Class-9
Ch-6 Tissues
A group of cells that are similar in structure and/or work
together to achieve a particular function forms a tissue.
Most of these cells are specialised to carry out a few functions. Each
specialised function is taken up by a different group of cells. Since
these cells carry out only a particular function, they do it very
efficiently.
In human beings
1. muscle cells contract and relax to cause movement,
2. nerve cells carry messages,
3. blood flows to transport oxygen, food, hormones and waste material and so on.
In plants
1. vascular tissues conduct food and water from one part of the plant to other parts.
So, multi-cellular organisms show division of labour. Cells specialising in one
function are often grouped together in the body. This means that a particular function
is carried out by a cluster of cells at a definite place in the body. This cluster of cells,
called a tissue, is arranged and designed so as to give the highest possible efficiency of
function. Blood, phloem and muscle are all examples of tissues.
Activity ______________ 6.1
• Take two glass jars and fill them with water.
• Now, take two onion bulbs and place one on each jar, as shown in Fig. 6.1.
• Observe the growth of roots in both the bulbs for a few days.
• Measure the length of roots on day 1, 2 and 3.
• On day 4, cut the root tips of the onion bulb in jar 2 by about 1 cm.
After this, observe the growth of roots in both the jars and measure their lengths each day for
five more days and record the observations .
Tissues :-
Tissue is a group of cells having similar or dissimilar structure and function.
In plants and animals groups of cells called tissues carry out specific
functions.
a) Plant tissues :-
i) Plants do not move from place to place. Most of the cells and
tissues in plants provide mechanical support and strength. So
most of the tissues consists of dead cells because they provide
mechanical support and strength to the plant.
ii) The growth of plants takes place only in some regions. So plants
have tissues called meristematic tissues which divide and help in
growth and permanent tissues which do not divide.
b) Animal tissues :-
i) Animals move from place to place and need more energy than
plants. So most cells and tissues in animals are living cells.
ii) The growth of animals is more uniform so animals do not
have separate dividing and non dividing cells. Animals have
organs having specialised functions. So the organs have
specialised tissues.
Plant tissues :-
Plant tissues are of two main types. They are Meristematic tissues and
Permanent tissues.
i) Meristematic tissues :- are of three types. They are Apical meristematic
tissues, Intercalliary meristematic tissues and Lateral meristematic tissues.
ii) Permanent tissues :- are of two types . They are Simple permanent tissues
and Complex permanent tissues. Simple permanent tissues are of three
types. They are Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma. Complex
permanent tissues are of two types. They are Xylem and phloem.
Plant tissues
Meristematic tissues Permanent tissues
ApicalIntercalaryLateral Meristematicmeristematicmeristematic
tissuestissuestissues
Simple permanent Complex permanent
tissues tissues
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Xylem Phloem
a) Meristematic tissue :-
Meristematic tissues are found in the growing regions of the plant like the
tips of root, stem and branches. They divide continuously and help in the
growth of the plant. They are of three types.
i) Apical meristematic tissues :- are present in the tips of stems and roots.
They help in the growth of stems and roots.(height)
ii) Lateral meristematic tissues :- are present in the sides of stems and
roots. They help to increase the (girth) of the stems and roots.
iii) Intercalary meristematic tissues :- are present at the base of leaves
and internodes,branches and help in the growth of those parts.
iv) (branches)
v) Characteristics of meristematic tissue-
–thin cell wall
–prominent nucleus
–dense cytoplasm
–no vacuoles
--no intercellular spaces
--Cells are oval, rectangular or hexagonal
Permanent tissues :-
Formed from meristematic tissues. They do not divide and have permanent shape
and
size. They differentiate into different types of permanent tissues. Permanent tissues
are
of two main types. They are Simple(similar) permanent tissues and
Complex(dissimilar) permanent
tissues.
i) Simple permanent tissues :- are made up of one type of cells.
They are of three types called Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma.
