Application Manual

Feeder Protection and Control

REF615
 Document ID: 1MRS756378
Issued: 04.03.2009
Revision: D
Product version: 2.0

© Copyright 2009 ABB. All rights reserved

Copyright
This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written
permission from ABB, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party,
nor used for any unauthorized purpose.

The software or hardware described in this document is furnished under a license and
may be used, copied, or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license.

Trademarks
ABB is a registered trademark of ABB Group. All other brand or product names
mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective holders.

Guarantee
Please inquire about the terms of guarantee from your nearest ABB representative.

ABB Oy
Distribution Automation
P.O. Box 699
FI-65101 Vaasa, Finland
Telephone: +358 10 2211
Facsimile: +358 10 22 41094
[Link]
Disclaimer
The data, examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for the concept
or product description and are not to be deemed as a statement of guaranteed
properties. All persons responsible for applying the equipment addressed in this
manual must satisfy themselves that each intended application is suitable and
acceptable, including that any applicable safety or other operational requirements are
complied with. In particular, any risks in applications where a system failure and/or
product failure would create a risk for harm to property or persons (including but not
limited to personal injuries or death) shall be the sole responsibility of the person or
entity applying the equipment, and those so responsible are hereby requested to ensure
that all measures are taken to exclude or mitigate such risks.

This document has been carefully checked by ABB but deviations cannot be
completely ruled out. In case any errors are detected, the reader is kindly requested
to notify the manufacturer. Other than under explicit contractual commitments, in no
event shall ABB be responsible or liable for any loss or damage resulting from the
use of this manual or the application of the equipment.
Conformity
This product complies with the directive of the Council of the European Communities
on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic
compatibility (EMC Council Directive 2004/108/EC) and concerning electrical
equipment for use within specified voltage limits (Low-voltage directive 2006/95/
EC). This conformity is the result of a test conducted by ABB in accordance with
Article 10 of the directive in agreement with the product standards EN 50263 and EN
60255-26 for the EMC directive, and with the product standards EN 60255-6 and EN
60255-27 for the low voltage directive. The IED is designed in accordance with the
international standards of the IEC 60255 series.
 Table of contents

Table of contents

Section 1 Introduction.......................................................................7
This manual........................................................................................7
Intended audience..............................................................................7
Product documentation.......................................................................8
Product documentation set............................................................8
Document revision history.............................................................9
Related documentation................................................................10
Document symbols and conventions................................................10
Safety indication symbols............................................................10
Document conventions................................................................11
Functions, codes and symbols....................................................11

Section 2 REF615 overview...........................................................15

Overview...........................................................................................15
Product version history................................................................16
PCM600 and IED connectivity package version..........................16
Operation functionality......................................................................16
Standard configurations...............................................................16
Optional functions........................................................................18
Physical hardware............................................................................19
LHMI.................................................................................................21
LCD.............................................................................................21
LEDs............................................................................................22
Keypad........................................................................................22
WHMI................................................................................................23
Authorization.....................................................................................24
Communication.................................................................................25

Section 3 REF615 variants.............................................................27

REF615 variant list...........................................................................27
Presentation of standard configurations...........................................27
Standard configurations...............................................................28
Connection diagrams...................................................................31
Standard configuration A including directional earth-fault
protection..........................................................................................34
Applications.................................................................................34
Functions.....................................................................................35
Default I/O connections..........................................................36
Functional diagrams....................................................................36
Functional diagrams for protection.........................................37

REF615 1
Application Manual
Table of contents

Functional diagrams for disturbance recorder and trip

circuit supervision...................................................................42
Functional diagrams for control and interlocking....................43
Standard configuration B including directional earth-fault
protection and CB condition monitoring............................................45
Applications.................................................................................45
Functions.....................................................................................45
Default I/O connections..........................................................46
Functional diagrams....................................................................47
Functional diagrams for protection.........................................47
Functional diagram for disturbance recorder and trip
circuit supervision...................................................................53
Functional diagrams for control and interlocking....................54
Standard configuration C including non-directional earth-fault
protection..........................................................................................58
Applications.................................................................................58
Functions.....................................................................................58
Default I/O connections..........................................................59
Functional diagrams....................................................................60
Functional diagrams for protection.........................................60
Functional diagram for disturbance recorder and trip
circuit supervision...................................................................65
Functional diagrams for control and interlocking....................66
Standard configuration D including non-directional earth-fault
protection and CB condition monitoring............................................68
Applications.................................................................................68
Functions.....................................................................................68
Default I/O connections..........................................................69
Functional diagrams....................................................................70
Functional diagrams for protection.........................................70
Functional diagram for disturbance recorder and trip
circuit supervision...................................................................75
Functional diagrams for control and interlocking....................76
Standard configuration E including directional earth-fault
protection with phase-voltage measurement....................................80
Applications.................................................................................80
Functions.....................................................................................80
Default I/O connections..........................................................81
Functional diagrams....................................................................82
Functional diagrams for protection.........................................82
Functional diagram for disturbance recorder and trip
circuit supervision...................................................................88
Functional diagrams for control and interlocking....................89
Standard configuration F including directional overcurrent
protection with voltage protection.....................................................93

2 REF615
Application Manual
 Table of contents

Applications.................................................................................93
Functions.....................................................................................93
Default I/O connections..........................................................95
Functional diagrams....................................................................96
Functional diagrams for protection.........................................96
Functional diagram for disturbance recorder and trip
circuit supervision.................................................................102
Functional diagrams for control and interlocking..................104

Section 4 Basic functions.............................................................111

General parameters........................................................................111
Self-supervision..............................................................................126
Internal faults.............................................................................127
Warnings...................................................................................128
Time synchronization......................................................................129
Parameter setting groups...............................................................130

Section 5 Protection functions......................................................133

Three-phase current protection......................................................133
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent protection
PHxPTOC..................................................................................133
Identification.........................................................................133
Functionality.........................................................................133
Application............................................................................133
Three-phase directional overcurrent protection
DPHxPDOC...............................................................................140
Identification.........................................................................140
Functionality.........................................................................140
Application............................................................................140
Three-phase thermal overload protection for overhead lines
and cables T1PTTR...................................................................143
Identification.........................................................................143
Functionality.........................................................................143
Application............................................................................144
Earth-fault protection......................................................................145
Non-directional earth-fault protection EFxPTOC.......................145
Identification.........................................................................145
Functionality.........................................................................145
Application............................................................................145
Directional earth-fault protection DEFxPDEF............................146
Identification.........................................................................146
Functionality.........................................................................146
Directional earth-fault principles...........................................146
Application............................................................................152

REF615 3
Application Manual
Table of contents

Transient/intermittent earth-fault protection INTRPTEF............154

Identification.........................................................................154
Functionality.........................................................................155
Application............................................................................155
Unbalance protection......................................................................158
Negative phase-sequence current protection NSPTOC............158
Identification.........................................................................158
Functionality.........................................................................159
Application............................................................................159
Phase discontinuity PDNSPTOC...............................................159
Identification.........................................................................159
Functionality.........................................................................160
Application............................................................................160
Arc protection ARCSARC...............................................................162
Identification..............................................................................162
Functionality..............................................................................162
Application.................................................................................162
Voltage protection...........................................................................166
Overvoltage protection PHPTOV...............................................166
Identification.........................................................................166
Functionality.........................................................................167
Application............................................................................167
Undervoltage protection PHPTUV.............................................167
Identification.........................................................................167
Functionality.........................................................................168
Application............................................................................168
Residual overvoltage protection ROVPTOV..............................169
Identification.........................................................................169
Functionality.........................................................................169
Application............................................................................169
Negative sequence overvoltage protection NSPTOV................170
Identification.........................................................................170
Functionality.........................................................................170
Application............................................................................170
Positive sequence undervoltage protection PSPTUV...............171
Identification.........................................................................171
Functionality.........................................................................171
Application............................................................................171

Section 6 Protection related functions..........................................181

Three-phase inrush detector INRPHAR.........................................181
Identification..............................................................................181
Functionality..............................................................................181
Application.................................................................................181

4 REF615
Application Manual
 Table of contents

Circuit breaker failure protection CCBRBRF..................................182

Identification..............................................................................182
Functionality..............................................................................182
Application.................................................................................183
Protection trip conditioning TRPPTRC...........................................184
Identification..............................................................................184
Functionality..............................................................................184
Application.................................................................................185

Section 7 Supervision functions...................................................187

Trip circuit supervision TCSSCBR..................................................187
Identification..............................................................................187
Functionality..............................................................................187
Application.................................................................................187
Current circuit supervision CCRDIF...............................................194
Identification..............................................................................194
Functionality..............................................................................194
Application.................................................................................195
Fuse failure supervision SEQRFUF...............................................199
Identification..............................................................................199
Functionality..............................................................................199
Application.................................................................................200

Section 8 Condition monitoring functions.....................................201

Circuit breaker condition monitoring SSCBR..................................201
Identification..............................................................................201
Functionality..............................................................................201
Application.................................................................................201

Section 9 Measurement functions................................................205

Basic measurements......................................................................205
Three-phase current CMMXU...................................................205
Identification.........................................................................205
Three-phase voltage VMMXU...................................................205
Identification.........................................................................205
Neutral current RESCMMXU.....................................................205
Identification.........................................................................205
Residual voltage RESVMMXU..................................................205
Identification.........................................................................205
Sequence current CSMSQI.......................................................206
Identification.........................................................................206
Phase sequence voltage VSMSQI............................................206
Identification.........................................................................206
Three-phase power and energy PEMMXU................................206

REF615 5
Application Manual
Table of contents

Identification.........................................................................206
Functions...................................................................................206
Measurement function applications...........................................207
Disturbance recorder......................................................................208
Functionality..............................................................................208
Application.................................................................................208

Section 10 Control functions..........................................................211

Circuit breaker control CBXCBR....................................................211
Identification..............................................................................211
Functionality..............................................................................211
Application.................................................................................211
Disconnector DCSXSWI and earthing switch ESSXSWI...............212
Identification..............................................................................212
Functionality..............................................................................212
Application.................................................................................213
Interaction between control modules..............................................213
Auto recloser DARREC..................................................................214
Identification..............................................................................214
Functionality..............................................................................214
Application.................................................................................214
Shot initiation........................................................................215
Sequence.............................................................................217
Configuration examples........................................................218
Delayed initiation lines..........................................................221
Shot initiation from protection start signal............................223
Fast trip in Switch on to fault................................................223

Section 11 Requirements for measurement transformers..............225

Current transformers......................................................................225
Current transformer requirements for non-directional
overcurrent protection................................................................225
Current transformer accuracy class and accuracy limit
factor....................................................................................225
Non-directional overcurrent protection.................................226
Example for non-directional overcurrent protection..............227

Section 12 Glossary.......................................................................229

6 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 1
Introduction

Section 1 Introduction

1.1 This manual

Application Manual contains application descriptions and setting guidelines sorted

per function. The manual can be used to find out when and for what purpose a typical
protection function can be used. The manual can also be used when calculating
settings.

1.2 Intended audience

This manual addresses the protection and control engineer responsible for planning,
pre-engineering and engineering.

The protection and control engineer must be experienced in electrical power

engineering and have knowledge of related technology, such as communication and
protocols.

REF615 7
Application Manual
Section 1 1MRS756378 D
Introduction

1.3 Product documentation

1.3.1 Product documentation set

deinstalling & disposal

Planning & purchase

Decommissioning
Commissioning

Maintenance
Engineering

Operation
Installing
Engineering manual
Installation manual

Commissioning manual
Operation manual
Service manual

Application manual

Technical manual

Communication protocol
manual

[Link]

IEC07000220 V1 EN

Engineering Manual contains instructions on how to engineer the IEDs. The manual
provides instructions on how to use the different tools for IED engineering. It also
includes instructions on how to handle the tool component available to read
disturbance files from the IEDs on the basis of the IEC 61850 definitions. It further
introduces the diagnostic tool components available for IEDs and the PCM600 tool.

Installation Manual contains instructions on how to install the IED. The manual
provides procedures for mechanical and electrical installation. The chapters are
organized in chronological order in which the IED should be installed.

Commissioning Manual contains instructions on how to commission the IED. The

manual can also be used as a reference during periodic testing. The manual provides
procedures for energizing and checking of external circuitry, setting and
configuration as well as verifying settings and performing directional tests. The
chapters are organized in chronological order in which the IED should be
commissioned.

8 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 1
Introduction

Operation Manual contains instructions on how to operate the IED during normal
service once it has been commissioned. The manual can be used to find out how to
handle disturbances or how to view calculated and measured network data to
determine the cause of a fault.

Service Manual contains instructions on how to service and maintain the IED. The
manual also provides procedures for de-energizing, de-commissioning and disposal
of the IED.

Application Manual contains application descriptions and setting guidelines sorted

per function. The manual can be used to find out when and for what purpose a typical
protection function can be used. The manual can also be used when calculating
settings.

Technical Manual contains application and functionality descriptions and lists

function blocks, logic diagrams, input and output signals, setting parameters and
technical data sorted per function. The manual can be used as a technical reference
during the engineering phase, installation and commissioning phase, and during
normal service.

Communication Protocol Manual describes a communication protocol supported by

the IED. The manual concentrates on vendor-specific implementations.

Point List Manual describes the outlook and properties of the data points specific to
the IED. The manual should be used in conjunction with the corresponding
Communication Protocol Manual.

All manuals are not available yet.

1.3.2 Document revision history

Document revision/date Product version History
A/20.12.2007 1.0 First release
B/08.02.2008 1.0 Content updated
C/02.07.2008 1.1 Content updated to correspond
to the product version
D/04.03.2009 2.0 Content updated to correspond
to the product version

Download the latest revision of the document from the ABB web site
[Link]

REF615 9
Application Manual
Section 1 1MRS756378 D
Introduction

1.3.3 Related documentation

Name of the document Document ID
Modbus Communication Protocol Manual 1MRS756468
DNP 3.0 Communication Protocol Manual 1MRS756709
IEC 60870-5-103 Communication Protocol 1MRS756710
Manual
Installation Manual 1MRS756375
Operation Manual 1MRS756708
Technical Manual 1MRS756377

1.4 Document symbols and conventions

1.4.1 Safety indication symbols

This publication includes icons that point out safety-related conditions or other
important information.

The electrical warning icon indicates the presence of a hazard which

could result in electrical shock.

The warning icon indicates the presence of a hazard which could

result in personal injury.

The caution icon indicates important information or warning related

to the concept discussed in the text. It might indicate the presence of
a hazard which could result in corruption of software or damage to
equipment or property.

The information icon alerts the reader to relevant facts and conditions.

The tip icon indicates advice on, for example, how to design your
project or how to use a certain function.

Although warning hazards are related to personal injury, it should be understood that
operation of damaged equipment could, under certain operational conditions, result

10 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 1
Introduction

in degraded process performance leading to personal injury or death. Therefore,

comply fully with all warning and caution notices.

1.4.2 Document conventions

• Abbreviations and acronyms in this manual are spelled out in Glossary. Glossary
also contains definitions of important terms.
• Push button navigation in the LHMI menu structure is presented by using the
push button icons, for example:
To navigate between the options, use and .
• HMI menu paths are presented in bold, for example:
Select Main menu/Configuration/HMI.
• Menu names are shown in bold in WHMI, for example:
Click Information in the WHMI menu structure.
• LHMI messages are shown in Courier font, for example:
To save the changes in non-volatile memory, select Yes and press .
• Parameter names are shown in italics, for example:
The function can be enabled and disabled with the Operation setting.
• Parameter values are indicated with quotation marks, for example:
The corresponding parameter values are "On" and "Off".
• IED input/output messages and monitored data names are shown in Courier font,
for example:
When the function starts, the START output is set to TRUE.

1.4.3 Functions, codes and symbols

All available functions are listed in the table. All of these may not be applicable to
all products.

Table 1: Functions included in standard configurations

Function IEC 61850 IEC 60617 IEC-ANSI
Three-phase non-directional PHLPTOC1 3I> 51P-1
overcurrent protection
PHHPTOC1 3I>> (1) 51P-2 (1)
PHHPTOC2 3I>> (2) 51P-2 (2)
PHIPTOC1 3I>>> 50P/51P
Three-phase directional overcurrent, DPHLPDOC1 3I> → (1) 67-1 (1)
low stage
DPHLPDOC2 3I> → (2) 67-1 (2)
Three-phase directional overcurrent, DPHHPDOC1 3I>> → 67-2
high stage
Arc protection ARCSARC1 ARC (1) 50L/50NL (1)
ARCSARC2 ARC (2) 50L/50NL (2)
ARCSARC3 ARC (3) 50L/50NL (3)
Table continues on next page

REF615 11
Application Manual
Section 1 1MRS756378 D
Introduction

Function IEC 61850 IEC 60617 IEC-ANSI

Non-directional earth-fault protection EFLPTOC1 I0> (1) 51N-1 (1)

EFLPTOC2 I0> (2) 51N-1 (2)

EFHPTOC1 I0>> 51N-2

EFIPTOC1 I0>>> 50N/51N

Directional earth-fault protection DEFLPDEF1 I0> → (1) 67N-1 (1)

DEFLPDEF2 I0> → (2) 67N-1 (2)

DEFHPDEF1 I0>> → 67N-2

Transient/Intermittent earth-fault INTRPTEF1 I0> → IEF 67NIEF

protection
Non-directional (cross-country) earth EFHPTOC1 I0>> 51N-2
fault, using calculated I0

Negative-sequence overcurrent NSPTOC1 I2> (1) 46 (1)

protection
NSPTOC2 I2> (2) 46 (2)

Phase discontinuity PDNSPTOC1 I2/I1> 46PD

Residual overvoltage protection ROVPTOV1 U0> (1) 59G (1)

ROVPTOV2 U0> (2) 59G (2)

ROVPTOV3 U0> (3) 59G (3)

Three-phase undervoltage protection PHPTUV1 3U< (1) 27 (1)

PHPTUV2 3U< (2) 27 (2)
PHPTUV3 3U< (3) 27 (3)
Three-phase overvoltage protection PHPTOV1 3U> (1) 59 (1)
PHPTOV2 3U> (2) 59 (2)
PHPTOV3 3U> (3) 59 (3)
Positive-sequence undervoltage PSPTUV1 U1< 47U+
Negative-sequence overvoltage NSPTOV1 U2> 47O-
Three-phase inrush detector INRPHAR1 3I2f> 68
Three-phase thermal protection for T1PTTR1 3Ith>F 49F
feeders, cables and distribution
transformers
Autoreclosure DARREC1 O→I 79
Circuit breaker failure protection CCBRBRF1 3I>/I0>BF 51BF/51NBF

Master Trip TRPPTRC1 Master Trip (1) 94/86 (1)

TRPPTRC2 Master Trip (2) 94/86 (2)
Trip circuit supervision TCSSCBR1 TCS (1) TCM (1)
TCSSCBR2 TCS (2) TCM (2)
Fuse failure supervision SEQRFUF1 FUSEF 60
Disturbance recorder RDRE1 - -
Circuit breaker condition monitoring SSCBR1 CBCM CBCM
Three-phase current measurement CMMXU1 3I 3I
Sequence current measurement CSMSQI1 I1, I2, I0 I1, I2, I0

Table continues on next page

12 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 1
Introduction

Function IEC 61850 IEC 60617 IEC-ANSI

Residual current measurement RESCMMXU1 I0 In

Residual voltage measurement RESVMMXU1 U0 Vn

Three-phase voltage measurement VMMXU1 3U 3U

Sequence voltage measurement VSMSQI1 U1, U2, U0 U1, U2, U0

Three-phase power and energy PEMMXU1 P, E P, E

measurement

REF615 13
Application Manual
14
1MRS756378 D Section 2
REF615 overview

Section 2 REF615 overview

2.1 Overview

REF615 is a native IEC 61850 feeder protection IED for selective short-circuit,
overcurrent and earth-fault protection. It is applicable to all types of radial isolated
neutral networks, resistant earthed networks and compensated networks. REF615 is
part of a product family that will cover many protection applications for utility and
industry customers.

