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Math Solver: Function Analysis and Solutions

The document contains a series of mathematical questions and problems related to functions, calculus, and graph analysis. Each question includes parts that require finding values, equations, transformations, and areas under curves, with specific instructions for showing work and providing answers in particular forms. The total marks for each question vary, indicating the complexity and depth of the problems presented.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
50 views86 pages

Math Solver: Function Analysis and Solutions

The document contains a series of mathematical questions and problems related to functions, calculus, and graph analysis. Each question includes parts that require finding values, equations, transformations, and areas under curves, with specific instructions for showing work and providing answers in particular forms. The total marks for each question vary, indicating the complexity and depth of the problems presented.

Uploaded by

paadhi1223
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Questions

Q1.

The function f and the function g are defined by

(a) Find, in simplest form, the value of fg(e2)


(2)
–1
(b) Find f
(3)
(c) Hence, or otherwise, find all real solutions of the equation

f–1(x) = f(x)
(3)

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q2.

(a) Given that

find the value of the constant P and show that Q = 5


(4)
The curve C has equation y = g(x), where

(b) Find the equation of the tangent to C at the point where x = 2


Give your answer in the form y = mx + c , where m and c are constants to be found.
(5)
Figure 4 shows a sketch of the curve C.
The region R, shown shaded in Figure 4, is bounded by C, the y-axis, the x-axis and the line with
equation x = 2

(c) Find the exact area of R, writing your answer in the form a + b ln2 , where a and b are constants to be
found.
(5)

(Total for question = 14 marks)

Q3.

(a) Express f(θ) in the form R cos (θ + α), where R and α are constants, R > 0 and . Give the
exact value of R and give the value of α, in radians, to 3 decimal places.
(3)
The curve with equation y = cos θ is transformed onto the curve with equation y = f(θ) by a sequence of
two transformations.

Given that the first transformation is a stretch and the second a translation,

(b) (i) describe fully the transformation that is a stretch,


(ii) describe fully the transformation that is a translation.
(2)
Given
(c) find the range of g.
(2)

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q4.

Figure 1 shows a sketch of part of the graph with equation y = f(x), where

The vertex of the graph is at point P, as shown in Figure 1.

(a) State the coordinates of P.


(2)
(b) (i) State the range of f.
(ii) Find the value of ff(4)
(2)
(c) Solve, using algebra and showing your working,

16 – 2x > |3x – 13| + 5


(4)
The graph with equation y = f(x) is transformed onto the graph with equation y = af(x + b)

The vertex of the graph with equation y = af(x + b) is (4, 20)

Given that a and b are constants,

(d) find the value of a and the value of b.


(2)

(Total for question = 10 marks)


Q5.

Figure 2 shows a sketch of part of the graph with equation y = f(x), where

(a) State the coordinates of the vertex, V, of the graph.


(2)
(b) Solve, using algebra,

(4)
(c) Sketch the graph with equation

stating the coordinates of the local maximum point and each local minimum point.
(4)

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q6.
In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

The function f is defined by

(a) Show that

where k is an integer to be found.


(4)
(b) Hence, find the values of x for which f′(x) = 0
(1)
Figure 3 shows a sketch of the curve C with equation y = f(x).

The curve has a local maximum at the point P

(c) Find the exact coordinates of P


(2)
The function g is defined by

g(x) = 2f(x) + 4 ≤x≤0

(d) Find the range of g


(3)

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q7.

The functions f and g are defined by


(a) Find the range of f
(2)
(b) (i) Find f−1(x)
(ii) Write down the domain of f−1
(3)
(c) Find fg(−π)
(2)

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q8.

The function f is defined by

(a) Show that f(x) =


(3)
(b) Find f–1
(3)
(c) (i) Find, in simplest form, f′(x).
(ii) Hence, state whether f is an increasing or a decreasing function, giving a reason for your answer.
(3)

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q9.

A curve C has equation y = f(x), where

(a) Sketch C.
(1)
(b) Given x = 2 sin y, show that
where A is a constant to be found.
(3)

The point P lies on C and has y coordinate

(c) Find the equation of the tangent to C at P. Write your answer in the form y = mx + c, where m and c
are constants to be found.
(3)

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q10.

Given that

show that

where A and B are integers to be found.

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q11.

The point P lies on the curve with equation

x = (4y − sin 2y)2

Given that P has (x, y) coordinates , where p is a constant,

(a) find the exact value of p


(1)
The tangent to the curve at P cuts the y-axis at the point A.

(b) Use calculus to find the coordinates of A.


(6)

(Total for question = 7 marks)


Q12.

