnecr: The book that was on the table. This kind of fragment has no independent clause. It consists of a noun and an adjective clause. There are two ways to correct this error: « Finish the independent clause comnecreo: Fon, who also takes night classes, is very busy. cornecteo; The book that was on the table belongs to the teacher. © Delete who, which, or that to make a simple sentence. conrecreo: Ron takes night classes. connecres: The book was on the table. When you fix a fragment by deleting who, which, or that, be sure the remaining words make a meaningful sentence. For example, take the fragment Pedestrians who cross the street. If you delete who, you get Pedestrians cross the street. This is not a very interesting ‘or meaningful sentence. It is better to correct this fragment by finishing the independent clause: Pedestrians who cross the street should look in both directions before stepping off the curb. Expressing Your Opinion 185Eater o Identifying Fragments Read each item. Write F for fragment and S for sentence. . Women who work. Nowadays, more women work in traditionally male occupations, . For example, the field of medicine. There are now more women than men in medical schools. Medical schools, which didn’t use to accept many women. Men are also working in traditionally female occupations . Such as nursing, which used to be a woman's profession. More women are applying to engineering schools, too, Iknow a young woman who is studying construction management. ). Her dream, which is to supervise the construction of bridges and dams. @ Ona separate sheet of paper, correct each of the fragments in Part A by completing the independent clause or by deleting who, which, or that. 186 CHAPTER 6 1. Women who work have many opportunities these days.Editing Fragments © Work alone or with a partner. The paragraph contains several fragments. Put brackets around each one, and write frag above it. Should Schools Ban Religious Head Coverings? In my opinion, schools should not ban religious head coverings in school. The most important reason is freedom of religion. Cwhidh is guaranteed by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.] Many religions have special clothing and symbols. Such as turbans, headscarves, and crosses. For example, men who are followers of the Sikh religion. They must wear turbans to cover their hair. Muslim women may choose to wear scarves on their heads for religious reasons. Some Christians, both men and women, like to wear crosses on chains around their necks. It is their right to follow their beliefs, so it is wrong for a school to take away that right. A second reason is discrimination. Which is also against the law. If a school bans only head coverings. This is discrimination. Schools must also ban stars of David, crosses, and any other religious items if they ban head coverings. To sum up, banning religious head coverings is wrong. Because it violates the law that guarantees freedom of religion and because it discriminates against one group of people. © Write the corrected sentence fragments on a separate sheet of paper. (Hint: Most of the errors you found can be fixed by combining the fragment with the sentence before or after it) The most important reason is freedom of religion, which is guaranteed by the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. (Answer combines sentences 2 and 3.) Expressing Your Opinion 187Tee QUOTATION MARKS — In the opinion paragraph that you will write at the end of this chapter, you may want to use quotations from classmates you have interviewed. This section covers the rules for punctuating quotations correctly. Laie 1, Put quotation marks before and after another person’s exact words. ry Use a reporting phrase, such as he says or she stated. The reporting phrase can come before, after, or in the middle of the quotation. Separate it with a comma (or two commas). Another useful reporting phrase is according to (+ name or noun). If you use someone's exact words with according to, use quotation marks. 3. Begin each quotation with a capital letter. When a quoted sentence is separated into two parts by a reporting phrase, begin the second part with a small letter. 4, Periods, commas, question marks, and exclamation points go inside the end quotation mark. eee Classmate Sabrina Reyes says, “Mothers of young children should not work because young children need their mothers at home.” She stated, “It’s not easy to be a single mother.” “It’s not easy,” she stated, “to be a single mother.” “It’s not easy to be a single mother,” she stated. According to classmate Sabrina Reyes, “Mothers of young children should not work because young children need their mothers at home.” “It’s not easy,” she stated, “to be a single mother.” She said, “Goodbye.” “Don't leave so soon,” he replied. “Why shouldn’t I?” she asked. “Look over there!” he exclaimed. EEGWSaae Punctuating Quotations Add quotation marks, commas, capital letters, periods, and question marks as needed. “Don't 1. Before I came to the United States, my parents said to me,-don“t get sick while you are there.” 2. Why not Lasked 188 CHAPTERE3. 4, 5. 6. 