The IED features draw-out-type design, compact size and ease of use. Depending on
the IED variant, the protection functions may include:

• Three-phase non-directional overcurrent protection, 4 stages

• Three-phase directional overcurrent, 3 stages
• Directional earth-fault protection, 3 stages
• Non-directional (cross-country) earth fault, using calculated I0
• Non-directional earth fault, 3 stages
• Transient/intermittent earth-fault protection
• Non-directional sensitive earth fault
• Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, 2 stages
• Phase discontinuity
• Three-phase overvoltage protection, 3 stages
• Positive-sequence undervoltage protection
• Negative-sequence overvoltage protection
• Residual overvoltage protection, 3 stages
• Three-phase undervoltage protection, 3 stages
• Three-phase transformer inrush detector
• Three-phase thermal overload, lines and cables
• Circuit-breaker failure protection
• Electrically latched lockout relay

Depending on the IED variant, the optional functions may include:

• Auto-reclose
• Arc protection, three lens sensors for arc detection

REF615 15
Application Manual
Section 2 1MRS756378 D
REF615 overview

2.1.1 Product version history

IED version Release date Product history
1.0 20.12.2007 Product released
1.1 02.07.2008 • IRIG-B
• Support for parallel protocols added: IEC 61850
and Modbus
• X130 BIO added: optional for variants B and D
• CB interlocking functionality enhanced
• TCS functionality in HW enhanced
• Non-volatile memory added

2.0 04.03.2009 • Support for DNP 3.0 serial or TCP/IP

• Support for IEC 60870-5-103
• Voltage measurement and protection
• Power and energy measurement
• New standard configurations E and F
• Disturbance recorder upload via WHMI
• Fuse failure supervision

2.1.2 PCM600 and IED connectivity package version

Supported tools:

• Protection and Control IED Manager PCM600 Ver. 2.0 SP2 or later
• REF615 Connectivity Package Ver. 2.0
• Parameter Setting Tool
• Disturbance Handling Tool
• Signal Monitoring Tool
• Signal Matrix Tool
• Communication Management Tool
• Firmware Update Tool
• IED Configuration Migration Tool (ICM)
• Lifecycle Traceability Tool

Download connectivity packages from the ABB web site http://

[Link]/substationautomation

2.2 Operation functionality

2.2.1 Standard configurations

The IED is available with six alternative standard configurations. The table indicates
the functions supported by the different IED configurations.

16 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 2
REF615 overview

Table 2: Standard configurations

Description Std. conf.
Non-directional overcurrent and directional earth-fault protection A and B
Non-directional overcurrent and non-directional earth-fault protection C and D
Non-directional overcurrent and directional earth-fault protection with phase-voltage based measurements E
Directional overcurrent and earth-fault protection with phase-voltage based measurements, undervoltage and overvoltage
protection F

Table 3: Supported functions

Functionality A B C D E F
Protection
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent, low-set stage ● ● ● ● ● -
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent, high-set stage, instance 1 ● ● ● ● ● -
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent, high-set stage, instance 2 ● ● ● ● ● -
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent, instantaneous stage ● ● ● ● ● ●
Three-phase directional overcurrent, low-set stage, instance 1 - - - - - ●
Three-phase directional overcurrent, low-set stage, instance 2 - - - - - ●
Three-phase directional overcurrent, high-set stage - - - - - ●
Directional earth-fault, low-set stage, instance 1 ● ● - - ● ●
Directional earth-fault, low-set stage, instance 2 ● ● - - ● ●
Directional earth-fault, high-set stage ● ● - - ● ●
Non-directional (cross country) earth fault, using calculated Io ● ● - - ● ●
Transient/intermittent earth fault ● ● - - ● ●
Non-directional earth fault, low-set stage - - ● ● - -
Non-directional earth fault, high-set stage - - ● ● - -
Non-directional earth fault, instantaneous stage - - ● ● - -
Non-directional sensitive earth fault - - ● ● - -
Negative-sequence overcurrent, instance 1 ● ● ● ● ● ●
Negative-sequence overcurrent, instance 2 ● ● ● ● ● ●
Phase discontinuity ● ● ● ● ● ●
Thermal overload ● ● ● ● ● ●
Circuit-breaker failure ● ● ● ● ● ●
Three-phase overvoltage, instance 1 - - - - - ●
Three-phase overvoltage, instance 2 - - - - - ●
Three-phase overvoltage, instance 3 - - - - - ●
Positive-sequence undervoltage - - - - - ●
Negative-sequence overvoltage - - - - - ●
Residual overvoltage, instance 1 - - - - - ●
Residual overvoltage, instance 2 - - - - - ●
Residual overvoltage, instance 3 - - - - - ●
Table continues on next page

REF615 17
Application Manual
Section 2 1MRS756378 D
REF615 overview

Functionality A B C D E F
Three-phase undervoltage, instance 1 - - - - - ●
Three-phase undervoltage, instance 2 - - - - - ●
Three-phase undervoltage, instance 3 - - - - - ●
Three-phase inrush current detection ● ● ● ● ● ●
Arc protection with three sensors ￮ ￮ ￮ ￮ ￮ ￮
Control

Circuit breaker control with basic interlocking1) ● ● ● ● ● ●

Circuit breaker control with extended interlocking2) - ● - ● ● ●

Auto-reclosing of one circuit breaker ￮ ￮ ￮ ￮ ￮ ￮

Supervision and monitoring
Fuse failure supervision - - - - ● ●
Current circuit supervision - - - - ● ●
Circuit breaker condition monitoring - ● - ● ● ●
Trip-circuit supervision of two trip circuits ● ● ● ● ● ●
Disconnector position indication - ● - ● ● ●
Earthing switch position indication - ● - ● ● ●
Measurement
Transient disturbance recorder ● ● ● ● ● ●
Three-phase current ● ● ● ● ● ●
Current sequence components ● ● ● ● ● ●
Three-phase voltage - - - - ● ●
Voltage sequence components - - - - ● ●
Residual current ● ● ● ● ● ●
Residual voltage ● ● - - ● ●
Power, including power factor - - - - ● ●
Energy - - - - ● ●
● = Included,○ = Optional at the time of the order

1) Basic interlocking functionality: Closing of the circuit breaker can be enabled by a binary input signal. The actual interlocking scheme is
implemented outside the IED. The binary input serves as a “master interlocking input” and when energized it will enable circuit breaker
closing.
2) Extended interlocking functionality: The circuit breaker interlocking scheme is implemented in the IED configuration, based on primary
equipment position information (via binary inputs) and the logical functions available. The signal matrix tool of PCM600 can be used for
modifying the interlocking scheme to suit your application.

2.2.2 Optional functions

The optional functions available in the IED are:

18 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 2
REF615 overview

• Arc protection
• Auto-reclosing
• Modbus TCP/IP or RTU/ASCII
• IEC 60870-5-103
• DNP 3.0 TCP/IP or serial

2.3 Physical hardware

The IED consists of two main parts: plug-in unit and case. The plug-in unit content
depends on the ordered functionality.

Table 4: Plug-in unit and case

Main unit Slot ID Content options
Plug-in - HMI Small (4 lines, 16 characters)
unit Large (8 lines, 16 characters)
X100 Auxiliary power/BO 48-250 V DC/100-240 V AC; or 24-60 V DC
module 2 normally-open PO contacts
1 change-over SO contacts
1 normally open SO contact
2 double-pole PO contacts with TCS
1 dedicated internal fault output contact
X110 BI/O module Only with configurations B, D, E and F:
8 BIs
4 SO contacts
X120 AI/BI module Only with configurations A and B:
3 phase current inputs (1/5 A)
1 residual current input (1/5 A or 0.2/1 A)1)
1 residual voltage input (100, 110, 115 or 120 V)
3 BIs
Only with configurations C, D, E and F:
3 phase current inputs (1/5 A)
1 residual current input (1/5 A or 0.2/1 A)1)
4 BIs
Case X130 AI/BI module Only with configurations E and F:
3 phase voltage inputs (100, 110, 115 or 120 V)
1 residual voltage input (100, 110, 115 or 120 V)
4 BIs
Optional BI/O Only with configurations B and D:
module 6 BIs
3 SO contacts
X90 Optional See technical manual for details about different type of
communication communication modules.
module

1) The 0.2/1 A input is normally used in applications requiring sensitive earth-fault protection and featuring
core-balance current transformers.

The rated input levels are selected in the IED software for phase current, residual
current and residual voltage. The binary input thresholds 18...176 V DC are selected
by adjusting the IED's parameter settings.

REF615 19
Application Manual
Section 2 1MRS756378 D
REF615 overview

The connection diagrams of different hardware modules are presented in this manual.

See the Installation Manual for more information about the case and
the plug-in unit.

Table 5: Number of physical connections in standard configurations

Conf. Analog channels Binary channels

CT VT BI BO
A 4 1 3 6

B 4 1 11 (17)1) 10 (13)1)
C 4 - 4 6

D 4 - 12 (18)1) 10 (13)1)

E 4 52) 16 10

F 4 52) 16 10

1) With optional BIO module

2) One of the five channels reserved for future applications

20 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 2
REF615 overview

2.4 LHMI

A070704 V2 EN

Figure 1: LHMI

The LHMI of the IED contains the following elements:

• Display
• Buttons
• LED indicators
• Communication port

The LHMI is used for setting, monitoring and controlling.

2.4.1 LCD
The LHMI includes a graphical LCD that supports two character sizes. The character
size depends on the selected language.

The amount of characters and rows fitting the view depends on the character size:

REF615 21
Application Manual
Section 2 1MRS756378 D
REF615 overview

Character size Rows in view Characters on row

Small, mono-spaced (6x12 5 rows 20
pixels) 10 rows with large screen
Large, variable width (13x14 4 rows min 8
pixels) 8 rows with large screen

The display view is divided into four basic areas:

1 2

3 4
A070705 V2 EN

Figure 2: Display layout

1 Header
2 Icon
3 Content
4 Scroll bar (displayed when needed)

2.4.2 LEDs
The LHMI includes three protection indicators above the display: Ready, Start and
Trip.

There are also 11 matrix programmable alarm LEDs on front of the LHMI. The LEDs
can be configured with PCM600 and the operation mode can be selected with the
LHMI and PST.

2.4.3 Keypad
The LHMI keypad consists of push-buttons which are used to navigate in different
views or menus. With push-buttons you can give open or close commands to one
primary object, for example, a circuit breaker, disconnector or switch. The push-
buttons are also used to acknowledge alarms, reset indications, provide help and
switch between local and remote control mode.

22 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 2
REF615 overview

A071176 V1 EN

Figure 3: LHMI keypad with object control, navigation and command push-
buttons and RJ-45 communication port

2.5 WHMI

The WHMI enables the user to access the IED via a web browser. The supported web
browser version is Internet Explorer 7.0 or later.

WHMI is disabled by default.

WHMI offers the following functions:

• Alarm indications and event lists

• System supervision
• Parameter settings
• Measurement display
• Disturbance records
• Phasor diagram

The menu tree structure on the WHMI is almost identical to the one on the LHMI.

REF615 23
Application Manual
Section 2 1MRS756378 D
REF615 overview

A070754 V3 EN

Figure 4: Example view of the WHMI

The WHMI can be accessed:

• Locally by connecting your laptop to the IED via the front communication port.
• Remotely over LAN/WAN.

2.6 Authorization

The user categories have been predefined for the LHMI and the WHMI, each with
different rights and default passwords.

The default passwords can be changed with Administrator user rights.

User authorization is disabled by default but WHMI always uses

authorization.

24 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 2
REF615 overview

Table 6: Predefined user categories

Username User rights
VIEWER Read only access
OPERATOR • Selecting remote or local state with (only locally)
• Changing setting groups
• Controlling
• Clearing alarm and indication LEDs and textual indications

ENGINEER • Changing settings

• Clearing event list
• Clearing disturbance records
• Changing system settings such as IP address, serial baud rate or
disturbance recorder settings
• Setting the IED to test mode
• Selecting language

ADMINISTRATOR • All listed above

• Changing password

For user authorization for PCM600, see PCM600 documentation.

2.7 Communication

The IED supports different communication protocols: IEC 61850-8-1, DNP 3.0, IEC
60870-5-103 and Modbus®. Operational information and controls are available
through these protocols. However, some communication functionality, for example,
horizontal communication between the IEDs and parameters setting, is only enabled
by the IEC 61850 communication protocol.

The IEC 61850 communication implementation supports all monitoring and control
functions. Additionally, parameter setting and disturbance file records can be
accessed using the IEC 61850-8-1 protocol. Further, the IED can send and receive
binary signals from other IEDs (so called horizontal communication) using the
IEC61850-8-1 GOOSE profile, where the highest performance class with a total
transmission time of 3 ms is supported. The IED can simultaneously report to five
different IEC 61850-8-1 clients.

The IED can support five simultaneous clients. If PCM600 reserves one client
connection, only four client connections are left, for example, for IEC 61850 and
Modbus.

All communication connectors, except for the front port connector, are placed on
integrated optional communication modules. The IED can be connected to Ethernet-
based communication systems via the RJ-45 connector (100BASE-TX) or the fibre-

REF615 25
Application Manual
Section 2 1MRS756378 D
REF615 overview

optic LC connector (100BASE-FX). An optional serial interface is available for

RS-232/RS-485 communication.

26 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

Section 3 REF615 variants

3.1 REF615 variant list

REF615 is intended for protection and control mainly in MV feeder applications. The
product has a number of standard configurations covering a wide range of primary
circuit configurations in distribution networks based on different system earthing
methods.

Some of the functions included in the IED's standard configurations are optional at
the time of placing the order. The description of standard configurations covers the
full functionality including options, presenting the functionality, flexibility and
external connections of REF615 with a specific configuration as delivered from the
factory.

3.2 Presentation of standard configurations

Functional diagrams
The functional diagrams describe the IED's functionality from the protection,
measuring, condition monitoring, disturbance recording, control and interlocking
perspective. Diagrams show the default functionality with simple symbol logics
forming principle diagrams. The external connections to primary devices are also
shown, stating the default connections to measuring transformers. The positive
measuring direction of directional protection functions is towards the outgoing feeder.

The functional diagrams are divided into sections which each constitute one
functional entity. The external connections are also divided into sections. Only the
relevant connections for a particular functional entity are presented in each section.

Protection function blocks are part of the functional diagram. They are identified
based on their IEC 61850 name but the IEC based symbol and the ANSI function
number are also included. Some function blocks, such as PHHPTOC, are used several
times in the configuration. To separate the blocks from each other, the IEC 61850
name, IEC symbol and ANSI function number are appended with a running number,
that is an instance number, from one upwards. If the block has no suffix after the IEC
or ANSI symbol, the function block has been used, that is, instantiated, only once.
The IED’s internal functionality and the external connections are separated with a
dashed line presenting the IED’s physical casing.

REF615 27
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

Signal Matrix Tool

With SMT the user can modify the standard configuration according to the actual
needs. The IED is delivered from the factory with default connections described in
the functional diagrams for BI's, BO's, function to function connections and alarm
LEDs. SMT has a number of different page views, designated as follows:
• Binary input
• Binary output
• Functions

The functions in different page views are identified by the IEC 61850 names with
analogy to the functional diagrams.

3.2.1 Standard configurations

The IED is available with six alternative standard configurations. The table indicates
the functions supported by the different IED configurations.

Table 7: Standard configurations

Description Std. conf.
Non-directional overcurrent and directional earth-fault protection A and B
Non-directional overcurrent and non-directional earth-fault protection C and D
Non-directional overcurrent and directional earth-fault protection with phase-voltage based measurements E
Directional overcurrent and earth-fault protection with phase-voltage based measurements, undervoltage and overvoltage
protection F

Table 8: Supported functions

Functionality A B C D E F
Protection
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent, low-set stage ● ● ● ● ● -
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent, high-set stage, instance 1 ● ● ● ● ● -
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent, high-set stage, instance 2 ● ● ● ● ● -
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent, instantaneous stage ● ● ● ● ● ●
Three-phase directional overcurrent, low-set stage, instance 1 - - - - - ●
Three-phase directional overcurrent, low-set stage, instance 2 - - - - - ●
Three-phase directional overcurrent, high-set stage - - - - - ●
Directional earth-fault, low-set stage, instance 1 ● ● - - ● ●
Directional earth-fault, low-set stage, instance 2 ● ● - - ● ●
Directional earth-fault, high-set stage ● ● - - ● ●
Non-directional (cross country) earth fault, using calculated Io ● ● - - ● ●
Transient/intermittent earth fault ● ● - - ● ●
Non-directional earth fault, low-set stage - - ● ● - -
Table continues on next page

28 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

Functionality A B C D E F
Non-directional earth fault, high-set stage - - ● ● - -
Non-directional earth fault, instantaneous stage - - ● ● - -
Non-directional sensitive earth fault - - ● ● - -
Negative-sequence overcurrent, instance 1 ● ● ● ● ● ●
Negative-sequence overcurrent, instance 2 ● ● ● ● ● ●
Phase discontinuity ● ● ● ● ● ●
Thermal overload ● ● ● ● ● ●
Circuit-breaker failure ● ● ● ● ● ●
Three-phase overvoltage, instance 1 - - - - - ●
Three-phase overvoltage, instance 2 - - - - - ●
Three-phase overvoltage, instance 3 - - - - - ●
Positive-sequence undervoltage - - - - - ●
Negative-sequence overvoltage - - - - - ●
Residual overvoltage, instance 1 - - - - - ●
Residual overvoltage, instance 2 - - - - - ●
Residual overvoltage, instance 3 - - - - - ●
Three-phase undervoltage, instance 1 - - - - - ●
Three-phase undervoltage, instance 2 - - - - - ●
Three-phase undervoltage, instance 3 - - - - - ●
Three-phase inrush current detection ● ● ● ● ● ●
Arc protection with three sensors ￮ ￮ ￮ ￮ ￮ ￮
Control

Circuit breaker control with basic interlocking1) ● ● ● ● ● ●

Circuit breaker control with extended interlocking2) - ● - ● ● ●

Auto-reclosing of one circuit breaker ￮ ￮ ￮ ￮ ￮ ￮

Supervision and monitoring
Fuse failure supervision - - - - ● ●
Current circuit supervision - - - - ● ●
Circuit breaker condition monitoring - ● - ● ● ●
Trip-circuit supervision of two trip circuits ● ● ● ● ● ●
Disconnector position indication - ● - ● ● ●
Earthing switch position indication - ● - ● ● ●
Measurement
Transient disturbance recorder ● ● ● ● ● ●
Three-phase current ● ● ● ● ● ●
Current sequence components ● ● ● ● ● ●
Three-phase voltage - - - - ● ●
Voltage sequence components - - - - ● ●
Residual current ● ● ● ● ● ●
Table continues on next page

REF615 29
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

Functionality A B C D E F
Residual voltage ● ● - - ● ●
Power, including power factor - - - - ● ●
Energy - - - - ● ●
● = Included,○ = Optional at the time of the order

1) Basic interlocking functionality: Closing of the circuit breaker can be enabled by a binary input signal. The actual interlocking scheme is
implemented outside the IED. The binary input serves as a “master interlocking input” and when energized it will enable circuit breaker
closing.
2) Extended interlocking functionality: The circuit breaker interlocking scheme is implemented in the IED configuration, based on primary
equipment position information (via binary inputs) and the logical functions available. The signal matrix tool of PCM600 can be used for
modifying the interlocking scheme to suit your application.