(i)

(a) Find f′(x) in the form where P(x) and Q(x) are fully factorised quadratic expressions.
(b) Hence find the range of values of x for which f(x) is increasing.
(6)
(ii)

The curve with equation y = g(x) has a maximum at the point M.


Show that the x coordinate of M satisfies the equation
tan 4x + kx = 0
where k is a constant to be found.
(5)

(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q13.

(i) The curve C has equation y = g(x) where

(a) Find g'(x)


(2)
(b) Hence find the x coordinate of the stationary point of C.
(3)
(ii) A different curve has equation

Show that

where f(x) is a function of ex that should be found.


(4)
(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q14.

Figure 1 shows a sketch of a curve with equation y = f(x) where

(a) Find, in simplest form, f'(x).


(4)
(b) Hence find the range of f.
(3)

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q15.

(i) Find

writing your answer in its simplest form.


(4)
(ii) Use integration to find the exact value of
(3)

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q16.

(i) Find

giving your answer in simplest form.


(2)

(ii) (a) Write in the form

where A and B are constants to be found


(b) Hence find, using algebraic integration, the exact value of

giving your answer in simplest form.


(6)

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q17.

Figure 3 shows a sketch of the curve C with equation


(a) Show that

(4)
Given that the straight line with equation x = k, where k is a constant, cuts C at exactly two points,

(b) find the range of possible values for k.


(3)

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q18.

Find, using calculus, the x coordinate of the stationary point on the curve with equation

y = (2x + 5)e3x

(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q19.

The curve C has equation

y = (3x – 2)6

(a) Find
(2)

Given that the point P lies on C,

(b) find the equation of the normal to C at P. Write your answer in the form ax + by + c = 0 where a, b and
c are integers to be found.
(4)

(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q20.
(a) Find fʹ(x)
(2)
(b) Show that the equation fʹ(x) = 0 can be written as

where k is an integer to be found.


(2)
(c) Starting with x1 = 2.5 use the iteration formula

with the value of k found in part (b), to calculate the values of x2 and x6 giving your answers to 3
decimal places.
(2)
(d) Using a suitable interval and a suitable function that should be stated, show that a root of f'(x) = 0 is
2.581 correct to 3 decimal places.
(2)

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q21.

y = log10(2x + 1)

(a) Express x in terms of y.


(2)

(b) Hence, giving your answer in terms of x, find


(3)

(Total for question = 5 marks)

Q22.

In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.


(a) Show that

where A, B and C are integers to be found.


(4)
(b) Hence, find

giving your answer in the form p + ln q , where p and q are integers.


(5)

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q23.

The curve C has equation

(a) Show that

where a and b are integers to be found.


(4)

The point P with y coordinate lies on C

Given that the tangent to C at P crosses the x-axis at the point Q.

(b) find, in simplest form, the exact x coordinate of Q.


(5)

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q24.
Figure 4 is a graph showing the velocity of a sprinter during a 100 m race.

The sprinter's velocity during the race, v m s–1, is modelled by the equation

v = 12 – et–10 – 12e–0.75t t≥0

where t seconds is the time after the sprinter begins to run.

According to the model,

(a) find, using calculus, the sprinter's maximum velocity during the race.
(5)
Given that the sprinter runs 100 m in T seconds, such that

v dt = 100

(b) show that T is a solution of the equation

T= (116 – 16e–0.75T + eT–10 – e–10 )


(4)
The iteration formula

Tn+1 = (116 – 16e–0.75Tn + eTn–10 – e–10)

is used to find an approximate value for T

Using this iteration formula with T1 = 10

(c) find, to 4 decimal places,


(i) the value of T2
(ii) the time taken by the sprinter to run the race, according to the model.
(3)

(Total for question = 12 marks)


Q25.

In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

Figure 5 shows the curve with equation

The point M, shown in Figure 5, is the minimum point on the curve.

(a) Show that the x coordinate of M is a solution of the equation

2 sin x + cos x = –2
(4)
(b) Hence find, to 3 significant figures, the x coordinate of M.
(5)

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q26.
Figure 4 shows a sketch of part of the curve with equation

y = (1 + 2 cos 2x)2

(a) Show that

(1 + 2 cos 2x)2 ≡ p + q cos 2x + r cos 4x


where p, q and r are constants to be found.
(2)
The curve touches the positive x-axis for the second time when x = a, as shown in Figure 4.

The regions bounded by the curve, the y-axis and the x-axis up to x = a are shown shaded in Figure 4.

(b) Find, using algebraic integration and making your method clear, the exact total area of the shaded
regions. Write your answer in simplest form.
(5)

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q27.