Parenchyma :- consists of loosely packed thin walled cells having more
intercellular spaces. Some parenchyma cells in leaves contain chloroplast
and prepares food by photosynthesis(chlorenchyma). Some parenchyma
cells have large air cavities which help the plant to float on
water(aerenchyma-buoyancy). Some parenchyma cells of roots and stem
store water and minerals.(Main function is storage)other parts which store
nutrients(storage parenchyma)
Collenchyma :- consists of elongated cells having less intercellular spaces and thicker
at the corners(pectin). They give flexibility and allows easy bending of different parts
like stem, leaf etc. They also give mechanical support to the plant.
Sclerenchyma :- consists of long, narrow, dead thick walled cells. The cell walls
contain lignin a chemical substance which act like cement and hardens them. It gives
strength and hardness to the plant parts.
Transverse-cutting horizontally-oval,round, hexagonal
Longitudinal-cutting vertically-elongated, tall pillar like
Cellulose, pectin, lignin, suberin,chitin
Thickened corners Protoplasm Vacuole
Cell wall
Pits
Lumen Thick cell
Lumen
Thick cell wa
scleriedd
ii) Complex Permanent Tissue
The complex permanent tissues are made up of more than one
type of cell. They coordinate together to perform the same
specialized functions in the plant body. They are classified into
two types – Xylem and Phloem
Xylem – The xylem tissue is responsible for the conduction of
water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and stem. It also
provides support to the plants. It has four elements. They are
tracheids(D), vessels(D), xylem parenchyma(L) and xylem
fibres(D).
Phloem – This complex permanent tissue helps in the
translocation of food that is prepared by photosynthesis in the
leaves to various parts of the plant. Phloem consists of four
elements. They are sieve tubes(L), companion cells(L), phloem
fibres (D)and phloem parenchyma(L).
Transpiration-loss of water(develops a suction pull),pressure difference
EPIDERMIS
1. The epidermis is usually made of a single layer of cells. In some plants living in very dry habitats, the
epidermis may be thicker since protection against water loss is critical. The entire surface of a plant has
this outer covering of epidermis.
2. It protects all the parts of the plant.
3. Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of the plant often secrete a waxy, water-resistant layer on their outer
surface. This aids in protection against loss of water, mechanical injury and invasion by parasitic fungi.
4. Since it has a protective role to play, cells of epidermal tissue form a continuous layer without
intercellular spaces. Most epidermal cells are relatively flat. Often their outer and side walls are thicker
than the inner wall.
5. There are small pores here and there in the epidermis of the leaf. These pores are called stomata .
Stomata are enclosed by two kidney-shaped cells called guard cells. They are necessary for exchanging
gases with the atmosphere. Transpiration (loss of water in the form of water vapour) also takes place
through stomata.
6. Epidermal cells of the roots, whose function is water absorption, commonly bear long hair-like parts
that greatly increase the total absorptive surface area.
7. In some plants like desert plants, epidermis has a thick waxy coating of cutin (chemical substance with
waterproof quality) on its outer surface.
8. As plants grow older, the outer protective tissue undergoes certain changes. A strip of secondary
meristem replaces the epidermis of the stem. Cells on the outside are cut off from this layer. This
forms the several-layer thick cork or the bark of the tree. Cells of cork are dead and compactly
arranged without intercellular spaces . They also have a chemical called suberin in their walls that
makes them impervious to gases and water.
STOMATAL APPARATUS-guard cells,subsidiary
cells,epidermal
Vascular bundle—
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] [Link] of gases [Link] [Link] from mechanical injury [Link]
from invasion of germs 6. Helps in water absorption through roots 7. Prevents water loss by cutin
4) Animal tissues :-
Animal tissues are of four main types . They are :- Epithelial tissue(skin-
protection,absorption,secretion), Muscular Tissue(muscles for movement),
Connective tissue(connect the body parts) and Nervous tissue(send messages).
i) Epithelial tissues :- are of different types. They are :- Squamous, Columnar,
Cuboidal, Glandular etc.
ii) Muscular tissues :- are of three types. They are :- Striated, Unstriated and
Cardiac.
iii) Connective tissues :- are of different types. They are :- Blood,lymph, Bone,
Ligaments, Tendons,
Cartilage, Areolar, Adipose etc.
iv) Nervous tissue :- consists of nerve cells called neurons.