30 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

3.2.2 Connection diagrams

A071288 V4 EN

Figure 5: Connection diagram for configurations A and B (overcurrent and

directional earth-fault protection) [1]

[1] Additional BIO-module (X110 in the diagram) is included in the IED variant B

REF615 31
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

A071290 V3 EN

Figure 6: Connection diagram for configurations C and D (overcurrent and

non-directional earth-fault protection) [2]

[2] Additional BIO-module (X110 in the diagram) is included in the IED variant D

32 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

GUID-F7601942-ACF2-47E2-8F21-CD9C1D2BC1F0 V2 EN

Figure 7: Connection diagram for configurations E and F (directional

overcurrent and earth-fault protection with phase-to-phase voltage
measurement)

REF615 33
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

GUID-5D0135B3-3890-497A-8AAA-0362730C8682 V1 EN

Figure 8: Connection diagram for configurations E and F (directional

overcurrent and earth-fault protection with phase-to-earth voltage
measurement)

3.3 Standard configuration A including directional earth-

fault protection

3.3.1 Applications
The standard configuration for directional earth-fault protection is mainly intended
for cable and overhead line feeder applications in isolated and resonant-earthed
distribution networks. The IED with this standard configuration is delivered from the
factory with default settings and parameters. The end-user flexibility for incoming,
outgoing and internal signal designation within the IED enables this configuration to
be further adapted to different primary circuit layouts and the related functionality
needs by modifying the internal functionality using PCM600.

34 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

3.3.2 Functions
Table 9: Functions included in the REF615 standard configuration with directional earth-fault
protection
Function IEC 61850 IEC ANSI
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHLPTOC1 3I> 51P-1
protection, low stage
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHHPTOC1 3I>> (1) 51P-2 (1)
protection, high stage, instance 1
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHHPTOC2 3I>> (2) 51P-2 (2)
protection, high stage, instance 2
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHIPTOC1 3I>>> 50P/51P
protection, instantaneous stage
Arc protection ARCSARC1 ARC (1) 50L/50NL (1)
ARCSARC2 ARC (2) 50L/50NL (2)
ARCSARC3 ARC (3) 50L/50NL (3)
Directional earth-fault protection, low stage, DEFLPDEF1 I0> → (1) 67N-1 (1)
instance 1
Directional earth-fault protection, low stage, DEFLPDEF2 I0> → (2) 67N-1 (2)
instance 2
Directional earth-fault protection, high stage DEFHPDEF1 I0>> → 67N-2

Transient/intermittent earth-fault protection INTRPTEF1 I0> → IEF 67NIEF

Non-directional earth-fault protection, high EFHPTOC1 I0>> 51N-2

stage, calculated I0 current (Double earth-fault
protection)
Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, NSPTOC1 I2> (1) 46 (1)
instance 1
Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, NSPTOC2 I2> (2) 46 (2)
instance 2
Phase discontinuity PDNSPTOC1 I2/I1> 46PD

Three-phase inrush detector INRPHAR1 3I2f> 68

Three-phase thermal protection for feeders, T1PTTR1 3Ith> 49F
cables and distribution transformers
Autoreclosure DARREC1 O→I 79
Circuit breaker failure protection CCBRBRF1 3I>/I0>BF 51BF/51NBF

Master Trip TRPPTRC1 Master Trip (1) 94/86 (1)

TRPPTRC2 Master Trip (2) 94/86 (2)
Trip circuit supervision, instance 1 TCSSCBR1 TCS (1) TCM (1)
Trip circuit supervision, instance 2 TCSSCBR2 TCS (2) TCM (2)
Disturbance recorder RDRE1 - -
Three-phase current measurement CMMXU1 3I 3I
Sequence current measurement CSMSQI1 I1, I2, I0 I1, I2, I0

Residual current measurement RESCMMXU1 I0 In

Residual voltage measurement RESVMMXU1 U0 Vn

REF615 35
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

[Link] Default I/O connections

Binary Input Default usage Connector-Pins
X120-BI1 Blocking of Overcurrent Instantaneous Stage X120-1,2
X120-BI2 Circuit Breaker Closed position indication X120-3,2
X120-BI3 Circuit Breaker Open position indication X120-4,2

Binary Output Default usage Connector-Pins

X100-PO1 Close Circuit Breaker X100-6,7
Circuit Breaker Failure protection trip to upstream
X100-PO2 breaker X100-8,9
X100-PO3 Open Circuit Breaker / trip coil 1 X100-16,17,18,19
X100-PO4 Open Circuit Breaker / trip coil 2 X100-20,21,22,23
X100-SO1 General Start Indication X100-10,11,12
X100-SO2 General Operate Indication X100-13,14,15

LED Default usage

1 Non-Directional Overcurrent Operate
2 Directional/Intermittent Earth fault Operate
3 Double (Cross country) Earth fault Operate
4 Negative Seq. Overcurrent/Phase Discontinuity Operate
5 Thermal Overload Alarm
6 Breaker Failure Operate
7 Disturbance Recorder Triggered
8 Not connected
9 Trip Circuit Supervision Alarm
10 ARC Protection Operate
11 Auto Reclose in Progress

3.3.3 Functional diagrams

The functional diagrams describe the default input, output, alarm LED and function
to function connections. The default connections can be viewed with SMT and
changed according to the application requirements, if necessary.

The analog channels, measurements from CTs and VTs, have fixed connections
towards the different function blocks inside the IED’s standard configuration.
Exceptions from this rule are the 12 analog channels available for the disturbance
recorder function. These channels are freely selectable and a part of the disturbance
recorder’s parameter settings, thus not included in the SMT functionality.

36 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

The analog channels are assigned to different functions as shown in the functional
diagrams. The common signal marked with 3I represents the three phase currents.
The signal marked with I0 represents the measured residual current via a core balance
CT. The signal marked with U0 represents the measured residual voltage via open
delta connected VTs.

The EFHPTOC protection function block for double (cross-country) earth-faults uses
the calculated residual current originating from the measured phase currents.

[Link] Functional diagrams for protection

The following functional diagrams describe the IED’s protection functionality in

detail and according to the factory set default connections in SMT.

A071316 V3 EN

Figure 9: Overcurrent protection

REF615 37
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

Four overcurrent stages are offered for overcurrent and short-circuit protection. The
instantaneous stage (PHIPTOC1) can be blocked by energizing the binary input 1
(X120:1-2). Two negative sequence overcurrent stages (NSPTOC1 and NSPTOC2)
are offered for phase unbalance protection. The inrush detection block’s
(INRPHAR1) output BLK2H caters the possibility to either block the function or
multiply the active settings for any of the shown protection function blocks.

All operate signals are connected to the Master Trip and also to the alarm LEDs. LED
1 is used for overcurrent and LED 4 for negative sequence overcurrent protection
operate indication. LED 4 is also used for phase discontinuity protection operate
indication.

There are four IED variant specific setting groups. Parameters can be set
independently for each setting group.

The active setting group (1...4) can be changed with a parameter. The change of an
active setting group can also be made via a binary input if the binary input is enabled
for this. To enable the change of the active setting group via a binary input, connect
a free binary input with SMT to the ActSG input of the SGCB-block.

Table 10: Binary input states and corresponding active setting groups
BI State Active setting group
OFF 1
ON 2

The active setting group defined by a parameter is overridden when a binary input is
enabled for changing the active setting group.

38 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

A071318 V4 EN

Figure 10: Directional earth-fault protection

Three stages are offered for directional earth-fault protection. In addition, there is a
dedicated protection stage (INTRPTEF) either for transient based earth-fault
protection or for cable intermittent earth-fault protection in compensated networks.

A dedicated non-directional earth-fault protection block (EFHPTOC) is intended for

protection against double earth-fault situations in isolated or compensated networks.
This protection function uses the calculated residual current originating from the
phase currents.

All operate signals are connected to the Master Trip and also to the alarm LEDs. LED
2 is used for directional earth-fault and LED 3 for double earth-fault protection operate
indication.

REF615 39
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

A071320 V4 EN

Figure 11: Phase discontinuity, thermal overload and circuit breaker failure
protection

The phase discontinuity protection (PDNPSTOC1) provides protection for

interruptions in the normal three-phase load supply, for example, in downed
conductor situations. The thermal overload protection (T1PTTR1) provides
indication on overload situations. The operate signal of the phase discontinuity
protection is connected to the Master Trip and also to an alarm LED. LED 4 is used
for the phase discontinuity protection operate indication, the same as for negative
sequence overcurrent protection operate indication, and LED 5 is used for the thermal
overload protection alarm indication.

The breaker failure protection (CCBRBRF1) is initiated via the start input by a
number of different protection stages in the IED. The breaker failure protection
function offers different operating modes associated with the circuit breaker position
and the measured phase and residual currents. The breaker failure protection has two
operating outputs: TRRET and TRBU. The TRRET operate output is used for re-
tripping its own breaker through the Master Trip 2. The TRBU output is used to give
a back-up trip to the breaker feeding upstream. For this purpose, the TRBU operate
output signal is connected to the output PO2 (X100: 8-9). LED 6 is used for back-up
(TRBU) operate indication.

40 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

A071322 V4 EN

Figure 12: Arc protection

ARC protection (ARCSARC1-3) and autoreclosing (DARREC1) are included as

optional functions.

The ARC protection offers individual function blocks for three ARC sensors that can
be connected to the IED. Each ARC protection function block has two different
operation modes, with or without the phase and residual current check. Operate
signals from the ARC protection function blocks are connected to the Master Trip
and also to the alarm LED 10 as a common operate indication.

The autorecloser is configured to be initiated by operate signals from a number of

protection stages through the INIT1-5 inputs. It is possible to create individual
autoreclose sequences for each input.

The autoreclose function can be blocked with the INHIBIT_RECL input. As a default,
the operation of selected protection functions are connected to this input. A control

REF615 41
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

command to the circuit breaker, either local or remote, also blocks the autoreclose
function via the CBXCBR-selected signal.

The circuit breaker availability for the autoreclosure sequence is expressed with the
CB_RDY input in DARREC1. In the configuration, this signal is not connected to
any of the binary inputs. As a result, the function assumes that the breaker is available
all the time.

The autoreclose sequence in progress indication is connected to the alarm LED 11.

[Link] Functional diagrams for disturbance recorder and trip circuit

supervision
DISTURBANCE RECORDER

RDRE1
PHLPTOC1-start BI#1 TRIGGERED LED7 (DR TRIGGERED)
PHHPTOC1-start BI#2
PHHPTOC2-start BI#3
PHIPTOC1-start BI#4
NSPTOC1-start BI#5
NSPTOC2-start BI#6
DEFLPDEF1-start BI#7
DEFLPDEF2-start BI#8
DEFHPDEF1-start BI#9
INTRPTEF1-start BI#10
PHLPTOC1-operate
EFHPTOC1-start BI#11
PHHPTOC1-operate PDNSPTOC1-start BI#12
PHHPTOC2-operate OR T1PTTR1-start BI#13

PHIPTOC1-operate CCRBRF1-trret BI#14

CCRBRF1-trbu BI#15
BI#16
NSPTOC1-operate BI#17
NSPTOC2-operate OR
BI#18
INTRPTEF1-operate BI#19

DEFLPDEF1-operate EFHPTOC1-operate BI#20

PDNSPTOC1-operate BI#21
DEFLPDEF2-operate OR INRPHAR1-blk2h BI#22
DEFHPDEF1-operate T1PTTR1-operate BI#23
BI#24
ARCSARC1-fault_arc_det ARCSARC1-operate BI#25

ARCSARC2-fault_arc_det ARCSARC2-operate BI#26

OR ARCSARC3-operate BI#27
ARCSARC3-fault_arc_det
DARREC1-inpro BI#28
BI#29
DARREC1-close cb BI#30
DARREC1-unsuc_recl OR BI#31
BI#32

BI 1 (Blocking)
BI 2 (CB Closed)
BI 3 (CB Open)

TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION

TCSSCBR1
TRPPTRC1- trip OR BLOCK ALARM
OR LED9 (TCS ALARM)
TRPPTRC2- trip

TCSSCBR2
BLOCK ALARM

A071324 V4 EN

Figure 13: Disturbance recorder

The disturbance recorder has 64 digital inputs, of which 32 are connected as default.
All start and operate signals from the protection stages are routed to trigger the
disturbance recorder or alternatively only to be recorded by the disturbance recorder
depending on the parameter settings. Additionally, the selected autorecloser, the ARC
protection signals and the three binary inputs from X120 are also connected.

42 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

Two separate TCS functions have been included: TCSSCBR1 for PO3 (X100:16-19)
and TCSSCBR2 for PO4 (X100:20-23). Both functions are blocked by the Master
Trip and the circuit breaker open position signal. The TCS alarm indication is
connected to LED 9.

[Link] Functional diagrams for control and interlocking

A071326 V4 EN

Figure 14: Master trip

The operate signals from the protections described above are connected to the two
trip output contacts PO3 (X100:16-19) and PO4 (X100:20-23) via the corresponding
Master Trips TRPPTRC1 and TRPPTRC2. The open control commands to the circuit
breaker from local or remote CBXCBR1-exe_op or from the auto-recloser
DARREC1-open_cb are connected directly to the output PO3 (X100:16-19).

The TRPPTRC1 and 2 blocks provide the lockout/latching function, event generation
and the trip signal duration setting. If the lockout operation mode is selected, one
binary input can be re-assigned to the RST_LKOUT input of the Master Trip to enable
external reset with a push button.

REF615 43
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

A071328 V3 EN

Figure 15: Circuit breaker control

The ENA_CLOSE input, that is, enable the closing of the circuit breaker, in the
breaker control function block CBXCBR is a combination of the status of the Master
Trip. The open operation is always enabled.

If the ENA_CLOSE signal is completely removed from the breaker

control function block CBXCBR with SMT, the function assumes
that the breaker close commands are allowed continuously.

A071330 V3 EN

Figure 16: Alarm indication

The signal outputs from the IED are connected to give dedicated information on:
• start of any protection function SO1 (X100:10-12)
• operation (trip) of any protection function SO2 (X100:13-15).

44 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

The TPGAPC1 is a timer and used for setting the minimum pulse length for the
outputs. There are four generic timers (TPGAPC1..4) available in the IED. The
remaining ones not described in the functional diagram are available in SMT for
connection where applicable.

3.4 Standard configuration B including directional earth-

fault protection and CB condition monitoring

3.4.1 Applications
The standard configuration for directional earth-fault protection is mainly intended
for cable and overhead line feeder applications in isolated and resonant-earthed
distribution networks. The IED with this standard configuration is delivered from the
factory with default settings and parameters. The end-user flexibility for incoming,
outgoing and internal signal designation within the IED enables this configuration to
be further adapted to different primary circuit layouts and the related functionality
needs by modifying the internal functionality using PCM600.

3.4.2 Functions
Table 11: Functions included in the REF615 standard configuration with directional earth-fault
protection
Function IEC 61850 IEC ANSI
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHLPTOC1 3I> 51P-1
protection, low stage
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHHPTOC1 3I>> (1) 51P-2 (1)
protection, high stage, instance 1
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHHPTOC2 3I>> (2) 51P-2 (2)
protection, high stage, instance 2
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHIPTOC1 3I>>> 50P/51P
protection, instantaneous stage
Arc protection ARCSARC1 ARC (1) 50L/50NL (1)
ARCSARC2 ARC (2) 50L/50NL (2)
ARCSARC3 ARC (3) 50L/50NL (3)
Directional earth-fault protection, low stage, DEFLPDEF1 I0> → (1) 67N-1 (1)
instance 1
Directional earth-fault protection, low stage, DEFLPDEF2 I0> → (2) 67N-1 (2)
instance 2
Directional earth-fault protection, high stage DEFHPDEF1 I0>> → 67N-2

Transient/intermittent earth-fault protection INTRPTEF1 I0> → IEF 67NIEF

Non-directional earth-fault protection, high EFHPTOC1 I0>> 51N-2

stage, calculated I0 current (Double earth-fault
protection)
Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, NSPTOC1 I2> (1) 46 (1)
instance 1
Table continues on next page

REF615 45
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

Function IEC 61850 IEC ANSI

Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, NSPTOC2 I2> (2) 46 (2)
instance 2
Phase discontinuity PDNSPTOC1 I2/I1> 46PD

Three-phase inrush detector INRPHAR1 3I2f> 68

Three-phase thermal protection for feeders, T1PTTR1 3Ith> 49F
cables and distribution transformers
Autoreclosure DARREC1 O→I 79
Circuit breaker failure protection CCBRBRF1 3I>/I0>BF 51BF/51NBF

Master Trip TRPPTRC1 Master trip (1) 94/86 (1)

TRPPTRC2 Master trip (2) 94/86 (2)
Trip circuit supervision, instance 1 TCSSCBR1 TCS (1) TCM (1)
Trip circuit supervision, instance 2 TCSSCBR2 TCS (2) TCM (2)
Disturbance recorder RDRE1 - -
Circuit breaker condition monitoring SSCBR1 CBCM CBCM
Three-phase current measurement CMMXU1 3I 3I
Sequence current measurement CSMSQI1 I1, I2, I0 I1, I2, I0

Residual current measurement RESCMMXU1 I0 In

Residual voltage measurement RESVMMXU1 U0 Vn

[Link] Default I/O connections

Binary Input Default usage Connector-Pins
X110-BI2 Directional Earth Fault Protection's Basic Angle Control X110-3,4
X110-BI3 Circuit Breaker low Gas Pressure indication X110-5,6
X110-BI4 Circuit Breaker Spring Charged indication X110-6,7
X110-BI5 CB Truck in (Service position) indication X110-8,9
X110-BI6 CB Truck out (Test position) indication X110-10,9
X110-BI7 Earthing Switch Closed indication X110-11,12
X110-BI8 Earthing Switch Open indication X110-13,12
X120-BI1 Blocking of Overcurrent Instantaneous Stage X120-1,2
X120-BI2 Circuit Breaker Closed indication X120-3,2
X120-BI3 Circuit Breaker Open indication X120-4,2

Binary Output Default usage Connector-Pins

X100-PO1 Close Circuit Breaker X100-6,7
X100-PO2 Circuit Breaker Failure protection trip to upstream breaker X100-8,9
X100-PO3 Open Circuit Breaker / trip coil 1 X100-16,17,18,19
X100-PO4 Open Circuit Breaker / trip coil 2 X100-20,21,22,23
X100-SO1 General Start Indication X100-10,11,12
X100-SO2 General Operate Indication X100-13,14,15
Table continues on next page

46 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

Binary Output Default usage Connector-Pins

X110-SO1 Upstream Overcurrent Blocking X110-14,15,16
X110-SO2 Overcurrent Operate Alarm X110-17,18,19
X110-SO3 Earth fault Operate Alarm X110-20,21,22

LED Default usage

1 Non-Directional Overcurrent Operate
2 Directional/Intermittent Earth fault Operate
3 Double (Cross country) Earth fault Operate
4 Negative Seq. Overcurrent/Phase Discontinuity Operate
5 Thermal Overload Alarm
6 Breaker Failure Operate
7 Disturbance Recorder Triggered
8 Circuit Breaker Condition Monitoring Alarm
9 Trip Circuit Supervision Alarm
10 ARC Protection Operate
11 Auto Reclose in Progress

3.4.3 Functional diagrams

The functional diagrams describe the default input, output, alarm LED and function-
to-function connections. The default connections can be viewed with SMT and
changed according to the application requirements, if necessary.