A population of a rare species of toad is being studied.

The number of toads, N, in the population, t years after the start of the study, is modelled by the equation

According to this model,

(a) calculate the number of toads in the population at the start of the study,
(1)
(b) find the value of t when there are 420 toads in the population, giving your answer to 2 decimal places.
(4)
(c) Explain why, according to this model, the number of toads in the population can never reach 500
(1)
(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q28.

The function f is defined by

(a) Show, by using calculus, that f is a decreasing function.


(3)
–1
(b) Find f
(3)

(c) (i) Show that ff(x) = where a, b and c are constants to be found.
(ii) Deduce the range of ff.
(5)

(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q29.

In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

Figure 1 shows a sketch of part of the curve with equation y = f(x) where

The curve has a maximum turning point at A and a minimum turning point at (2, 0)

(a) Use calculus to find the exact coordinates of A.


(5)
Given that the equation f(x) = k , where k is a constant, has at least two distinct roots,
(b) state the range of possible values for k.
(2)

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q30.

Find

giving your answer in simplest form.


(3)

(Total for question = 3 marks)

Q31.

Find

(2)

(2)

(Total for question = 4 marks)

Q32.

In this question you must show all stages of your working.

Solutions relying entirely on calculator technology are not acceptable.

Given that k is a positive constant,

(a) find
(2)
Given also that

(b) find the value of k


(4)

(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q33.

Figure 3 shows a sketch of part of the curve C with equation

(a) Find , giving your answer in simplest form.


(2)
The point P with x coordinate α lies on C.

Given that the tangent to C at P passes through the origin, as shown in Figure 3,

(b) show that x = α is a solution of the equation

(3)
(c) Hence show that α lies between 1 and 2
(2)
(d) Show that the equation in part (b) can be written in the form
(1)
The iteration formula

with x1 = 1 is used to find an approximation for α.

(e) Use the iteration formula to find, to 4 decimal places, the value of
(i) x3
(ii) α
(3)

(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q34.

The growth of duckweed on a pond is being studied.

The surface area of the pond covered by duckweed, Am2, at a time t days after the start of the study is
modelled by the equation

A = pqt where p and q are positive constants

Figure 1 shows the linear relationship between log10A and t.

The points (0, 0.32) and (8, 0.56) lie on the line as shown.

(a) Find, to 3 decimal places, the value of p and the value of q.


(4)
Using the model with the values of p and q found in part (a),

(b) find the rate of increase of the surface area of the pond covered by duckweed, in m2 / day, exactly 6
days after the start
of the study.
Give your answer to 2 decimal places.
(3)
(Total for question = 7 marks)

Q35.

Figure 3 shows a sketch of part of the curve with equation

y = 2 cos 3x – 3x + 4 x>0

where x is measured in radians.

The curve crosses the x-axis at the point P, as shown in Figure 3.

Given that the x coordinate of P is α,

(a) show that α lies between 0.8 and 0.9


(2)
The iteration formula

can be used to find an approximate value for α.

(b) Using this iteration formula with x1 = 0.8 find, to 4 decimal places, the value of
(i) x2
(ii) x5
(3)
The point Q and the point R are local minimum points on the curve, as shown in Figure 3.

Given that the x coordinates of Q and R are β and λ respectively, and that they are the two smallest
values of x at which local minima occur,

(c) find, using calculus, the exact value of β and the exact value of λ.
(6)
(Total for question = 11 marks)

Q36.

Figure 3 shows a sketch of part of the curve with equation y = f(x), where

(a) Find f′(x).


(2)
The line l is the normal to the curve at O and meets the curve again at the point P.

The point P lies in the 3rd quadrant, as shown in Figure 3.

(b) Show that the x coordinate of P is a solution of the equation

(4)
(c) Using the iterative formula

find, to 4 decimal places,


(i) the value of x2
(ii) the x coordinate of P.
(3)

(Total for question = 9 marks)

Q37.
(a) Show that

sin 3x ≡ 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x


(4)
(b) Hence find, using algebraic integration,

(4)

(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q38.

Show that

where a, b and c are integers to be found.


(6)

(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q39.

Given that

show that , where k is a constant to be found.

(Total for question = 6 marks)

Q40.
(i) Find, using algebraic integration, the exact value of

giving your answer in simplest form.


(4)
(ii)

Given where A, B and C are constants to be found, find

(6)

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Q41.

The curve C has equation

y = x2 cos 0<x≤π

The curve has a stationary point at the point P.