Animal tissues
Epithelial tissue Muscular tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue
Squamous Striated Blood
Columnar Unstriated Bone
Cuboidal Cardiac Ligaments
Glandular Tendons
Cartilage
Areolar
Adipose
a) Epithelial tissue :-skin
Epithelial tissue is the covering or protective tissue in animals. It forms the outer covering like
skin, outer covering of organs, inner lining of blood vessels, lungs, oesophagus, etc. It protects
the body and controls the movement of materials between the body and the surroundings and
between the parts of the body. The cells are closely arranged and have a fibrous basement
membrane.
i) Squamous epithelial tissue :- consists of a layer of thin flat cells. It is present in the linings
of blood vessels, lungs, mouth, oesophagus etc. The skin has several layers of epithelial cells.
This tissue is called Stratified squamous tissue(OUTER SKIN).
ii) Columnar epithelial tissue :- consists of tall pillar like cells. It is present in the walls of the
intestine. The columnar epithelial tissue in the respiratory tract has hair like projections called
cilia. This tissue is called Ciliated columnar epithelial tissue.
iii) Cuboidal epithelial tissue :- Consists of cone shape cells having a basement membrane. It
forms the lining of kidney, tubules and ducts of salivary glands and provide mechanical
support.
iv) Glandular epithelial tissue :- Sometimes epithelial tissue folds inwards and forms a
multicellular gland which secretes substances. This tissue is called Glandular epithelial tissue.
b) Muscular tissue :-
Muscular tissue helps in the movements of the body. It consists of elongated cells called
muscle fibres.
i) Striated muscles :- are voluntary muscles having light and dark striations. The
cells are long, cylindrical and are multinucleated. They are also called skeletal
muscles because they are attached to bones. They help in voluntary movements of
the [Link] protein –contractile protien
ii) Unstriated muscles ( Smooth muscles) :- are involuntary muscles having no
striations. The cells are long and spindle shaped and are uninucleated. They are
present in alimentary canal, blood vessels, bronchi of lungs, iris of eye etc.
They help in involuntary movements.
iii) Cardiac muscles :- are involuntary muscles having faint striations. The cells are
long, cylindrical, branched and multinucleated. They are present in the heart and
helps in the contraction and relaxation of the heart.
c) Connective tissue :-
Connective tissue connects and joins the different parts of the body together.
The cells of the connective tissue are loosely packed and the space between the
cells are filled with a jelly like matrix.
i) Blood :- Blood contains a fluid matrix called plasma which contains
red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and platelets. The blood
transports gases, digested food, hormones, waste materials etc.
ii) Lymph:-Lymph is a colourless fluid which diffuses into the
extracellular space and its functions are-to transport absorbed fats to
extracellular space and clean extracellular space.
iii)Bone :- is a hard and strong tissue. It consists of cells (osteocytes)which
are embedded in a hard matrix containing calcium and phosphorus
compounds. Bone forms the framework of the body and supports the body
and the main organs.
iv)Cartilage:-is a hard but flexible tissue which is present at the end of the
bones. Its cells are chondrocytes and matrix consists of elastin and collagen
fibers.
v) Ligaments :- are flexible tissues which joins bones together and helps in
movements.B-L-B(Fibroblasts are scattered,great flexibility)
vi) Tendons :- are fibrous tissues which joins muscles to bones and helps in
movements.B-T-M(Fibroblasts are in rows,inelastic)
(v)Cartilage:- hard but flexible,cells chondrocytes,matrix-chondrin
vii) Areolar tissues :- fills the space between skin and muscles, inside
the organs, around blood vessels etc. It helps to repair the tissues.
viii) Adipose tissue :- is found below the skin and between internal
organs. It contains fats and helps to store fats.
d) Nervous tissue :-stimulus,response
Nervous tissue helps to carry messages from one part of the body to the
other and responds to stimuli. It is found in the brain, spinal cord and
nerves. It consists of nerve cells called neurons.
Neuron (Nerve cell) :- has a cell body containing a nucleus and
cytoplasm. It has hair like structures called dendrites and a long part
called axon having nerve endings. The axon has a protective covering
called myelin sheath. The neurons are joined together to form nerve
fibres. The junction between two neurons is called synapse.