The analog channels, measurements from CTs and VTs, have fixed connections
towards the different function blocks inside the IED’s standard configuration.
Exceptions from this rule are the 12 analog channels available for the disturbance
recorder function. These channels are freely selectable and a part of the disturbance
recorder’s parameter settings, thus not included in the SMT functionality.

The analog channels are assigned to different functions as shown in the functional
diagrams. The common signal marked with 3I represents the three phase currents.
The signal marked with I0 represents the measured residual current via a core balance
CT. The signal marked with U0 represents the measured residual voltage via open
delta connected VTs.

The EFHPTOC protection function block for double (cross-country) earth-faults uses
the calculated residual current originating from the measured phase currents.

[Link] Functional diagrams for protection

The following functional diagrams describe the IED’s protection functionality in

detail and according to the factory set default connections in SMT.

REF615 47
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

A071332 V4 EN

Figure 17: Overcurrent protection

Four overcurrent stages are offered for overcurrent and short-circuit protection. The
instantaneous stage (PHIPTOC1) can be blocked by energizing the binary input 1
(X120:1-2). Two negative sequence overcurrent stages (NPSTOC1 and NPSTOC2)
are offered for phase unbalance protection. The inrush detection block’s
(INRPHAR1) output BLK2H caters the possibility to either block the function or
multiply the active settings for any of the shown protection function blocks.

All operate signals are connected to the Master Trip and also to the alarm LEDs. LED
1 is used for overcurrent and LED 4 for negative sequence overcurrent protection
operate indication. LED 4 is also used for phase discontinuity protection operate
indication.

The upstream blocking from the start of the overcurrent second high stage
(PHHPTOC2) is connected to the output SO1 (X110:14-16). This output is used for
sending a blocking signal to the relevant overcurrent protection stage of the IED at
the infeeding bay.

48 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

There are four IED variant specific setting groups. Parameters can be set
independently for each setting group.

The active setting group (1...4) can be changed with a parameter. The change of an
active setting group can also be made via a binary input if the binary input is enabled
for this. To enable the change of an active setting group via a binary input, connect
a free binary input with SMT to the ActSG input of the SGCB-block.

Table 12: Binary input states and corresponding active setting groups
BI State Active setting group
OFF 1
ON 2

The active setting group defined by a parameter is overridden when a binary input is
enabled for changing the active setting group.

DIRECTIONAL OR INTERMITTENT EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

DEFLPDEF1
I 0 > (1)

67N-1 (1)
I0 START
U0 OPERATE
X110 BLOCK

3 BI 2 (BACTRL) ENA_MULT
RCA_CTL
4

DEFLPDEF2
I0 > (2)

67N-1 (2)
I0 START
U0 OPERATE
BLOCK
ENA_MULT
RCA_CTL

OR LED2 (DEF OPERATE)

DEFHPDEF
I0 >>

67N-2
I0 START
U0 OPERATE
BLOCK
ENA_MULT
RCA_CTL

INTRPTEF1
I0 >

67NIEF
I0 START
U0 OPERATE
BLOCK BLK_EF

DOUBLE (CROSS COUNTRY) EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

EFHPTOC1
I0 >>

51N-2
I0 START
BLOCK OPERATE LED3 (NEF OPERATE)
ENA_MULTI
Calculated Io

A071334 V4 EN

Figure 18: Directional earth-fault protection

REF615 49
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

Three stages are offered for directional earth-fault protection. In addition, there is a
dedicated protection stage (INTRPTEF) either for transient based earth-fault
protection or for cable intermittent earth-fault protection in compensated networks.

A dedicated non-directional earth-fault protection block (EFHPTOC) is intended for

protection against double earth-fault situations in isolated or compensated networks.
This protection function uses the calculated residual current originating from the
phase currents.

The binary input 2 (X110:3-4) is intended for directional earth-fault protection

blocks’ Relay Characteristic Angle (RCA: 0°/-90°) or operation mode (I0Sinφ/
I0Cosφ) change. All operate signals are connected to the Master Trip and also to the
alarm LEDs. LED 2 is used for directional earth-fault and LED 3 for double earth-
fault protection operate indication.

A071320 V4 EN

Figure 19: Phase discontinuity, thermal overload and circuit breaker failure
protection

The phase discontinuity protection (PDNSPTOC1) provides protection for

interruptions in the normal three-phase load supply, for example, in downed
conductor situations. The thermal overload protection (T1PTTR1) provides
indication on overload situations. The operate signal of the phase discontinuity
protection is connected to the Master Trip and also to an alarm LED. LED 4 is used
for the phase discontinuity protection operate indication, the same as for negative
sequence overcurrent protection operate indication, and LED 5 is used for the thermal
overload protection alarm indication.

50 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

The breaker failure protection (CCBRBRF1) is initiated via the start input by a
number of different protection stages in the IED. The breaker failure protection
function offers different operating modes associated with the circuit breaker position
and the measured phase and residual currents. The breaker failure protection has two
operating outputs: TRRET and TRBU. The TRRET operate output is used for re-
tripping its own breaker through the Master Trip 2. The TRBU output is used to give
a back-up trip to the breaker feeding upstream. For this purpose, the TRBU operate
output signal is connected to the output PO2 (X100: 8-9). LED 6 is used for back-up
(TRBU) operate indication.

A071338 V5 EN

Figure 20: Arc protection

ARC protection (ARCSARC1-3) and autoreclosing (DARREC1) are included as

optional functions.

REF615 51
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

The ARC protection offers individual function blocks for three ARC sensors that can
be connected to the IED. Each ARC protection function block has two different
operation modes, with or without the phase and residual current check. Operate
signals from the ARC protection function blocks are connected to the Master Trip
and also to the alarm LED 10 as a common operate indication.

The autorecloser is configured to be initiated by operate signals from a number of

protection stages through the INIT1-5 inputs. It is possible to create individual
autoreclose sequences for each input.

The autoreclose function can be blocked with the INHIBIT_RECL input. As a default,
the operation of some selected protection functions are connected to this input. A
control command to the circuit breaker, either local or remote, also blocks the
autoreclose function via the CBXCBR-selected signal.

The circuit breaker availability for the autoreclosure sequence is expressed with the
binary input 4 (X110:6-7) by connecting the input signal to the CB_RDY input. In
case this signal is completely removed from the autoreclose function block with SMT,
the function assumes that the breaker is available all the time.

The autoreclose sequence in progress indication is connected to the alarm LED 11.

52 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

[Link] Functional diagram for disturbance recorder and trip circuit supervision
DISTURBANCE RECORDER

RDRE1
PHLPTOC1-start BI#1 TRIGGERED LED7 (DR TRIGGERED)
PHHPTOC1-start BI#2
PHHPTOC2-start BI#3
PHIPTOC1-start BI#4
NSPTOC1-start BI#5
NSPTOC2-start BI#6
DEFLPDEF1-start BI#7
DEFLPDEF2-start BI#8
DEFHPDEF1-start BI#9
INTRPTEF1-start BI#10
PHLPTOC1-operate
EFHPTOC1-start BI#11
PHHPTOC1-operate PDNSPTOC1-start BI#12
PHHPTOC2-operate OR T1PTTR1-start BI#13

PHIPTOC1-operate CCRBRF1-trret BI#14

CCRBRF1-trbu BI#15
BI#16
NSPTOC1-operate BI#17
NSPTOC2-operate OR
BI#18
INTRPTEF1-operate BI#19

DEFLPDEF1-operate EFHPTOC1-operate BI#20

PDNSPTOC1-operate BI#21
DEFLPDEF2-operate OR INRPHAR1-blk2h BI#22
DEFHPDEF1-operate T1PTTR1-operate BI#23
BI#24
ARCSARC1-fault_arc_det ARCSARC1-operate BI#25

ARCSARC2-fault_arc_det ARCSARC2-operate BI#26

OR ARCSARC3-operate BI#27
ARCSARC3-fault_arc_det
DARREC1-inpro BI#28
BI#29
DARREC1-close cb BI#30
DARREC1-unsuc_recl OR BI#31
BI#32

BI 1 (Blocking)
BI 2 (CB Closed)
BI 3 (CB Open)

TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION

TCSSCBR1
TRPPTRC1- trip OR BLOCK ALARM
OR LED9 (TCS ALARM)
TRPPTRC2- trip

TCSSCBR2
BLOCK ALARM

A071324 V4 EN

Figure 21: Disturbance recorder

The disturbance recorder has 64 digital inputs, of which 32 are connected as default.
All start and operate signals from the protection stages are routed to trigger the
disturbance recorder or alternatively only to be recorded by the disturbance recorder
depending on the parameter settings. Additionally, the selected autorecloser, the ARC
protection signals and the three binary inputs from X120 are also connected.

Two separate TCS functions have been included: TCSSCBR1 for PO3 (X100:16-19)
and TCSSCBR2 for PO4 (X100:20-23). Both functions are blocked by the Master
Trip (TRPPTRC1 and TRPPTRC2) and the circuit breaker open position signal. The
TCS alarm indication is connected to LED 9.

REF615 53
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

[Link] Functional diagrams for control and interlocking

A071326 V4 EN

Figure 22: Master trip

The operate signals from the protections described above are connected to the two
trip output contacts PO3 (X100:16-19) and PO4 (X100:20-23) via the corresponding
Master Trips TRPPTRC1 and TRPPTRC2. Open control commands to the circuit
breaker from local or remote CBXCBR1-exe_op or from the auto-recloser
DARREC1-open_cb are connected directly to the output PO3 (X100:16-19).

The TRPPTRC1 and 2 blocks provide the lockout/latching function, event generation
and the trip signal duration setting. If the lockout operation mode is selected, one
binary input can be re-assigned to the RST_LKOUT input of the Master Trip to enable
external reset with a push button.

54 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

A071344 V4 EN

Figure 23: Circuit breaker control

There are three disconnector status blocks (DCSXSWI1…3) available in the IED.
The remaining two not described in the functional diagram are available in SMT for
connection where applicable.

The binary inputs 5 and 6 of the additional card X110 are used for busbar disconnector
(DCSXSWI1) or circuit breaker truck position indication.
Primary device position Input to be energized
Input 5 (X110:8-9) Input 6 (X110:10-9)
Busbar disconnector closed X
Busbar disconnector open X
CB truck in service position X
CB truck in test position X

The binary inputs 7 and 8 (X110:11-13) are for the position indication of the line side
earthing switch.

The circuit breaker closing is enabled when the ENA_CLOSE input is activated. This
can be done by the configuration logic, which is a combination of the disconnector
or breaker truck and earthing switch position statuses and the statuses of the master

REF615 55
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

trip logics and gas pressure alarm and circuit breaker spring charging. The OKPOS
output from the DCSXSWI block defines if the disconnector or breaker truck is
definitely either open/in test position or close/in service position. This, together with
the open earthing switch and non-active trip signals, activates the close-enable signal
to the circuit breaker control function block. The open operation is always enabled.
The auto-recloser close command signals are directly connected to the output contact
PO1 (X100:6-7).

If the ENA_CLOSE signal is completely removed from the breaker

control function block CBXCBR with SMT, the function assumes
that the breaker close commands are allowed continuously.

The ITL_BYPASS input can be used, for example, to always enable the closing of
the circuit breaker when the circuit breaker truck is out in the test position, despite of
the interlocking conditions being active when the circuit breaker truck is closed in
service position.

The circuit breaker condition monitoring function (SSCBR) supervises the circuit
breaker status based on the binary input information connected and measured current
levels. The function introduces various supervision methods. The corresponding
supervision alarm signals are routed to LED 8.

56 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

A071346 V4 EN

Figure 24: Alarm indication

The signal outputs from the IED are connected to give dedicated information on:
• start of any protection function SO1 (X100:10-12)
• operation (trip) of any protection function SO2 (X100:13-15)
• operation (trip) of any stage of the overcurrent protection function SO2
(X110:17-19)
• operation (trip) of any stage of the earth-fault protection function SO3
(X110:20-22).

The two TPGAPC blocks 1 and 2 are timers and used for setting the minimum pulse
length for the outputs. There are four generic timers (TPGAPC1..4) available in the
IED. The remaining ones not described in the functional diagram are available in
SMT for connection where applicable.

REF615 57
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

3.5 Standard configuration C including non-directional

earth-fault protection

3.5.1 Applications
The standard configuration for non-directional earth-fault protection is mainly
intended for cable and overhead line feeder applications in directly or resistance
earthed distribution networks. The IED with this standard configuration is delivered
from the factory with default settings and parameters. The end-user flexibility for
incoming, outgoing and internal signal designation within the IED enables this
configuration to be further adapted to different primary circuit layouts and the related
functionality needs by modifying the internal functionality with SMT and PST.

3.5.2 Functions
Table 13: Functions included in the REF615 standard configuration with non-directional earth-
fault protection
Function IEC 61850 IEC ANSI
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHLPTOC1 3I> 51P-1
protection, low stage
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHHPTOC1 3I>> (1) 51P-2 (1)
protection, high stage, instance 1
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHHPTOC2 3I>> (2) 51P-2 (2)
protection, high stage, instance 2
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHIPTOC1 3I>>> 50P/51P
protection, instantaneous stage
Arc protection ARCSARC1 ARC (1) 50L/50NL (1)
ARCSARC2 ARC (2) 50L/50NL (2)
ARCSARC3 ARC (3) 50L/50NL (3)
Non-directional earth-fault protection, low stage EFLPTOC1 I0> (1) 51N-1 (1)

Non-directional earth-fault protection, low stage EFLPTOC2 I0> (2) 51N-1 (2)
(Non-directional sensitive earth-fault)
Non-directional earth-fault protection, high stage EFHPTOC1 I0>> 51N-2

Non-directional earth-fault protection, EFIPTOC1 I0>>> 50N/51N

instantaneous stage
Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, NSPTOC1 I2> (1) 46 (1)
instance 1
Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, NSPTOC2 I2> (2) 46 (2)
instance 2
Phase discontinuity PDNSPTOC1 I2/I1> 46PD

Three-phase inrush detector INRPHAR1 3I2f> 68

Three-phase thermal protection for feeders, T1PTTR1 3Ith> 49F
cables and distribution transformers
Autoreclosure DARREC1 O→I 79
Circuit breaker failure protection CCBRBRF1 3I>/I0>BF 51BF/51NBF

Table continues on next page

58 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

Function IEC 61850 IEC ANSI

Master Trip TRPPTRC1 Master Trip (1) 94/86 (1)
TRPPTRC2 Master Trip (2) 94/86 (2)
Trip circuit supervision, instance 1 TCSSCBR1 TCS (1) TCM (1)
Trip circuit supervision, instance 2 TCSSCBR2 TCS (2) TCM (2)
Disturbance recorder RDRE1 - -
Three-phase current measurement CMMXU1 3I 3I
Sequence current measurement CSMSQI1 I1, I2, I0 I1, I2, I0

Residual current measurement RESCMMXU1 I0 In

[Link] Default I/O connections

Binary Input Default usage Connector-Pins
X120-BI1 Blocking of Overcurrent Instantaneous Stage X120-1,2
X120-BI2 Circuit Breaker Closed indication X120-3,2
X120-BI3 Circuit Breaker Open indication X120-4,2
X120-BI4 Reset of Master Trip Lockout X120-5,6

Binary Output Default usage Connector-Pins

X100-PO1 Close Circuit Breaker X100-6,7
X100-PO2 Circuit Breaker Failure protection trip to upstream breaker X100-8,9
X100-PO3 Open Circuit Breaker / trip coil 1 X100-16,17,18,19
X100-PO4 Open Circuit Breaker / trip coil 2 X100-20,21,22,23
X100-SO1 General Start Indication X100-10,11,12
X100-SO2 General Operate Indication X100-13,14,15

LED Default usage

1 Non-Directional Overcurrent Operate
2 Non-Directional Earth fault Operate
3 Sensitive Earth fault Operate
4 Negative Seq. Overcurrent/Phase Discontinuity Operate
5 Thermal Overload Alarm
6 Breaker Failure Operate
7 Disturbance Recorder Triggered
8 Not connected
9 Trip Circuit Supervision Alarm
10 ARC Protection Operate
11 Auto Reclose in Progress

REF615 59
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

3.5.3 Functional diagrams

The functional diagrams describe the default input, output, alarm LED and function-
to-function connections. The default connections can be viewed with SMT and
changed according to the application requirements, if necessary.

The analog channels, measurements from CTs and VTs, have fixed connections
towards the different function blocks inside the IED’s standard configuration.
Exceptions from this rule are the 12 analog channels available for the disturbance
recorder function. These channels are freely selectable and a part of the disturbance
recorder’s parameter settings, thus not included in the SMT functionality.

The analog channels are assigned to different functions as shown in the functional
diagrams. The common signal marked with 3I represents the three phase currents.
The signal marked with I0 represents the measured residual current via a summation
connection of the phase current transformers.

[Link] Functional diagrams for protection

The following functional diagrams describe the IED’s protection functionality in

detail and according to the factory set default connections in SMT.

60 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

A071348 V3 EN

Figure 25: Overcurrent protection

Four overcurrent stages are offered for overcurrent and short-circuit protection. The
instantaneous stage (PHIPTOC1) can be blocked by energizing the binary input 1
(X120:1-2). Two negative sequence overcurrent stages (NPSTOC1 and NPSTOC2)
are offered for phase unbalance protection. The inrush detection block’s
(INRPHAR1) output BLK2H caters the possibility to either block the function or
multiply the active settings for any of the shown protection function blocks.