(a) Show, using calculus, that the x coordinate of P is a solution of the equation

x = 2 arctan
(4)
Using the iteration formula

xn+1 = 2 arctan x1 = 2

(b) find the value of x2 and the value of x6, giving your answers to 3 decimal places.
(3)

(Total for question = 7 marks)

Mark Scheme
Q1.
Q2.
Q3.
Q4.
Q5.
Q6.
Q7.
Q8.
Q9.
Q10.
Q11.
Q12.
Q13.
Q14.
Q15.
Q16.
Q17.
Q18.

Q19.
Q20.
Q21.
Q22.
Q23.
Q24.
Q25.
Q26.
Q27.
Q28.
Q29.

Q30.
Q31.
Q32.
Q33.
Q34.
Q35.
Q36.
Q37.
Q38.
(i)

Common questions

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Stationary points are found by setting the derivative of the curve equal to zero. Solving the resulting equation provides the x-values at which the slope is zero, indicating potential local maxima, minima, or points of inflection. Further investigation, possibly using the second derivative test, is necessary to categorize each point. This entails examining the sign of the second derivative at the stationary points to determine if they correspond to a minimum, maximum, or neither .

The domain of the inverse function f–1(x) is determined by the range of the original function f(x). This requires finding all possible y-values (outputs) of f(x), as these values become the acceptable x-values for the inverse function. Specifically, identifying the range involves analyzing the behavior of f(x), often requiring considering limits or other means of mapping its behavior across its domain to predict its highest and lowest values .

To determine the equation of a tangent to a curve at a given point, the derivative of the curve's equation is first calculated to yield the slope of the tangent at the specific x-value. The known point provides specific (x, y) coordinates which, together with the slope from differentiation, are substituted into the point-slope form of the linear equation, y - y₁ = m(x - x₁), where m is the slope, to obtain the tangent line's equation .

To derive y = f(θ) from y = cos(θ), a specific sequence of transformations is applied: firstly, a stretch of the cosine function is performed, either horizontally or vertically depending on the coefficients, followed by a translation in the phase angle, which shifts the graph horizontally along the θ-axis. Each transformation can be described with specific parameters, such as the scale factor for the stretch and the phase shift for the translation, fundamentally altering the function's shape .

Expressing interdependent variables algebraically in trigonometric equations simplifies solving complex problems by relying on identity expansions and substitutions. It permits breaking complex expressions into simpler components, using identities to reformat equations into solvable forms. This process often involves balancing multiple identities simultaneously and managing variable substitutions to maintain equality, ultimately facilitating finding precise solutions for variables—often where multiple solution sets might exist .

The area of a region bounded by a curve and designated lines, such as the x-axis or specific x-values, is typically found using definite integrals. The integration covers the interval between the bounding x-values, taking the difference between the curve's equation and the baseline (usually the x-axis). When multiple regions are involved, separate integrals might be computed and added together, each carefully adjusted for any shifts due to intersection points and including absolute values to handle regions where the curve lies below the axis .

Expressing a trigonometric function in the form R cos (θ + α) requires the use of trigonometric identities, such as the angle addition formulas. R represents the amplitude and can be found as the square root of the sum of squares of the coefficients of cos(θ) and sin(θ), while α can be determined as the arctangent of the ratio of the coefficient of sin(θ) to the coefficient of cos(θ). This transformation simplifies further manipulations and analyses, such as identifying amplitude and phase shifts, and is foundational for advanced trigonometric studies .

Finding solutions to the equation f–1(x) = f(x) involves determining when a function and its inverse produce the same output for a given input. This occurs where the original function, when evaluated at a certain point, returns that point itself after being passed back through its inverse, reflecting the function's symmetry over the line y = x. This problem often requires solving for the values of x that satisfy this condition by setting f(f–1(x)) equal to x, hence requiring detailed algebraic manipulation .

Transforming y = f( x) to y = af(x + b) applies a vertical stretch by factor a and a horizontal shift (translation) by -b units. The transformation affects the graph's appearance, scaling it according to a, which affects t he gradient of any lines within the graph's bounds, and relocating the graph's origin according to b, which shifts all critical points left or right. It necessitates recalculating the coordinates of all key points, such as vertices or roots, to understand how graph characteristics like intercepts and symmetry are altered .

To find the constant P in a curve equation, typically, constraints or conditions given by the problem, such as specific points the curve passes through, are used. By substituting these conditions into the given equation, a system of equations is formed and solved for P. To prove that Q equals 5, substitute back the found value of P into any expression involving Q and perform the simplification or calculation to verify Q's value matches the given number, confirming the solution's correctness .

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