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## **7.2 Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation**
* **Integration** is the inverse process of **differentiation**.
* If the derivative of a function is known, we can find the original function using
**integration** or **anti-differentiation**.
* Example derivatives and their integrals:
* $\frac{d}{dx}(\sin x) = \cos x \Rightarrow \int \cos x\,dx = \sin x + C$
* $\frac{d}{dx}(x^3) = 3x^2 \Rightarrow \int x^2\,dx = \frac{x^3}{3} + C$
* $\frac{d}{dx}(e^x) = e^x \Rightarrow \int e^x\,dx = e^x + C$
* The **constant of integration** $C$ represents an arbitrary constant, since all
antiderivatives of a function differ by a constant.
* In general, if $F'(x) = f(x)$, then:
$$
\int f(x)\,dx = F(x) + C
$$
* **Notation**:
* $\int f(x)\,dx$: integral of $f(x)$ with respect to $x$
* $f(x)$: integrand
* $x$: variable of integration
* Integration: the process of finding the integral
* Standard integrals can be obtained from known derivative formulas.
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## **7.2.1 Some Properties of Indefinite Integral**
1. **Differentiation and integration are inverse operations**:
* $\frac{d}{dx} \left( \int f(x)\,dx \right) = f(x)$
* $\int f'(x)\,dx = f(x) + C$
2. **Functions with the same derivative differ by a constant**:
* If $g'(x) = h'(x)$, then $g(x) - h(x)$ is constant.
3. **Addition rule**:
$$
\int [f(x) + g(x)]\,dx = \int f(x)\,dx + \int g(x)\,dx
$$
4. **Multiplication by constant**:
$$
\int k f(x)\,dx = k \int f(x)\,dx
$$
5. **Generalization for multiple functions**:
$$
\int [k_1 f_1(x) + k_2 f_2(x) + \dots + k_n f_n(x)]\,dx = k_1 \int f_1(x)\,dx +
\dots + k_n \int f_n(x)\,dx
$$
6. **Integration by inspection**:
* Identify a function whose derivative matches the integrand.
* Examples:
* $\int \cos 2x\,dx = \frac{1}{2} \sin 2x + C$
* $\int (3x^2 + 4x^3)\,dx = x^3 + x^4 + C$
* $\int \frac{1}{x}\,dx = \log |x| + C$
Sure! Here's a **short and clear summary** of **Sections 7.2 and 7.2.1**:
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### **7.2 Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation**
* **Integration** is the reverse of differentiation.
* If $\frac{d}{dx}[F(x)] = f(x)$, then $\int f(x)\,dx = F(x) + C$
* $F(x)$ is called an **antiderivative** or **indefinite integral** of $f(x)$
* $C$ is the **constant of integration** because many functions can have the same
derivative.
**Examples:**
* $\int \cos x\,dx = \sin x + C$
* $\int x^2\,dx = \frac{x^3}{3} + C$
* $\int e^x\,dx = e^x + C$
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### **7.2.1 Properties of Indefinite Integrals**
1. **Inverse Rule**:
$\frac{d}{dx} \left(\int f(x)\,dx \right) = f(x)$
2. **Equivalence**:
Two antiderivatives of the same function differ by a constant.
3. **Linearity**:
$\int [f(x) + g(x)]\,dx = \int f(x)\,dx + \int g(x)\,dx$
4. **Scalar Multiplication**:
$\int kf(x)\,dx = k \int f(x)\,dx$, where $k$ is a constant.
5. **Generalized Linearity**:
Works for any finite number of functions and constants.
6. **Integration by Inspection**:
Identify a function whose derivative gives the integrand.
**Example**:
$\int \cos 2x\,dx = \frac{1}{2}\sin 2x + C$
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