All operate signals are connected to the Master Trip and also to the alarm LEDs. LED
1 is used for overcurrent and LED 4 for negative sequence overcurrent protection
operate indication. LED 4 is also used for phase discontinuity protection operate
indication.

There are four IED variant specific setting groups. Parameters can be set
independently for each setting group.

The active setting group (1...4) can be changed with a parameter. The change of an
active setting group can also be made via a binary input if the binary input is enabled

REF615 61
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

for this. To enable the change of an active setting group via a binary input, connect
a free binary input with SMT to the ActSG input of the SGCB-block.

Table 14: Binary input states and corresponding active setting groups
BI State Active setting group
OFF 1
ON 2

The active setting group defined by a parameter is overridden when a binary input is
enabled for changing the active setting group.

EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

EFLPTOC1
I0 >

51N-1
I0 START
BLOCK OPERATE
ENA_MULT

EFHPTOC1
I0 >>

51N-2
I0 START
BLOCK OPERATE
ENA_MULT

OR LED2 (EF OPERATE)

EFIPTOC1
I0 >>>

50N
I0 START
BLOCK OPERATE
ENA_MULT

SENSITIVE EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

EFLPTOC2
I0 >

51N-1
I0 START
BLOCK OPERATE LED3 (SEF OPERATE)
ENA_MULT

A071350 V4 EN

Figure 26: Non-directional earth-fault protection

Four stages are offered for non-directional earth-fault protection. One stage is
dedicated to sensitive earth-fault protection.

All operate signals are connected to the Master Trip and also to the alarm LEDs. LED
2 is used for directional earth-fault and LED 3 for the sensitive earth-fault protection
operate indication.

62 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

A071352 V4 EN

Figure 27: Phase discontinuity, thermal overload and circuit breaker failure
protection

The phase discontinuity protection (PDNSPTOC1) provides protection for

interruptions in the normal three-phase load supply, for example, in downed
conductor situations. The thermal overload protection (T1PTTR1) provides
indication on overload situations. The operate signal of the phase discontinuity
protection is connected to the Master Trip and also to an alarm LED. LED 4 is used
for the phase discontinuity protection operate indication, the same as for negative
sequence overcurrent protection operate indication, and LED 5 is used for the thermal
overload protection alarm indication.

The breaker failure protection (CCBRBRF1) is initiated via the start input by a
number of different protection stages in the IED. The breaker failure protection
function offers different operating modes associated with the circuit breaker position
and the measured phase and residual currents. The breaker failure protection has two
operating outputs: TRRET and TRBU. The TRRET operate output is used for re-
tripping its own breaker through the Master Trip 2. The TRBU output is used to give
a back-up trip to the breaker feeding upstream. For this purpose, the TRBU operate
output signal is connected to the output PO2 (X100: 8-9). LED 6 is used for back-up
(TRBU) operate indication.

REF615 63
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

A071354 V4 EN

Figure 28: Arc protection

ARC protection (ARCSARC1...3) and autoreclosing (DARREC1) are included as

optional functions.

The ARC protection offers individual function blocks for three ARC sensors that can
be connected to the IED. Each ARC protection function block has two different
operation modes, with or without the phase and residual current check. Operate
signals from the ARC protection function blocks are connected to the Master Trip
and also to the alarm LED 10 as a common operate indication.

The autorecloser is configured to be initiated by operate signals from a number of

protection stages through the INIT1-5 inputs. It is possible to create individual
autoreclosing sequences for each input.

The autoreclosing function can be blocked with the INHIBIT_RECL input. As a

default, the operation of some selected protection functions are connected to this

64 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

input. A control command to the circuit breaker, either local or remote, also blocks
the autoreclose function via the CBXCBR-selected signal.

The circuit breaker availability for the autoreclosure sequence is expressed with the
CB_RDY input in DARREC1. In the configuration, this signal is not connected to
any of the binary inputs. As a result, the function assumes that the breaker is available
all the time.

The autoreclose sequence in progress indication is connected to the alarm LED 11.

[Link] Functional diagram for disturbance recorder and trip circuit supervision
DISTURBANCE RECORDER

RDRE1
PHLPTOC1-start BI#1 TRIGGERED LED7 (DR TRIGGERED)
PHHPTOC1-start BI#2
PHHPTOC2-start BI#3
PHIPTOC1-start BI#4
NSPTOC1-start BI#5
NSPTOC2-start BI#6

PHLPTOC1-operate EFLPTOC1-start BI#7

EFHPTOC1-start BI#8
PHHPTOC1-operate EFIPTOC1-start BI#9
OR
PHHPTOC2-operate EFLPTOC2-start BI#10
PHIPTOC1-operate BI#11
PDNSPTOC1-start BI#12
T1PTTR1-start BI#13
NSPTOC1-operate
OR CCRBRF1-trret BI#14
NSPTOC2-operate CCRBRF1-trbu BI#15
BI#16
EFLPTOC11-operate BI#17
EFHPTOC1-operate OR BI#18

EFIPTOC1-operate BI#19
EFLPTOC2-operate BI#20
PDNSPTOC1-operate BI#21
INRPHAR1-blk2h BI#22
T1PTTR1-operate BI#23
BI#24

ARCSARC1-fault_arc_det ARCSARC1-operate BI#25

ARCSARC2-operate BI#26
ARCSARC2-fault_arc_det OR ARCSARC3-operate BI#27
ARCSARC3-fault_arc_det DARREC1-inpro BI#28
BI#29
DARREC1-close cb BI#30

DARREC1-unsuc_recl OR BI#31
BI#32

BI 1(Blocking)
BI 2 (CB Closed)
BI 3 (CB Open)

TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION

TCSSCBR1
TRPPTRC1- trip OR BLOCK ALARM
OR LED9 (TCS ALARM)
TRPPTRC2- trip

TCSSCBR2
BLOCK ALARM

A071356 V3 EN

Figure 29: Disturbance recorder

The disturbance recorder has 64 digital inputs, of which 32 are connected as default.
All start and operate signals from the protection stages are routed to trigger the
disturbance recorder or alternatively only to be recorded by the disturbance recorder
depending on the parameter settings. Additionally, the selected autorecloser, the ARC
protection signals and the three binary inputs from X120 are also connected.

Two separate TCS functions are included: TCSSCBR1 for PO3 (X100:16-19) and
TCSSCBR2 for PO4 (X100:20-23). Both functions are blocked by the Master Trip

REF615 65
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

(TRPPTRC1 and TRPPTRC2) and the circuit breaker open position signal. The TCS
alarm indication is connected to LED 9.

[Link] Functional diagrams for control and interlocking

A071358 V4 EN

Figure 30: Master trip

The operate signals from the protections described above are connected to both of
the two trip output contacts PO3 (X100:16-19) and PO4 (X100:20-23) via the
corresponding Master Trips TRPPTRC1 and TRPPTRC2. The open control
commands to the circuit breaker from local or remote CBXCBR1-exe_op or from the
auto-recloser DARREC1-open_cb are connected directly to the output PO3
(X100:16-19).

The TRPPTRC1 and 2 blocks provide the lockout/latching function, event generation
and the trip signal duration setting. In case the lockout operation mode is selected,
the binary input 4 (X120:5-6) is assigned to the RST_LKOUT input of the Master
Trip to enable external reset with a push button.

66 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

A071360 V3 EN

Figure 31: Circuit breaker control

The ENA_CLOSE input, that is, enable the closing of the circuit breaker, in the
breaker control function block CBXCBR is a combination of the status of the Master
Trip. The open operation is always enabled.

If the ENA_CLOSE signal is completely removed from the breaker

control function block CBXCBR with SMT, the function assumes
that the breaker close commands are allowed continuously.

A071362 V3 EN

Figure 32: Alarm indication

The signal outputs from the IED have been connected to give dedicated information
on:
• start of any protection function SO1 (X100:10-12)
• operation (trip) of any protection function SO2 (X100:13-14).

REF615 67
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

The two TPGAPC blocks 1 and 2 are timers and used for setting the minimum pulse
length for the outputs. There are four generic timers (TPGAPC1..4) available in the
IED. The remaining ones not described in the functional diagram are available in
SMT for connection where applicable.

3.6 Standard configuration D including non-directional

earth-fault protection and CB condition monitoring

3.6.1 Applications
The standard configuration for non-directional earth-fault protection is mainly
intended for cable and overhead line feeder applications in directly or resistance
earthed distribution networks. The IED with this standard configuration is delivered
from the factory with default settings and parameters. The end-user flexibility for
incoming, outgoing and internal signal designation within the IED enables this
configuration to be further adapted to different primary circuit layouts and the related
functionality needs by modifying the internal functionality with SMT and PST.

3.6.2 Functions
Table 15: Functions included in the REF615 standard configuration with non-directional earth-
fault protection
Function IEC 61850 IEC ANSI
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHLPTOC1 3I> 51P-1
protection, low stage
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHHPTOC1 3I>> (1) 51P-2 (1)
protection, high stage, instance 1
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHHPTOC2 3I>> (2) 51P-2 (2)
protection, high stage, instance 2
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHIPTOC1 3I>>> 50P/51P
protection, instantaneous stage
Arc protection ARCSARC1 ARC (1) 50L/50NL (1)
ARCSARC2 ARC (2) 50L/50NL (2)
ARCSARC3 ARC (3) 50L/50NL (3)
Non-directional earth-fault protection, low stage EFLPTOC1 I0> (1) 51N-1 (1)

Non-directional earth-fault protection, low stage EFLPTOC2 I0> (2) 51N-1 (2)
(Non-directional sensitive earth-fault)
Non-directional earth-fault protection, high stage EFHPTOC1 I0>> 51N-2

Non-directional earth-fault protection, EFIPTOC1 I0>>> 50N/51N

instantaneous stage
Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, NSPTOC1 I2> (1) 46 (1)
instance 1
Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, NSPTOC2 I2> (2) 46 (2)
instance 2
Phase discontinuity PDNSPTOC1 I2/I1> 46PD

Table continues on next page

68 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

Function IEC 61850 IEC ANSI

Three-phase inrush detector INRPHAR1 3I2f> 68
Three-phase thermal protection for feeders, T1PTTR1 3Ith> 49F
cables and distribution transformers
Autoreclosure DARREC1 O→I 79
Circuit breaker failure protection CCBRBRF1 3I>/I0>BF 51BF/51NBF

Master trip TRPPTRC1 Master Trip (1) 94/86 (1)

TRPPTRC2 Master Trip (2) 94/86 (2)
Trip circuit supervision, instance 1 TCSSCBR1 TCS (1) TCM (1)
Trip circuit supervision, instance 2 TCSSCBR2 TCS (2) TCM (2)
Disturbance recorder RDRE1 - -
Circuit breaker condition monitoring SSCBR1 CBCM CBCM
Three-phase current measurement CMMXU1 3I 3I
Sequence current measurement CSMSQI1 I1, I2, I0 I1, I2, I0

Residual current measurement RESCMMXU1 I0 In

[Link] Default I/O connections

Binary Input Default usage Connector-Pins
X110-BI2 Auto Reclose External Start Command X110-3,4
X110-BI3 Circuit Breaker low Gas Pressure indication X110-5,6
X110-BI4 Circuit Breaker Spring Charged indication X110-6,7
X110-BI5 CB Truck in (Service position) indication X110-8,9
X110-BI6 CB Truck out (Test position) indication X110-10,9
X110-BI7 Earthing Switch Closed indication X110-11,12
X110-BI8 Earthing Switch Open indication X110-13,12
X120-BI1 Blocking of Overcurrent Instantaneous Stage X120-1,2
X120-BI2 Circuit Breaker Closed indication X120-3,2
X120-BI3 Circuit Breaker Open indication X120-4,2
X120-BI4 Reset of Master Trip Lockout X120-5,6

Binary Output Default usage Connector-Pins

X100-PO1 Close Circuit Breaker X100-6,7
X100-PO2 Circuit Breaker Failure protection trip to upstream breaker X100-8,9
X100-PO3 Open Circuit Breaker / trip coil 1 X100-16,17,18,19
X100-PO4 Open Circuit Breaker / trip coil 2 X100-20,21,22,23
X100-SO1 General Start Indication X100-10,11,12
X100-SO2 General Operate Indication X100-13,14,15
X110-SO1 Upstream Overcurrent Blocking X110-14,15,16
X110-SO2 Overcurrent Operate Alarm X110-17,18,19
X110-SO3 Earth fault Operate Alarm X110-20,21,22

REF615 69
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

LED Default usage

1 Non-Directional Overcurrent Operate
2 Non-Directional Earth fault Operate
3 Sensitive Earth fault Operate
4 Negative Seq. Overcurrent/Phase Discontinuity Operate
5 Thermal Overload Alarm
6 Breaker Failure Operate
7 Disturbance Recorder Triggered
8 Circuit Breaker Condition Monitoring Alarm
9 Trip Circuit Supervision Alarm
10 ARC Protection Operate
11 Auto Reclose in Progress

3.6.3 Functional diagrams

The functional diagrams describe the default input, output, alarm LED and function-
to-function connections. The default connections can be viewed with SMT and
changed according to the application requirements, if necessary.

The analog channels, measurements from CTs and VTs, have fixed connections
towards the different function blocks inside the IED’s standard configuration.
Exceptions from this rule are the 12 analog channels available for the disturbance
recorder function. These channels are freely selectable and a part of the disturbance
recorder’s parameter settings, thus not included in the SMT functionality.

The analog channels are assigned to different functions as shown in the functional
diagrams. The common signal marked with 3I represents the three phase currents.
The signal marked with I0 represents the measured residual current, via a summation
connection of the phase current transformers.

[Link] Functional diagrams for protection

The following functional diagrams describe the IED’s protection functionality in

detail and according to the factory set default connections in SMT.

70 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

A071364 V4 EN

Figure 33: Overcurrent protection

Four overcurrent stages are offered for overcurrent and short-circuit protection. The
instantaneous stage (PHIPTOC1) can be blocked by energizing the binary input 1
(X120:1-2). Two negative sequence overcurrent stages (NPSTOC1 and NPSTOC2)
are offered for phase unbalance protection. The inrush detection block’s
(INRPHAR1) output BLK2H caters the possibility to either block the function or
multiply the active settings for any of the shown protection function blocks.

All operate signals are connected to the Master Trip and also to the alarm LEDs. LED
1 is used for overcurrent and LED 4 for negative sequence overcurrent protection
operate indication. LED 4 is also used for phase discontinuity protection operate
indication.

The upstream blocking from the start of the overcurrent second high stage
(PHHPTOC2) is connected to the output SO1 (X110:14-16). This output is used for
sending a blocking signal to the relevant overcurrent protection stage of the IED at
the infeeding bay.

There are four IED variant specific setting groups. Parameters can be set
independently for each setting group.

REF615 71
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

The active setting group (1...4) can be changed with a parameter. The change of an
active setting group can also be made via a binary input if the binary input is enabled
for this. To enable the change of an active setting group via a binary input, connect
a free binary input with SMT to the ActSG input of the SGCB-block.

Table 16: Binary input states and corresponding active setting groups
BI State Active setting group
OFF 1
ON 2

The active setting group defined by a parameter is overridden when a binary input is
enabled for changing the active setting group.

EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

EFLPTOC1
I0 >

51N-1
I0 START
BLOCK OPERATE
ENA_MULT

EFHPTOC1
I0 >>

51N-2
I0 START
BLOCK OPERATE
ENA_MULT

OR LED2 (EF OPERATE)

EFIPTOC1
I0 >>>

50N
I0 START
BLOCK OPERATE
ENA_MULT

SENSITIVE EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

EFLPTOC2
I0 >

51N-1
I0 START
BLOCK OPERATE LED3 (SEF OPERATE)
ENA_MULT

A071350 V4 EN

Figure 34: Non-directional earth-fault protection

Four stages are offered for non-directional earth-fault protection. One stage is
dedicated to sensitive earth-fault protection.

All operate signals are connected to the Master Trip and also to the alarm LEDs. LED
2 is used for directional earth-fault and LED 3 for the sensitive earth-fault protection
operate indication.

72 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

A071352 V4 EN

Figure 35: Phase discontinuity, thermal overload and circuit breaker failure
protection

The phase discontinuity protection (PDNSPTOC1) provides protection for

interruptions in the normal three-phase load supply, for example, in downed
conductor situations. The thermal overload protection (T1PTTR1) provides
indication on overload situations. The operate signal of the phase discontinuity
protection is connected to the Master Trip and also to the alarm LEDs. LED 4 is used
for the phase discontinuity protection operate indication, the same as for negative
sequence overcurrent protection operate indication, and LED 5 is used for the thermal
overload protection alarm indication.

The breaker failure protection (CCBRBRF1) is initiated via the start input by a
number of different protection stages in the IED. The breaker failure protection
function offers different operating modes associated with the circuit breaker position
and the measured phase and residual currents. The breaker failure protection has two
operating outputs: TRRET and TRBU. The TRRET operate output is used for re-
tripping its own breaker through the Master Trip 2. The TRBU output is used to give
a back-up trip to the breaker feeding upstream. For this purpose, the TRBU operate
output signal is connected to the output PO2 (X100: 8-9). LED 6 is used for back-up
(TRBU) operate indication.

REF615 73
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

A071370 V4 EN

Figure 36: Arc protection

ARC protection (ARCSARC1-3) and autoreclosing (DARREC1) are included as

optional functions.

The ARC protection offers individual function blocks for three ARC sensors that can
be connected to the IED. Each ARC protection function block has two different
operation modes, with or without the phase and residual current check. Operate
signals from the ARC protection function blocks are connected to the Master Trip
and also to the alarm LED 10 as a common operate indication.

The autorecloser is configured to be initiated by operate signals from a number of

protection stages through the INIT1-5 inputs. The INIT6 input in the autorecloser
function block is controlled by a binary input 2 (X110:3-4) enabling the use of the

74 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

external start command. It is possible to create individual autoreclose sequences for

each input.

The autoreclose function can be blocked with the INHIBIT_RECL input. As a default,
the operation of some selected protection functions are connected to this input. A
control command to the circuit breaker, either local or remote, also blocks the
autoreclose function via the CBXCBR-selected signal.

The circuit breaker availability for the autoreclosure sequence is expressed with the
binary input 4 (X110:6-7) by connecting the input signal to the CB_RDY input. In
case this signal is completely removed from the autoreclose function block with SMT,
the function assumes that the breaker is available all the time.

The autoreclose sequence in progress indication is connected to the alarm LED 11.