8. Medical care in the United States is very expensive they answered According to a booklet about health care in the United States a two-hour visit to the emergency room can cost more than $3,000 (not the exact words) Lasked what happens if I can’t pay I don’t know my father replied but I think you should find out According to the booklet the school will provide medical insurance while you area student (exact words) My advisor said it doesn’t cover everything, so you might want to buy additional insurance from a private company ® Applying Vocabulary: Using Word Forms Before you begin your writing assignment, review the nouns and their equivalent adjective forms on pages 169-170 GRC Using Word Forms Discuss the questions with a partner. Try to use both the underlined word and its noun or adjective counterpart in your answer. 1 6. 7 Do you like to watch violent movies? Why or why not? I don't like violent movies at all. I think they send people (and especially children) the wrong signal. The world would be a better place if people realized that they can't solve their problems with Do you think that computer games are good entertainment for children? Why or why not? Can you describe a person that you know that has a hard time controlling his or her anger? Can you think of three situations when it is good to be a little bit aggressive? Should a parent be concerned about a child who has an imaginary friend? Why or why not? Do you think that some people are too sensitive? Describe someone you know who is easily hurt or offended by other people. In your opinion, what human activity causes the most harm to the environment? Some people think men have more control over their emotions than women. Do you think this is true? Expressing Your Opinion 189ASSIGNMENT 3 Write an opinion paragraph about one of the topics from Practice 4 on pages 174-177. Back up your opinions with at least three reasons and supporting details. Follow the steps in the writing process. BD Premite> STEP 1: Prewrite to get ideas. * You have already outlined some ideas for two of the topics in Practice 4. Choose one topic to write about. Your teacher may suggest that you interview classmates or take a class survey to get quotations and/or statistics to use as supporting details in your paragraph. * Add at least one quote and two or three more details to your outline. * Review the words in Looking at Vocabulary and Applying Vocabulary on pages 169-170 and 189. Look at your outline again and, if possible, add in some of these (or similar) words. (Gl Write > STEP 2: Write the first draft. * Write FIRST DRAFT at the top of your paper. Follow your outline to write your paragraph. Add transition signals where appropriate. Try to include at least two sentences with adjective clauses. Use at least one quotation. Introduce the quotation with a reporting phrase, and use quotation marks as needed. \(@7 Eat > STEP 3: Revise and edit the first draft. * Exchange papers with a partner, and give each other feedback on your paragraphs. Use Chapter 6 Peer Review on page 216. * Consider your partner’s feedback, and revise your paragraph. Mark changes on your first draft. * Check your paragraph carefully against Chapter 6 Writer’s SelfCheck on page 217, and make more changes as necessary. (De write > STEP 4: Write a new draft. * Refer to the changes you made on your first draft, and do a final draft of your paragraph. * Proofread it carefully. * Hand it in to your teacher. Your teacher may also ask you to hand in your prewriting, your outline, and your first draft 190 CHAPTERSGates ssn In this chapter, you learned to: © Distinguish between facts and opinions Introduce reasons and examples with transition signals O Use outlining to organize reasons and details O Write adjective clauses with who, which, and that O Identify and fix fragments O Use quotation marks correctly O Write, revise, and edit an opinion paragraph Which ones can you do well? Mark them % Which ones do you need to practice more? Mark them ® EXPANSION @ tien waitina To succeed in academic writing you need to be able to write quickly and fluently. For example, you might have to write a paragraph for a test in class, and you only have 30 minutes. In this activity, you will write a paragraph in class. You will have 30 minutes. To complete the activity in time, follow the directions. 1. Read the prompt below (or the prompt your teacher assigns) carefully. Make sure you understand the question or task. Then decide on the topic of your paragraph. (3 minutes) 2. Use listing to get ideas for the reasons you will use to support your opinion. Then list details to support your reasons. You can include quotes and facts from your own experience. Edit your list, and then make an outline to organize your ideas. (8 minutes) 3. Write your paragraph. Be sure to include a title, a topic sentence, supporting ideas, transition signals, and a concluding sentence. (15 minutes) 4, Proofread your paragraph. Correct any mistakes. (4 minutes) 5. Give your paper to your teacher. Prompt: In your opinion, what should the punishment be for cheating on a final test in your English class? Expressing Your Opinion 194@ your JourNaL Continue making entries in your journal. If you cannot think of a topic for a journal entry, try one of these ideas: * Do you think that parents should restrict how much time a 13-year-old student spends on the computer each day? * Scientists have shown that second-hand smoke causes serious health problems. Should parents who smoke be prohibited from smoking when their children are present? * Plastic shopping bags are very bad for the environment. They do not break down naturally in landfills and they are dangerous to animals. Some cities want to ban the use of plastic shopping bags and require stores to charge ten cents each for paper shopping bags. Do you agree or disagree with this solution? For more ideas for journal entries, see Appendix A on page 193 192 CHAPTERG