7.
1 - Shifting Power
Russia
● Slow to reform, weak in international affairs
● Crimean War (1853-1856), Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
● Bolshevik Revolution → Creation of the Soviet Union
China
● Qing Dynasty collapsed in 1911
● Causes: Ethnic tensions, famine, low government revenues, European influence
● Sun Yat-sen and The Three People’s Principles (Democracy, Nationalism, Livelihood)
● Chinese Nationalist Party → Chinese Communist Party
Ottoman Empire
● The Young Turks: Turkification movement (Islam-focused)
● Armenian Genocide
● Mustafa Kemal and the Turkish National Movement → Republic of Turkey
Mexico
● Porfirio Diaz → Stability & economic progress
● Francisco Madero’s opposition led to the Mexican Revolution
● Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata → Land redistribution
● 1917 Constitution and Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
7.2 - Causes of World War I
● M.A.I.N: Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
● The "Powder Keg of Europe" → Assassination of Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip
● Triple Entente: Russia, France, Britain
● Triple Alliance: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy
7.3 - Conducting World War I
● Trench Warfare: Cold, muddy, disease-ridden conditions
● Weapons: Poison gas, machine guns, submarines, airplanes, tanks
● U.S. Entry: Lusitania sinking, Zimmermann Telegram
● Total War: War affected civilians → Labor shortages, propaganda
● A Global War: Fought in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific/Atlantic
● Paris Peace Conference: Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany, Weimar Republic
formed
7.4 - Economy in the Interwar Period
The Great Depression
● Germany: War debt, inflation
● Global Impact: Stock market crash, economic downturn worldwide
● Keynesian Economics: Deficit spending to stimulate economies
● New Deal (U.S.): Relief, Recovery, Reform
Political Revolutions
● Russia: Lenin’s NEP, Stalin’s Five-Year Plan, collectivization, purges
● Mexico: PRI rule, economic growth under Cardenas, PEMEX
Rise of Right-Wing Governments
● Italy: Mussolini’s fascism, totalitarianism, expansion into Africa
● Spain: Spanish Civil War (Republicans vs. Nationalists), Franco’s victory
● Brazil: Vargas' Estado Novo, pro-industrial policies
7.5 - Unresolved Tensions After WWI
Effects on Colonial Lands
● Imperial powers weakened → Sparked decolonization
● Mandate System: Allied nations took Central Powers' territories
● Pan-Arabism: Call for Middle Eastern/North African unity
● Zionism: Balfour Declaration → Jewish homeland in Palestine
Anti-Colonialism Movements
● India: Gandhi’s civil disobedience, Salt March, Two-State Solution (Pakistan)
● Korea & China: March First Movement (Korea), May Fourth Movement (China)
● Resistance in Africa: Strikes and independence movements
7.6 - Causes of WWII
Rise of Nazism
● Weimar Republic: Weak German government post-WWI
● Hitler’s Rise: Mein Kampf, Nazi Party, Anti-Semitism, Nuremberg Laws
● Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan
● Aggressive Expansion: Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland (Munich Agreement)
● Poland Invasion: September 1, 1939 → WWII begins
Japan’s Expansion
● 1931: Japan invades Manchuria
● 1937: Full-scale invasion of China
● 1939: WWII begins in Asia
7.7 - Conducting WWII
Japan’s Imperialist Policies
● "New Order in East Asia": Japan’s strategy for dominance
● US Sanctions: Economic restrictions led to Japanese retaliation
● Pearl Harbor Attack: December 7, 1941 → U.S. declares war
Germany’s Early Victories
● Blitzkrieg (Lightning War): Quick, overwhelming attacks
● Non-Aggression Pact: Germany and Soviet Union split Poland
● 1940: Germany conquered Denmark, Norway, Belgium, and France
● Vichy France: Pro-Nazi regime established
British-American Relations
● Destroyers-for-Bases Agreement: U.S. provided ships in exchange for bases
● Lend-Lease Act: U.S. lent war materials to Britain
● Atlantic Charter: Post-war goals → No use of force, disarmament of aggressors
Key Battles
● Battle of Britain (1940): British Royal Air Force defended against Luftwaffe
● Invasion of the Soviet Union (1941): Germans advanced but suffered in the Russian
winter
● Siege of Leningrad (3 years): 1 million Soviet casualties
Turning Points
● North Africa: British won Battle of El Alamein
● Soviet Victory at Stalingrad: Defeated German Sixth Army
● Pacific Battles: Coral Sea, Midway, Guadalcanal → Island-hopping strategy
The Last Years of the War
● D-Day (June 6, 1944): Allied invasion of Normandy
● Battle of the Bulge: Last major German offensive
● Battle of Kursk: Largest tank battle → Soviets push into Germany
End of the War
● VE Day (May 8, 1945): Victory in Europe
● Atomic Bombs: Hiroshima (Aug 6) & Nagasaki (Aug 9)
● VJ Day (Sept 2, 1945): Japan surrenders
7.8 - Mass Atrocities
Genocides & War Crimes
● Armenian Genocide (1915-1917): 600,000-1.5 million killed
● Holocaust: Nazi persecution, Final Solution → 6 million Jews killed
● Rape of Nanking (1937): 100,000+ Chinese civilians murdered
● Firebombing of German Cities: Hamburg (1943), Dresden (1945)
● Atomic Bombings: Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Modern Genocides
● Bosnia (1990s): Serbian ethnic cleansing → 300,000 dead
● Rwanda (1994): Hutu-Tutsi conflict → 500,000-1 million dead
● Sudan (Darfur, 2003): Janjaweed militias killed 200,000+
Global Impact
● Influenza Pandemic (1919): 20 million dead globally
● The Lost Generation: Cultural impact of war and suffering
● Famine in Ukraine (1932-33): 7-10 million deaths under Soviet policies