[Link] Functional diagram for disturbance recorder and trip circuit supervision
DISTURBANCE RECORDER

RDRE1
PHLPTOC1-start BI#1 TRIGGERED LED7 (DR TRIGGERED)
PHHPTOC1-start BI#2
PHHPTOC2-start BI#3
PHIPTOC1-start BI#4
NSPTOC1-start BI#5
NSPTOC2-start BI#6

PHLPTOC1-operate EFLPTOC1-start BI#7

EFHPTOC1-start BI#8
PHHPTOC1-operate EFIPTOC1-start BI#9
OR
PHHPTOC2-operate EFLPTOC2-start BI#10
PHIPTOC1-operate BI#11
PDNSPTOC1-start BI#12
T1PTTR1-start BI#13
NSPTOC1-operate CCRBRF1-trret BI#14
OR
NSPTOC2-operate CCRBRF1-trbu BI#15
BI#16
EFLPTOC11-operate BI#17
EFHPTOC1-operate OR BI#18

EFIPTOC1-operate BI#19
X110 EFLPTOC2-operate BI#20

3 BI 2 (AR ext. start) PDNSPTOC1-operate BI#21

INRPHAR1-blk2h BI#22
4 T1PTTR1-operate BI#23
BI#24

ARCSARC1-fault_arc_det ARCSARC1-operate BI#25

ARCSARC2-operate BI#26
ARCSARC2-fault_arc_det OR ARCSARC3-operate BI#27
ARCSARC3-fault_arc_det DARREC1-inpro BI#28
BI#29
DARREC1-close cb BI#30

DARREC1-unsuc_recl OR BI#31
BI#32

BI 1(Blocking)
BI 2 (CB Closed)
BI 3 (CB Open)

TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION

TCSSCBR1
TRPPTRC1- trip OR BLOCK ALARM
OR LED9 (TCS ALARM)
TRPPTRC2- trip

TCSSCBR2
BLOCK ALARM

A071372 V4 EN

Figure 37: Disturbance recorder

The disturbance recorder has 64 digital inputs, of which 32 are connected as default.
All start and operate signals from the protection stages are routed to trigger the
disturbance recorder or alternatively only to be recorded by the disturbance recorder
depending on the parameter settings. Additionally, the selected autorecloser, the ARC

REF615 75
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

protection signals and the three binary inputs from X120 are also connected, as well
as the autorecloser external start command from the binary input 2 (X110:3-4).

Two separate TCS functions are included: TCSSCBR1 for PO3 (X100:16-19) and
TCSSCBR2 for PO4 (X100:20-23). Both functions are blocked by the Master Trip
(TRPPTRC1 and TRPPTRC2) and the circuit breaker open position signal. The TCS
alarm indication is connected to LED 9.

[Link] Functional diagrams for control and interlocking

A071358 V4 EN

Figure 38: Master trip

The operate signals from the protections described above are connected to the two
trip output contacts PO3 (X100:16-19) and PO4 (X100:20-23) via the corresponding
Master Trips TRPPTRC1 and TRPPTRC2. The open control commands to the circuit
breaker from local or remote CBXCBR1-exe_op or from the auto-recloser
DARREC1-open_cb are connected directly to the output PO3 (X100:16-19).

The TRPPTRC1 and 2 blocks provide the lockout/latching function, event generation
and the trip signal duration setting. If the lockout operation mode is selected, the
binary input 4 (X120:5-6) is assigned to the RST_LKOUT input of the Master Trip
to enable external reset with a push button.

76 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

A071376 V4 EN

Figure 39: Circuit breaker control

There are three disconnector status blocks (DCSXSWI1…3) available in the IED.
The remaining two not described in the functional diagram are available in SMT for
connection where applicable.

The binary inputs 5 and 6 of the additional card X110 are used for busbar disconnector
(DCSXSWI1) or circuit breaker truck position indication.
Primary device position Input to be energized
Input 5 (X110:8-9) Input 6 (X110:10-9)
Busbar disconnector closed X
Busbar disconnector open X
CB truck in service position X
CB truck in test position X

The binary inputs 7 and 8 (X110:11-13) are for the position indication of the line side
earthing switch.

The circuit breaker closing is enabled when the ENA_CLOSE input is activated. This
can be done by the configuration logic, which is a combination of the disconnector
or breaker truck and earthing switch position statuses and the statuses of the master

REF615 77
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

trip logics and gas pressure alarm and circuit breaker spring charging. The OKPOS
output from the DCSXSWI block defines if the disconnector or breaker truck is
definitely either open/in test position or close/in service position. This, together with
the open earthing switch and non-active trip signals, activates the close-enable signal
to the circuit breaker control function block. The open operation is always enabled.
The auto-recloser close command signals are directly connected to the output contact
PO1 (X100:6-7).

If the ENA_CLOSE signal is completely removed from the breaker

control function block CBXCBR with SMT, the function assumes
that the breaker close commands are allowed continuously.

The ITL_BYPASS input can be used, for example, to always enable the closing of
the circuit breaker when the circuit breaker truck is out in the test position, despite of
the interlocking conditions being active when the circuit breaker truck is closed in
service position.

The circuit breaker condition monitoring function (SSCBR) supervises the circuit
breaker status based on the binary input information connected and measured current
levels. The function introduces various supervision methods. The corresponding
supervision alarm signals are routed to LED 8.

78 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

A071378 V4 EN

Figure 40: Alarm indication

The signal outputs from the IED are connected to give dedicated information on:
• start of any protection function SO1 (X100:10-12)
• operation (trip) of any protection function SO2 (X100:13-14)
• operation (trip) of any stage of the overcurrent protection function SO2
(X110:17-19)
• operation (trip) of any stage of the earth fault protection function SO3
(X110:20-22).

The two TPGAPC blocks 1 and 2 are timers and used for setting the minimum pulse
length for the outputs. There are four generic timers (TPGAPC1..4) available in the
IED. The remaining ones not described in the functional diagram are available in
SMT for connection where applicable.

REF615 79
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

3.7 Standard configuration E including directional earth-

fault protection with phase-voltage measurement

3.7.1 Applications
The standard configuration for directional earth-fault protection is mainly intended
for cable and overhead line feeder applications in isolated and resonant-earthed
distribution networks. The IED with this standard configuration is delivered from the
factory with default settings and parameters. The end-user flexibility for incoming,
outgoing and internal signal designation within the IED enables this configuration to
be further adapted to different primary circuit layouts and the related functionality
needs by modifying the internal functionality using PCM600.

3.7.2 Functions
Table 17: Functions included in the REF615 standard configuration including directional earth-
fault protection with phase voltage measurement
Function IEC 61850 IEC ANSI
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHLPTOC1 3I> 51P-1
protection, low stage
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHHPTOC1 3I>> (1) 51P-2 (1)
protection, high stage, instance 1
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHHPTOC2 3I>> (2) 51P-2 (2)
protection, high stage, instance 2
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHIPTOC1 3I>>> 50P/51P
protection, instantaneous stage
Arc protection ARCSARC1 ARC (1) 50L/50NL (1)
ARCSARC2 ARC (2) 50L/50NL (2)
ARCSARC3 ARC (3) 50L/50NL (3)
Directional earth-fault protection, low stage, DEFLPDEF1 I0> → (1) 67N-1 (1)
instance 1
Directional earth-fault protection, low stage, DEFLPDEF2 I0> → (2) 67N-1 (2)
instance 2
Directional earth-fault protection, high stage DEFHPDEF1 I0>> → 67N-2

Transient/intermittent earth-fault protection INTRPTEF1 I0> → IEF 67NIEF

Non-directional earth-fault protection, high EFHPTOC1 I0>> 51N-2

stage, calculated I0 current (Double earth-fault
protection)
Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, NSPTOC1 I2> (1) 46 (1)
instance 1
Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, NSPTOC2 I2> (2) 46 (2)
instance 2
Phase discontinuity PDNSPTOC1 I2/I1> 46PD

Three-phase inrush detector INRPHAR1 3I2f> 68

Three-phase thermal protection for feeders, T1PTTR1 3Ith> 49F
cables and distribution transformers
Table continues on next page

80 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

Function IEC 61850 IEC ANSI

Autoreclosure DARREC1 O→I 79
Circuit breaker failure protection CCBRBRF1 3I>/I0>BF 51BF/51NBF

Master Trip TRPPTRC1 Master trip (1) 94/86 (1)

TRPPTRC2 Master trip (2) 94/86 (2)
Trip circuit supervision, instance 1 TCSSCBR1 TCS (1) TCM (1)
Trip circuit supervision, instance 2 TCSSCBR2 TCS (2) TCM (2)
Disturbance recorder RDRE1 - -
Circuit breaker condition monitoring SSCBR1 CBCM CBCM
Three-phase current measurement CMMXU1 3I 3I
Sequence current measurement CSMSQI1 I1, I2, I0 I1, I2, I0

Residual current measurement RESCMMXU1 I0 In

Residual voltage measurement RESVMMXU1 U0 Vn

Three-phase voltage measurement VMMXU1 3U 3U

Voltage sequence components measurement VSMSQI1 U1, U2, U0 U1, U2, U0

Power and energy measurement PEMMXU1 P, E P, E

[Link] Default I/O connections

Binary input Default usage Connector pins
X110-BI1 MCB open X110-1,2
Directional Earth Fault Protection's Basic Angle
X110-BI2 Control X110-3,4
X110-BI3 Circuit breaker low gas pressure alarm X110-5,6
X110-BI4 CB spring charged indication X110-7,6
X110-BI5 CB Truck in (Service position) indication X110-8,9
X110-BI6 CB Truck out (Test position) indication X110-10,9
X110-BI7 Earthing switch closed indication X110-11,12
X110-BI8 Earthing switch open indication X110-13,12
X120-BI1 Blocking of overcurrent instantaneous stage X120-1,2
X120-BI2 Circuit Breaker Closed indication X120-3,2
X120-BI3 Circuit Breaker Open indication X120-4,2
X120-BI4 Lock-out reset X120-5,6

Binary output Default usage Connector pins

X100-PO1 Close circuit breaker X100-6,7
X100-PO2 Breaker failure backup trip to upstream breaker X100-8,9
X100-SO1 General Start indication X100-10,11,(12)
X100-SO2 General Operate indication X100-13,14
X100-PO3 Open Circuit Breaker/trip coil 1 X100-15-19
Table continues on next page

REF615 81
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

Binary output Default usage Connector pins

X100-PO4 Open Circuit Breaker/trip coil 2 X100-20-24
X110-SO1 Upstream Overcurrent Blocking X110-14,15
X110-SO2 Over current operate Alarm X110-17,18
X110-SO3 Earth fault operate Alarm X110-20,21

LED Default usage

1 Non-directional overcurrent protection operated
2 Directional earth-fault protection operated
3 Non-directional earth-fault protection operated
4 Negative-sequence overcurrent or phase discontinuity protection operated
5 Thermal overload protection operated
6 Circuit-breaker failure protection backup protection operated
7 Disturbance recorder triggered
8 Circuit-breaker condition monitoring alarm
9 Supervision alarm
10 Arc fault detected
11 Autoreclose in progress

3.7.3 Functional diagrams

The functional diagrams describe the default input, output, alarm LED and function-
to-function connections. The default connections can be viewed with SMT and
changed according to the application requirements, if necessary.

The analog channels, measurements from CTs and VTs, have fixed connections
towards the different function blocks inside the IED’s standard configuration.
Exceptions from this rule are the 12 analog channels available for the disturbance
recorder function. These channels are freely selectable and a part of the disturbance
recorder’s parameter settings, thus not included in the SMT functionality.

The analog channels are assigned to different functions as shown in the functional
diagrams. The common signal marked with 3I represents the three phase currents.
The signal marked with I0 represents the measured residual current via a core balance
CT. The signal marked with U0 represents the measured residual voltage via open
delta connected VTs.

The EFHPTOC protection function block for double (cross-country) earth-faults uses
the calculated residual current originating from the measured phase currents.

[Link] Functional diagrams for protection

The following functional diagrams describe the IED’s protection functionality in

detail and according to the factory set default connections in SMT.

82 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

Four overcurrent stages are available for overcurrent and short-circuit protection. The
instantaneous stage (PHIPTOC1) can be blocked by energizing the binary input 1
(X120:1-2). Two negative-sequence overcurrent stages (NSPTOC1 and NSPTOC2)
are available for phase unbalance protection. The inrush detection block’s
(INRPHAR1) output BLK2H enables either blocking the function or multiplying the
active settings for any of the shown protection function blocks.

GUID-37D627C4-6097-4322-BACC-161CC6039EC5 V1 EN

Figure 41: Overcurrent protection and inrush indication

All operate signals are connected to the Master Trip and also to the alarm LEDs.
LED1 is used for overcurrent and LED 4 for negative sequence overcurrent protection
operate indication. LED 4 is also used for phase discontinuity protection operate
indication.

The upstream blocking from the start of the overcurrent second high stage
(PHHPTOC2) is connected to the output SO1 (X110:14-16). This output is used for
sending a blocking signal to the relevant overcurrent protection stage of the IED at
the infeeding bay.

There are four IED variant specific setting groups. Parameters can be set
independently for each setting group.

The active setting group (1...4) can be changed with a parameter or via a binary input
if the binary input is enabled for this. To enable the change of an active setting group

REF615 83
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

via a binary input, connect a free binary input with SMT to the ActSG input of the
SGCB-block.

Table 18: Binary input states and corresponding active setting groups
BI state Active setting group
OFF 1
ON 2

The active setting group defined by a parameter is overridden when a binary input is
enabled for changing the active setting group.

Three stages are offered for directional earth-fault protection. In addition, there is a
dedicated protection stage (INTRPTEF) either for transient based earth-fault
protection or for cable intermittent earth-fault protection in compensated networks.

A dedicated non-directional earth-fault protection block (EFHPTOC) is intended for

protection against double earth-fault situations in isolated or compensated networks.
This protection function uses the calculated residual current originating from the
phase currents.

The binary input 2 (X110:3-4) is intended for directional earth-fault protection

blocks’ Relay Characteristic Angle (RCA: 0°/-90°) or operation mode (I0Sinφ/
I0Cosφ) change. All operate signals are connected to the Master Trip and also to the
alarm LEDs. LED 2 is used for directional earth-fault and LED 3 for double earthfault
protection operate indication.

84 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

GUID-1F3C1F26-6F11-4250-9476-82C47C3AC570 V1 EN

Figure 42: Earth-fault protection

The phase discontinuity protection (PDNSPTOC1) provides protection for

interruptions in the normal three-phase load supply, for example, in downed
conductor situations. The thermal overload protection (T1PTTR1) provides
indication on overload situations. The operate signal of the phase discontinuity
protection is connected to the Master Trip and also to an alarm LED. LED 4 is used
for the phase discontinuity protection operate indication, the same as for negative
sequence overcurrent protection operate indication, and LED 5 is used for the thermal
overload protection alarm indication.

The breaker failure protection (CCBRBRF1) is initiated via the start input by a
number of different protection stages in the IED. The breaker failure protection
function offers different operating modes associated with the circuit breaker position
and the measured phase and residual currents. The breaker failure protection has two
operating outputs: TRRET and TRBU. The TRRET operate output is used for
retripping its own breaker through the Master Trip 2. The TRBU output is used to
give a back-up trip to the breaker feeding upstream. For this purpose, the TRBU
operate output signal is connected to the output PO2 (X100: 8-9). LED 6 is used for
back-up (TRBU) operate indication.

REF615 85
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

GUID-8BD4614B-2C4D-475E-ADC3-A376E213BF3C V1 EN

Figure 43: Phase discontinuity, thermal overload and circuit breaker failure
protection

ARC protection (ARCSARC1...3) and autoreclosing (DARREC1) are included as

optional functions.

The ARC protection offers individual function blocks for three ARC sensors that can
be connected to the IED. Each ARC protection function block has two different
operation modes, with or without the phase and residual current check. Operate
signals from the ARC protection function blocks are connected to the Master Trip
and also to the alarm LED 10 as a common operate indication.

86 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

GUID-86A27183-AE21-4420-AA8D-B53A43C77BBE V1 EN

Figure 44: Arc protection

The autorecloser is configured to be initiated by operate signals from a number of

protection stages through the INIT1-5 inputs. It is possible to create individual
autoreclose sequences for each input.

The autoreclose function can be blocked with the INHIBIT_RECL input. As a default,
the operation of some selected protection functions are connected to this input. A
control command to the circuit breaker, either local or remote, also blocks the
autoreclose function via the CBXCBR-selected signal.

The circuit breaker availability for the autoreclosure sequence is expressed with the
binary input 4 (X110:6-7) by connecting the input signal to the CB_RDY input. In
case this signal is completely removed from the autoreclose function block with SMT,
the function assumes that the breaker is available all the time.

REF615 87
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

The autoreclose sequence in progress indication is connected to the alarm LED 11.

[Link] Functional diagram for disturbance recorder and trip circuit supervision

GUID-4BE45287-D708-41F3-851A-084A9AC3265E V1 EN

Figure 45: Disturbance recorder

The disturbance recorder has 64 digital inputs, of which 35 are connected as default.
All start and operate signals from the protection stages are routed either to trigger the
disturbance recorder or to be recorded by the disturbance recorder, depending on the
parameter settings. Additionally, the selected autorecloser, the ARC protection
signals and the three binary inputs from X120 are also connected.

Two separate TCS functions are included: TCSSCBR1 for PO3 (X100:16-19) and
TCSSCBR2 for PO4 (X100:20-23). Both functions are blocked by the Master Trip
(TRPPTRC1 and TRPPTRC2) and the circuit breaker open position signal. The TCS
alarm indication is connected to LED 9.

88 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

The fuse failure supervision provides functionality for detecting failures in voltage
measurement circuits. Failures, such as open miniature circuit breaker, are detected
and the alarm is connected to the supervision alarm LED 9.

Failures in current measuring circuits are detected by the current measuring circuit
supervision function CCRDIF. When a failure is detected, the blocking signal is
activated in current protection functions measuring calculated sequence component
currents, and unnecessary operation can be avoided. The alarm signal is connected
to supervision alarm LED 9.

GUID-48DD2A49-CF29-4088-914B-7AE1629E18CA V1 EN

Figure 46: Trip circuit supervision

[Link] Functional diagrams for control and interlocking

The operate signals from the protections are connected to the two trip output contacts
PO3 (X100:16-19) and PO4 (X100:20-23) via the corresponding Master Trips
TRPPTRC1 and TRPPTRC2. Open control commands to the circuit breaker from
local or remote CBXCBR1-exe_op or from the autorecloser DARREC1-open_cb are
connected directly to the output PO3 (X100:16-19).

REF615 89
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

GUID-4963C315-60C2-4C60-BE7F-B18D87A8D35E V1 EN

Figure 47: Master trip

The TRPPTRC1 and 2 blocks provide the lockout/latching function, event generation
and the trip signal duration setting. If the lockout operation mode is selected, one
binary input can be re-assigned to the RST_LKOUT input of the Master Trip to enable
external reset with a push button.

There are three disconnector status blocks (DCSXSWI1…3) available in the IED.
The remaining two not described in the functional diagram are available in SMT for
connection where applicable.

90 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

GUID-4DED2926-A92A-4F6A-BCAA-7D9CD24ACFC8 V1 EN

Figure 48: Circuit breaker control

The binary inputs 5 and 6 of the additional card X110 are used for busbar disconnector
(DCSXSWI1) or circuit breaker truck position indication.

Table 19: Device positions indicated by binary inputs 5 and 6

Primary device position Input to be energized
Input 5 (X110:8-9) Input 6 (X110:10-9)
Busbar disconnector closed X
Busbar disconnector open X
CB truck in service position X
CB truck in test position X

The binary inputs 7 and 8 (X110:11-13) are for the position indication of the line side
earthing switch.

The circuit breaker closing is enabled when the ENA_CLOSE input is activated. The
input can be activated by the configuration logic, which is a combination of the
disconnector or breaker truck and earthing switch position statuses and the statuses
of the master trip logics and gas pressure alarm and circuit breaker spring charging.
The OKPOS output from the DCSXSWI block defines if the disconnector or breaker
truck is definitely either open/in test position or close/in service position. This,

REF615 91
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

together with the open earthing switch and non-active trip signals, activates the close-
enable signal to the circuit breaker control function block. The open operation is
always enabled. The autorecloser close command signals are directly connected to
the output contact PO1 (X100:6-7).

If the ENA_CLOSE signal is completely removed from the breaker

control function block CBXCBR with SMT, the function assumes
that the breaker close commands are allowed continuously.

The ITL_BYPASS input can be used, for example, to always enable the closing of
the circuit breaker when the circuit breaker truck is out in the test position, despite of
the interlocking conditions being active when the circuit breaker truck is closed in
service position.

The circuit breaker condition monitoring function (SSCBR) supervises the circuit
breaker status based on the binary input information connected and measured current
levels. The function introduces various supervision methods. The corresponding
supervision alarm signals are routed to LED 8.

GUID-572DA8CC-7A7D-4F9F-87C5-272A4283FB3E V1 EN

Figure 49: Alarm indication

The signal outputs from the IED are connected to give dedicated information on:

92 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

• Start of any protection function SO1 (X100:10-12)

• Operation (trip) of any protection function SO2 (X100:13-14)
• Operation (trip) of any stage of the overcurrent protection function SO2
(X110:17-19)
• Operation (trip) of any stage of the earth-fault protection function SO3
(X110:20-22)

The two TPGAPC blocks 1 and 2 are timers and used for setting the minimum pulse
length for the outputs. There are four generic timers (TPGAPC1..4) available in the
IED. The remaining ones not described in the functional diagram are available in
SMT for connection where applicable.

3.8 Standard configuration F including directional

overcurrent protection with voltage protection

3.8.1 Applications
The standard configuration for directional overcurrent protection is mainly intended
for cable and overhead line feeder applications in isolated and resonant-earthed
distribution networks, where directional protections are necessary to improve the
selectivity of the fault detection. The standard configuration includes phase voltage
and residual voltage protection and measurement and also power and energy
measurement.

The IED with this standard configuration is delivered from the factory with default
settings and parameters. The end-user flexibility for incoming, outgoing and internal
signal designation within the IED enables this configuration to be further adapted to
different primary circuit layouts and the related functionality needs by modifying the
internal functionality with SMT and PST.

3.8.2 Functions
Table 20: Functions included in the REF615 standard configuration including directional
overcurrent protection with voltage protection
Function IEC 61850 IEC ANSI
Three-phase directional overcurrent protection, DPHLPDOC1 3I> → (1) 67-1 (1)
low stage, instance 1
Three-phase directional overcurrent protection, DPHLPDOC2 3I> → (2) 67-1 (2)
low stage, instance 2
Three-phase directional overcurrent protection, DPHHPDOC1 3I>> → 67-2
high stage
Three-phase non-directional overcurrent PHIPTOC1 3I>>> 50P/51P
protection, instantaneous stage
Arc protection ARCSARC1 ARC (1) 50L/50NL (1)
ARCSARC2 ARC (2) 50L/50NL (2)
ARCSARC3 ARC (3) 50L/50NL (3)
Table continues on next page

REF615 93
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

Function IEC 61850 IEC ANSI

Directional earth-fault protection, low stage, DEFLPDEF1 I0> → (1) 67N-1 (1)
instance 1
Directional earth-fault protection, low stage, DEFLPDEF2 I0> → (2) 67N-1 (2)
instance 2
Directional earth-fault protection, high stage DEFHPDEF1 I0>> → 67N-2

Transient/intermittent earth-fault protection INTRPTEF1 I0> → IEF 67NIEF

Non-directional earth-fault protection, high EFHPTOC1 I0>> 51N-2

stage, calculated I0 current (Double earth-fault
protection)
Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, NSPTOC1 I2> (1) 46 (1)
instance 1
Negative-sequence overcurrent protection, NSPTOC2 I2> (2) 46 (2)
instance 2
Phase discontinuity PDNSPTOC1 I2/I1> 46PD

Three-phase inrush detector INRPHAR1 3I2f> 68

Three-phase undervoltage protection PHTUV1 3U< (1) 27 (1)
PHTUV2 3U< (2) 27 (2)
PHTUV3 3U< (3) 27 (3)
Three-phase overvoltage protection PHTOV1 3U> (1) 59 (1)
PHTOV2 3U> (2) 59 (2)
PHTOV3 3U> (3) 59 (3)
Residual overvoltage protection ROVPTOV1 U0> (1) 59G (1)
ROVPTOV2 U0> (2) 59G (2)
ROVPTOV3 U0> (3) 59G (3)

Positive-sequence undervoltage protection PSPTUV U 1< 47U+

Negative-sequence overvoltage protection NSPTOV U 2> 47O-

Three-phase thermal protection for feeders, T1PTTR1 3Ith> 49F

cables and distribution transformers
Autoreclosure DARREC1 O→I 79
Circuit breaker failure protection CCBRBRF1 3I>/I0>BF 51BF/51NBF

Master Trip TRPPTRC1 Master trip (1) 94/86 (1)

TRPPTRC2 Master trip (2) 94/86 (2)
Trip circuit supervision, instance 1 TCSSCBR1 TCS (1) TCM (1)
Trip circuit supervision, instance 2 TCSSCBR2 TCS (2) TCM (2)
Disturbance recorder RDRE1 - -
Circuit breaker condition monitoring SSCBR1 CBCM CBCM
Three-phase current measurement CMMXU1 3I 3I
Sequence current measurement CSMSQI1 I1, I2, I0 I1, I2, I0

Residual current measurement RESCMMXU1 I0 In

Residual voltage measurement RESVMMXU1 U0 Vn

Three-phase voltage measurement VMMXU1 3U 3U

Voltage sequence components measurement VSMSQI1 U1, U2, U0 U1, U2, U0

Power and energy measurement PEMMXU1 P, E P, E

94 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

[Link] Default I/O connections

Binary input Default usage Connector pins
X110-BI1 MCB open X110-1,2
Directional Earth Fault Protection's Basic Angle
X110-BI2 Control X110-3,4
X110-BI3 Circuit breaker low gas pressure indication X110-5,6
X110-BI4 CB spring charged indication X110-7,6
X110-BI5 CB Truck in (Service position) indication X110-8,9
X110-BI6 CB Truck out (Test position) indication X110-10,9
X110-BI7 Earthing switch closed indication X110-11,12
X110-BI8 Earthing switch open indication X110-13,12
X120-BI1 Blocking of overcurrent instantaneous stage X120-1,2
X120-BI2 Circuit Breaker Closed indication X120-3,2
X120-BI3 Circuit Breaker Open indication X120-4,2
X120-BI4 Lock-out reset X120-5,6

Binary output Default usage Connector pins

X100-PO1 Close circuit breaker X100-6,7
X100-PO2 Breaker failure backup trip to upstream breaker X100-8,9
X100-SO1 General Start indication X100-10,11,(12)
X100-SO2 General Operate indication X100-13,14
X100-PO3 Open Circuit Breaker/trip coil 1 X100-15-19
X100-PO4 Open Circuit Breaker/trip coil 2 X100-20-24
X110-SO1 Upstream Overcurrent Blocking X110-14,15
X110-SO2 Over current operate Alarm X110-17,18
X110-SO3 Earth fault operate Alarm X110-20,21
X110-SO4 Voltage protection operate Alarm X110-23,24

LED Default usage

1 Overcurrent protection operated
2 Earth-fault protection operated
3 Voltage protection operated
4 Negative-sequence overcurrent or phase discontinuity protection operated
5 Thermal overload protection operated
6 Circuit-breaker failure protection backup protection operated
7 Disturbance recorder triggered
8 Circuit-breaker condition monitoring alarm
9 Supervision alarm
10 Arc fault detected
11 Autoreclose in progress

REF615 95
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

3.8.3 Functional diagrams

The functional diagrams describe the default input, output, alarm LED and function-
to-function connections. The default connections can be viewed with SMT and
changed according to the application requirements.

The analog channels, measurements from CTs and VTs, have fixed connections
towards the different function blocks inside the IED’s standard configuration.
Exceptions to this rule are the 12 analog channels available for the disturbance
recorder function. These channels are freely selectable and a part of the disturbance
recorder’s parameter settings, thus not included in the SMT functionality.

The analog channels are assigned to different functions as shown in the functional
diagrams. The common signal marked with 3I represents the three phase currents and
3U the three phase voltages. The signal marked with I0 represents the measured
residual current via a core balance CT. The signal marked with U0 represents the
measured residual voltage via open delta connected VTs.

The EFHPTOC protection function block for double (cross-country) earth faults uses
the calculated residual current originating from the measured phase currents.

[Link] Functional diagrams for protection

The following functional diagrams describe the IED’s protection functionality in

detail and according to the factory set default connections in SMT.

Four overcurrent stages are available for overcurrent and short-circuit protection.
Three of them include directional functionality (DPHxPDOC). The non-directional
instantaneous stage (PHIPTOC1) can be blocked by energizing the binary input 1
(X120:1-2). Two negative-sequence overcurrent stages (NSPTOC1 and NSPTOC2)
are available for phase unbalance protection. The inrush detection block’s
(INRPHAR1) output BLK2H enables either blocking the function or multiplying the
active settings for any of the shown protection function blocks.

96 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

GUID-F0BE506C-0A96-4AA2-AC55-FFD9BCD23951 V1 EN

Figure 50: Directional overcurrent protection and inrush indication

All operate signals are connected to the Master Trip and to the alarm LEDs. LED 1
is used for overcurrent and LED 4 for negative-sequence overcurrent protection
operate indication. LED 4 is also used for phase discontinuity protection operate
indication.

The upstream blocking from the start of the overcurrent second high stage
(PHHPTOC2) is connected to the output SO1 (X110:14-16). This output is used for
sending a blocking signal to the relevant overcurrent protection stage of the IED at
the infeeding bay.

There are four IED-variant-specific setting groups. Parameters can be set

independently for each setting group.

The active setting group (1...4) can be changed with a parameter. The active setting
group can also be changed via a binary input if the binary input is enabled for this.
To enable the change of an active setting group via a binary input, connect a free
binary input to the ActSG input of the SGCB-block with SMT.

Table 21: Binary input states and corresponding active setting groups
BI state Active setting group
OFF 1
ON 2

REF615 97
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

The active setting group defined by a parameter is overridden when a binary input is
enabled for changing the active setting group.

Three stages are offered for directional earth-fault protection. In addition, there is a
dedicated protection stage (INTRPTEF) either for transient-based earth-fault
protection or for cable intermittent earth-fault protection in compensated networks.

GUID-F82FE8A6-6AA1-44D9-8FE2-8B2C51CEA7AA V1 EN

Figure 51: Directional earth-fault protection

A dedicated non-directional earth-fault protection block (EFHPTOC) is intended for

protection against double earth-fault situations in isolated or compensated networks.
This protection function uses the calculated residual current originating from the
phase currents.

The binary input 2 (X110:3-4) is intended for directional earth-fault protection

blocks’ Relay Characteristic Angle (RCA: 0°/-90°) or operation mode (I0Sinφ/
I0Cosφ) change. All operate signals are connected to the Master Trip and also to the
alarm LED 2.

98 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

The phase discontinuity protection (PDNSPTOC1) provides protection for

interruptions in the normal three-phase load supply, for example, in downed
conductor situations. The thermal overload protection (T1PTTR1) provides
indication on overload situations. The operate signal of the phase discontinuity
protection is connected to the Master Trip and also to an alarm LED. LED 4 is used
for the phase discontinuity protection operate indication, the same as for negative-
sequence overcurrent protection operate indication, and LED 5 is used for the thermal
overload protection alarm indication.

GUID-5F0B30AD-0B3F-4B6D-BFAC-7209FA9DAACD V1 EN

Figure 52: Phase discontinuity, thermal overload and circuit breaker failure
protection

The breaker-failure protection (CCBRBRF1) is initiated via the start input by a

number of different protection stages in the IED. The breaker failure protection
function offers different operating modes associated with the circuit breaker position
and the measured phase and residual currents. The breaker failure protection has two
operating outputs: TRRET and TRBU. The TRRET operate output is used for
retripping its own breaker through the Master Trip 2. The TRBU output is used to
give a back-up trip to the breaker feeding upstream. For this purpose, the TRBU
operate output signal is connected to the output PO2 (X100: 8-9). LED 6 is used for
back-up (TRBU) operate indication.

ARC protection (ARCSARC1...3) and autorreclosing (DARREC1) are included as

optional functions.

REF615 99
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

GUID-EC907A8E-9CF0-4150-A394-FFBAF30A8725 V1 EN

Figure 53: Arc protection

The ARC protection offers individual function blocks for three ARC sensors that can
be connected to the IED. Each ARC protection function block has two different
operation modes, with or without the phase and residual current check. Operate
signals from the ARC protection function blocks are connected to the Master Trip
and also to the alarm LED 10 as a common operate indication.

The autorrecloser is configured to be initiated by operate signals from a number of

protection stages through the INIT1-5 inputs. It is possible to create individual
autorreclose sequences for each input.

The autorreclose function can be blocked with the INHIBIT_RECL input. As a

default, the operation of some selected protection functions are connected to this

100 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

input. A control command to the circuit breaker, either local or remote, also blocks
the autorreclose function via the CBXCBR-selected signal.

The circuit breaker availability for the autorreclosure sequence is expressed with the
binary input 4 (X110:6-7) by connecting the input signal to the CB_RDY input. In
case this signal is completely removed from the autorreclose function block with
SMT, the function assumes that the breaker is available all the time.

The autorreclose sequence in progress indication is connected to the alarm LED 11.

Three overvoltage and undervoltage protection stages (PHxPTOV and PHxPTUV)

offer protection against abnormal phase voltage conditions. The operation of voltage
functions is connected to alarm LED 3. A failure in the voltage measuring circuit is
detected by the fuse failure function and the activation is connected to undervoltage
protection functions to avoid faulty undervoltage tripping.

GUID-BCEB1C2E-BC64-4E79-8329-A5D9FCD7AB2F V1 EN

Figure 54: Overvoltage and undervoltage protection

Positive-sequence undervoltage (PSPTUV) and negative-sequence overvoltage

(NSPTOV) protection functions enable voltage-based unbalance protection. The
operation signals of voltage-sequence functions are connected to alarm LED 3, which
is a combined voltage protection alarm led.

REF615 101
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

GUID-A77D0608-E3F2-4D3D-8907-15034FC42D51 V1 EN

Figure 55: Positive-sequence undervoltage and negative-sequence

overvoltage protection

The residual overvoltage protection (ROVPTOV) provides earth fault protection by

detecting abnormal level of residual voltage. It can be used, for example, as a non-
selective backup protection for the selective directional earth-fault functionality. The
operation signal is connected to alarm LED 2.

GUID-54404411-CD8E-4277-A0A1-80B31CBD45EC V1 EN

Figure 56: Residual overvoltage protection

[Link] Functional diagram for disturbance recorder and trip circuit supervision

The disturbance recorder has 64 digital inputs, of which 35 are connected as default.
All start and operate signals from the protection stages are routed either to trigger the
disturbance recorder or to be recorded by the disturbance recorder depending on the
parameter settings. Additionally, the selected autorecloser, the ARC protection
signals and the three binary inputs from X120 are also connected.

102 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

GUID-A2EBA677-AEF4-451B-807B-20F50D5894C7 V1 EN

Figure 57: Disturbance recorder

Two separate TCS functions are included: TCSSCBR1 for PO3 (X100:16-19) and
TCSSCBR2 for PO4 (X100:20-23). Both functions are blocked by the Master Trip
(TRPPTRC1 and TRPPTRC2) and the circuit breaker open position signal. The TCS
alarm indication is connected to LED 9.

The fuse failure supervision provides functionality to detect failures in voltage

measurement circuits. Failures, such as open miniature circuit breaker, are detected,
and the alarm is connected to the supervision alarm LED 9.

Failures in current measuring circuits are also detected by the current measuring
circuit supervision function CCRDIF. When a failure is detected, the blocking signal
is activated in the current protection functions measuring the calculated sequence-
component currents. Thus, unnecessary operation can be avoided. The alarm signal
is connected to the supervision alarm LED 9.

REF615 103
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

GUID-F06A3FEF-2C72-49A4-928F-D301335EC2C6 V1 EN

Figure 58: Trip circuit supervision

[Link] Functional diagrams for control and interlocking

The operate signals from the protections are connected to the two trip output contacts
PO3 (X100:16-19) and PO4 (X100:20-23) via the corresponding Master Trips
TRPPTRC1 and TRPPTRC2. Open control commands to the circuit breaker from
local or remote CBXCBR1-exe_op or from the auto-recloser DARREC1-open_cb
are connected directly to the output PO3 (X100:16-19).

The TRPPTRC1 and TRPPTRC2 blocks provide the lockout/latching function, event
generation and trip signal duration setting. If the lockout operation mode is selected,
one binary input can be re-assigned to the RST_LKOUT input of the Master Trip to
enable external reset with a push button.

104 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

GUID-300441A3-AE3C-4BBF-8C5A-B5CA8BA4EF53 V1 EN

Figure 59: Master trip

Three disconnector status blocks (DCSXSWI1…3) are available in the IED. The
remaining two not described in the functional diagram are available in SMT for
connection where applicable.

REF615 105
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

GUID-DE498CFB-A256-4275-9A1F-5EF3B09046F4 V1 EN

Figure 60: Circuit breaker control

The binary inputs 5 and 6 of the additional card X110 are used for busbar disconnector
(DCSXSWI1) or circuit-breaker truck position indication.

Table 22: Device positions indicated by binary inputs 5 and 6

Primary device position Input to be energized
Input 5 (X110:8–9) Input 6 (X110:10–9)
Busbar disconnector closed X
Busbar disconnector open X
CB truck in service position X
CB truck in test position X

The binary inputs 7 and 8 (X110:11-13) are for the position indication of the line side
earthing switch.

The circuit breaker closing is enabled when the ENA_CLOSE input is activated. The
input can be activated by the configuration logic, which is a combination of the
disconnector or breaker truck and earthing switch position statuses and the statuses
of the master trip logics and gas pressure alarm and circuit-breaker spring charging.
The OKPOS output from the DCSXSWI block defines if the disconnector or breaker
truck is definitely either open/in test position or close/in service position. This,

106 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

together with the open earthing switch and non-active trip signals, activates the close-
enable signal to the circuit breaker control function block. The open operation is
always enabled. The auto-recloser close command signals are directly connected to
the output contact PO1 (X100:6-7).

If the ENA_CLOSE signal is removed from the breaker control

function block CBXCBR with SMT, the function assumes that the
breaker close commands are allowed continuously.

The ITL_BYPASS input can be used, for example, to always enable the closing of
the circuit breaker when the circuit breaker truck is out in the test position, despite of
the interlocking conditions being active when the circuit breaker truck is closed in
service position.

The circuit breaker condition monitoring function (SSCBR) supervises the circuit
breaker status based on the binary input information connected and measured current
levels. The function introduces various supervision methods. The corresponding
supervision alarm signals are routed to LED 8.

REF615 107
Application Manual
Section 3 1MRS756378 D
REF615 variants

GUID-79EB68EE-F160-402E-A841-BC6D074E7294 V1 EN

Figure 61: Alarm indication

The signal outputs from the IED are connected to give dedicated information on:

108 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 3
REF615 variants

• Start of any protection function SO1 (X100:10-12)

• Operation (trip) of any protection function SO2 (X100:13-14)
• Operation (trip) of any stage of the overcurrent protection function SO2
(X110:17-19)
• Operation (trip) of any stage of the earth-fault protection function SO3
(X110:20-22)
• Operation (trip) of any voltage protection function SO4 (X110:XX-XX)

The Three TPGAPC blocks 1-3 are timers used for setting the minimum pulse length
for the outputs. Four generic timers (TPGAPC1..4) are available in the IED. The
remaining one not described in the functional diagram is available in SMT for
connection where applicable.

REF615 109
Application Manual
110
1MRS756378 D Section 4
Basic functions

Section 4 Basic functions

4.1 General parameters

Table 23: Analog channel settings, phase currents

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Secondary current 1=0.2A 2=1A Rated secondary
2=1A current
3=5A
Primary current 1.0...6000.0 A 0.1 100.0 Rated primary
current
Amplitude corr. A 0.900...1.100 0.001 1.000 Phase A amplitude
correction factor
Amplitude corr. B 0.900...1.100 0.001 1.000 Phase B amplitude
correction factor
Amplitude corr. C 0.900...1.100 0.001 1.000 Phase C amplitude
correction factor

Table 24: Analog channel settings, residual current

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Secondary current 1=0.2A 2=1A Secondary current
2=1A
3=5A
Primary current 1.0...6000.0 A 0.1 100.0 Primary current
Amplitude corr. 0.900...1.100 0.001 1.000 Amplitude correction

Table 25: Analog channel settings, phase voltages

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Primary voltage 0.001...440.000 kV 0.001 20.000 Primary rated
voltage
Secondary voltage 1=100V 1=100V Secondary rated
2=110V voltage
3=115V
4=120V
VT connection 1=Wye 2=Delta Wye or delta VT
2=Delta connection
Table continues on next page

REF615 111
Application Manual
Section 4 1MRS756378 D
Basic functions

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description

Amplitude corr. A 0.900...1.100 0.001 1.000 Phase A Voltage
phasor magnitude
correction of an
external voltage
transformer
Amplitude corr. B 0.900...1.100 0.001 1.000 Phase B Voltage
phasor magnitude
correction of an
external voltage
transformer
Amplitude corr. C 0.900...1.100 0.001 1.000 Phase C Voltage
phasor magnitude
correction of an
external voltage
transformer

Table 26: Analog channel settings, residual voltage

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Secondary voltage 1=100V 1=100V Secondary voltage
2=110V
3=115V
4=120V
Primary voltage 0.001...440.000 kV 0.001 11.547 Primary voltage
Amplitude corr. 0.900...1.100 0.001 1.000 Amplitude correction

Table 27: Alarm LED input signals

Name Type Default Description
Alarm LED 1 BOOLEAN 0=False Status of Alarm LED 1
Alarm LED 2 BOOLEAN 0=False Status of Alarm LED 2
Alarm LED 3 BOOLEAN 0=False Status of Alarm LED 3
Alarm LED 4 BOOLEAN 0=False Status of Alarm LED 4
Alarm LED 5 BOOLEAN 0=False Status of Alarm LED 5
Alarm LED 6 BOOLEAN 0=False Status of Alarm LED 6
Alarm LED 7 BOOLEAN 0=False Status of Alarm LED 7
Alarm LED 8 BOOLEAN 0=False Status of Alarm LED 8
Alarm LED 9 BOOLEAN 0=False Status of Alarm LED 9
Alarm LED 10 BOOLEAN 0=False Status of Alarm LED 10
Alarm LED 11 BOOLEAN 0=False Status of Alarm LED 11

112 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 4
Basic functions

Table 28: Alarm LED settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Alarm LED mode 0=Follow-S1) 0=Follow-S Alarm mode for LED 1
1=Follow-F2)
2=Latched-S3)
3=LatchedAck-F-S4)
Description Alarm LEDs LED 1 Description of alarm
Alarm LED mode 0=Follow-S 0=Follow-S Alarm mode for LED 2
1=Follow-F
2=Latched-S
3=LatchedAck-F-S
Description Alarm LEDs LED 2 Description of alarm
Alarm LED mode 0=Follow-S 0=Follow-S Alarm mode for LED 3
1=Follow-F
2=Latched-S
3=LatchedAck-F-S
Description Alarm LEDs LED 3 Description of alarm
Alarm LED mode 0=Follow-S 0=Follow-S Alarm mode for LED 4
1=Follow-F
2=Latched-S
3=LatchedAck-F-S
Description Alarm LEDs LED 4 Description of alarm
Alarm LED mode 0=Follow-S 0=Follow-S Alarm mode for LED 5
1=Follow-F
2=Latched-S
3=LatchedAck-F-S
Description Alarm LEDs LED 5 Description of alarm
Alarm LED mode 0=Follow-S 0=Follow-S Alarm mode for LED 6
1=Follow-F
2=Latched-S
3=LatchedAck-F-S
Description Alarm LEDs LED 6 Description of alarm
Alarm LED mode 0=Follow-S 0=Follow-S Alarm mode for LED 7
1=Follow-F
2=Latched-S
3=LatchedAck-F-S
Description Alarm LEDs LED 7 Description of alarm
Alarm LED mode 0=Follow-S 0=Follow-S Alarm mode for LED 8
1=Follow-F
2=Latched-S
3=LatchedAck-F-S
Description Alarm LEDs LED 8 Description of alarm
Alarm LED mode 0=Follow-S 0=Follow-S Alarm mode for LED 9
1=Follow-F
2=Latched-S
3=LatchedAck-F-S
Description Alarm LEDs LED 9 Description of alarm
Alarm LED mode 0=Follow-S 0=Follow-S Alarm mode for LED 10
1=Follow-F
2=Latched-S
3=LatchedAck-F-S
Table continues on next page

REF615 113
Application Manual
Section 4 1MRS756378 D
Basic functions

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description

Description Alarm LEDs LED 10 Description of alarm
Alarm LED mode 0=Follow-S 0=Follow-S Alarm mode for LED 11
1=Follow-F
2=Latched-S
3=LatchedAck-F-S
Description Alarm LEDs LED 11 Description of alarm

1) Non-latched mode
2) Non-latched blinking mode
3) Latched mode
4) Latched blinking mode

Table 29: Authorization settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Local override 0=False1) 1=True Disable authority
1=True2)
Remote override 0=False3) 1=True Disable authority
1=True4)
Local viewer 0 Set password
Local operator 0 Set password
Local engineer 0 Set password
Local admin 0 Set password
Remote viewer 0 Set password
Remote operator 0 Set password
Remote engineer 0 Set password
Remote admin 0 Set password

1) Authorization override is disabled, LHMI password must be entered.

2) Authorization override is enabled, LHMI password is not asked.
3) Authorization override is disabled, communication tools ask password to enter the IED.
4) Authorization override is enabled, communication tools do not need password to enter the IED, except for WHMI which always requires it.

Table 30: Binary input settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Threshold voltage 18...176 Vdc 2 18 Binary input
threshold voltage
Input osc. level 2...50 events/s 1 30 Binary input
oscillation
suppression
threshold
Input osc. hyst 2...50 events/s 1 10 Binary input
oscillation
suppression
hysteresis

114 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 4
Basic functions

Table 31: Ethernet front port settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
IP address [Link] IP address for front port (fixed)
Mac address XX-XX-XX-XX- Mac address for front port
XX-XX

Table 32: Ethernet rear port settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
IP address [Link] IP address for rear port(s)
Subnet mask [Link] Subnet mask for rear port(s)
Default gateway [Link] Default gateway for rear port(s)
Mac address XX-XX-XX-XX- Mac address for rear port(s)
XX-XX

Table 33: General system settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Rated frequency 1=50Hz 1=50Hz Rated frequency of the network
2=60Hz
Phase rotation 1=ABC 1=ABC Phase rotation order
2=ACB
Blocking mode 1=Freeze timer 1=Freeze timer Behaviour for function BLOCK inputs
2=Block all
3=Block OPERATE
output
Bay name REF615 Bay name in system
SG follow input 0=False 0=False Enable setting group change to follow the input
1=True state

Table 34: HMI settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
FB naming convention 1=IEC61850 1=IEC61850 FB naming convention used in IED
2=IEC60617
3=IEC-ANSI
Default view 1=Measurements 1=Measurements LHMI default view
2=Main menu
Backlight timeout 1...60 min 1 3 LHMI backlight timeout
Web HMI mode 1=Active read only 3=Disabled Web HMI functionality
2=Active
3=Disabled
Web HMI timeout 1...60 min 1 3 Web HMI login timeout

REF615 115
Application Manual
Section 4 1MRS756378 D
Basic functions

Table 35: IEC 60870-5-103 settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Serial port 1 0=Not in use 0=Not in use COM port for instance 1
1=COM 1
2=COM 2
Address 1 1...255 1 Unit address for instance 1
Start delay 1 0...20 char 4 Start frame delay in chars for
instance 1
End delay 1 0...20 char 4 End frame delay in chars for
instance 1
DevFunType 1 0...255 9 Device Function Type for instance
1
UsrFType 1 0...255 10 Function type for User Class 2
Frame for instance 1
UsrInfNo 1 0...255 230 Information Number for User
Class2 Frame for instance 1
Class1Priority 1 0=Ev High 0=Ev High Class 1 data sending priority
1=Ev/DR Equal relationship between Events and
2=DR High Disturbance Recorder data.
Frame1InUse 1 -1=Not in use 6=Private frame 6 Active Class2 Frame 1 for instance
0=User frame 1
1=Standard frame 1
2=Standard frame 2
3=Standard frame 3
4=Standard frame 4
5=Standard frame 5
6=Private frame 6
7=Private frame 7
Frame2InUse 1 -1=Not in use -1=Not in use Active Class2 Frame 2 for instance
0=User frame 1
1=Standard frame 1
2=Standard frame 2
3=Standard frame 3
4=Standard frame 4
5=Standard frame 5
6=Private frame 6
7=Private frame 7
Frame3InUse 1 -1=Not in use -1=Not in use Active Class2 Frame 3 for instance
0=User frame 1
1=Standard frame 1
2=Standard frame 2
3=Standard frame 3
4=Standard frame 4
5=Standard frame 5
6=Private frame 6
7=Private frame 7
Frame4InUse 1 -1=Not in use -1=Not in use Active Class2 Frame 4 for instance
0=User frame 1
1=Standard frame 1
2=Standard frame 2
3=Standard frame 3
4=Standard frame 4
5=Standard frame 5
6=Private frame 6
7=Private frame 7
Table continues on next page

116 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 4
Basic functions

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description

Class1OvInd 1 0=No indication 2=Rising edge Overflow Indication for instance 1
1=Both edges
2=Rising edge
Class1OvFType 1 0...255 10 Function Type for Class 1 overflow
indication for instance 1
Class1OvInfNo 1 0...255 255 Information Number for Class 1
overflow indication for instance 1
Class1OvBackOff 0...500 500 Backoff Range for Class1 buffer
1 for instance 1
GI Optimize 1 0=Standard 0=Standard behaviour Optimize GI traffic for instance 1
behaviour
1=Skip spontaneous
2=Only overflown
3=Combined
DR Notification 1 0=Disabled 0=Disabled Disturbance Recorder
1=Enabled spontaneous indications enabled/
disabled
Serial port 2 0=Not in use 0=Not in use COM port for instance 2
1=COM 1
2=COM 2
Address 2 1...255 1 Unit address for instance 2
Start delay 2 0...20 char 4 Start frame delay in chars for
instance 2
End delay 2 0...20 char 4 End frame delay in chars for
instance 2
DevFunType 2 0...255 9 Device Function Type for instance
2
UsrFType 2 0...255 10 Function type for User Class 2
Frame for instance 2
UsrInfNo 2 0...255 230 Information Number for User
Class2 Frame for instance 2
Class1Priority 2 0=Ev High 0=Ev High Class 1 data sending priority
1=Ev/DR Equal relationship between Events and
2=DR High Disturbance Recorder data.
Frame1InUse 2 -1=Not in use 6=Private frame 6 Active Class2 Frame 1 for instance
0=User frame 2
1=Standard frame 1
2=Standard frame 2
3=Standard frame 3
4=Standard frame 4
5=Standard frame 5
6=Private frame 6
7=Private frame 7
Frame2InUse 2 -1=Not in use -1=Not in use Active Class2 Frame 2 for instance
0=User frame 2
1=Standard frame 1
2=Standard frame 2
3=Standard frame 3
4=Standard frame 4
5=Standard frame 5
6=Private frame 6
7=Private frame 7
Table continues on next page

REF615 117
Application Manual
Section 4 1MRS756378 D
Basic functions

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description

Frame3InUse 2 -1=Not in use -1=Not in use Active Class2 Frame 3 for instance
0=User frame 2
1=Standard frame 1
2=Standard frame 2
3=Standard frame 3
4=Standard frame 4
5=Standard frame 5
6=Private frame 6
7=Private frame 7
Frame4InUse 2 -1=Not in use -1=Not in use Active Class2 Frame 4 for instance
0=User frame 2
1=Standard frame 1
2=Standard frame 2
3=Standard frame 3
4=Standard frame 4
5=Standard frame 5
6=Private frame 6
7=Private frame 7
Class1OvInd 2 0=No indication 2=Rising edge Overflow Indication for instance 2
1=Both edges
2=Rising edge
Class1OvFType 2 0...255 10 Function Type for Class 1 overflow
indication for instance 2
Class1OvInfNo 2 0...255 255 Information Number for Class 1
overflow indication for instance 2
Class1OvBackOff 0...500 500 Backoff Range for Class1 buffer
2 for instance 2
GI Optimize 2 0=Standard 0=Standard behaviour Optimize GI traffic for instance 2
behaviour
1=Skip spontaneous
2=Only overflown
3=Combined
DR Notification 2 0=Disabled 0=Disabled Disturbance Recorder
1=Enabled spontaneous indications enabled/
disabled
Internal Overflow 0=False 0=False Internal Overflow: TRUE-System
1=True level overflow occured (indication
only)

Table 36: IEC 61850-8-1MMS settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Unit mode 1=Primary 0=Nominal IEC 61850-8-1 unit mode
0=Nominal
2=Primary-Nominal

118 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 4
Basic functions

Table 37: MODBUS settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Serial port 1 0=Not in use 0=Not in use COM port for Serial interface 1
1=COM 1
2=COM 2
Parity 1 0=none 2=even Parity for Serial interface 1
1=odd
2=even
Address 1 1...255 1 Modbus unit address on Serial interface 1
Link mode 1 1=RTU 1=RTU Modbus link mode on Serial interface 1
2=ASCII
Start delay 1 0...20 char 4 Start frame delay in chars on Serial interface 1
End delay 1 0...20 char 3 End frame delay in chars on Serial interface 1
Serial port 2 0=Not in use 0=Not in use COM port for Serial interface 2
1=COM 1
2=COM 2
Parity 2 0=none 2=even Parity for Serial interface 2
1=odd
2=even
Address 2 1...255 2 Modbus unit address on Serial interface 2
Link mode 2 1=RTU 1=RTU Modbus link mode on Serial interface 2
2=ASCII
Start delay 2 0...20 4 Start frame delay in chars on Serial interface 2
End delay 2 0...20 3 End frame delay in chars on Serial interface 2
MaxTCPClients 0...5 5 Maximum number of Modbus TCP/IP clients
TCPWriteAuthority 0=No clients 2=All clients Write authority setting for Modbus TCP/IP clients
1=Reg. clients
2=All clients
EventID 0=Address 0=Address Event ID selection
1=UID
TimeFormat 0=UTC 1=Local Time format for Modbus time stamps
1=Local
ClientIP1 [Link] Modbus Registered Client 1
ClientIP2 [Link] Modbus Registered Client 2
ClientIP3 [Link] Modbus Registered Client 3
ClientIP4 [Link] Modbus Registered Client 4
ClientIP5 [Link] Modbus Registered Client 5
CtlStructPWd1 **** Password for Modbus control struct 1
CtlStructPWd2 **** Password for Modbus control struct 2
CtlStructPWd3 **** Password for Modbus control struct 3
CtlStructPWd4 **** Password for Modbus control struct 4
CtlStructPWd5 **** Password for Modbus control struct 5
CtlStructPWd6 **** Password for Modbus control struct 6
Table continues on next page

REF615 119
Application Manual
Section 4 1MRS756378 D
Basic functions

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description

CtlStructPWd7 **** Password for Modbus control struct 7
CtlStructPWd8 **** Password for Modbus control struct 8
Internal Overflow 0=False 0=False Modbus Internal Overflow: TRUE-System level
1=True overflow occured (indication only)

Table 38: DNP 3.0 settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
DNP physical layer 1=Serial 2=TCP/IP DNP physical layer
2=TCP/IP
Unit address 1...65519 1 1 DNP unit address
Master address 1...65519 1 3 DNP master and UR address
Serial port 0=Not in use 0=Not in use COM port for serial interface, when physical layer
1=COM 1 is serial.
2=COM 2
Need time interval 0...65535 min 1 30 Period to set IIN need time bit
Time format 0=UTC 1=Local UTC or local. Coordinate with master.
1=Local
CROB select timeout 1...65535 sec 1 10 Control Relay Output Block select timeout
Data link confirm 0=Never 0=Never Data link confirm mode
1=Only Multiframe
2=Always
Data link confirm TO 100...65535 ms 1 3000 Data link confirm timeout
Data link retries 0...65535 1 3 Data link retries count
Data link Rx to Tx delay 0...255 ms 1 0 Turnaround transmission delay
Data link inter char delay 0...20 char 1 4 Inter character delay for incoming messages
App layer confirm 1=Disable 1=Disable Application layer confirm mode
2=Enable
App confirm TO 100...65535 ms 1 5000 Application layer confirm and UR timeout
App layer fragment 256...2048 byte 1 2048 Application layer fragment size
s
Legacy master SBO 1=Disable 1=Disable Legacy DNP Master SBO sequence number relax
2=Enable enable
Default Var Obj 01 1...2 1 1 1=BI; 2=BI with status.
Default Var Obj 02 1...2 1 2 1=BI event; 2=BI event with time.
Default Var Obj 30 1...4 1 2 1=32 bit AI; 2=16 bit AI; 3=32 bit AI without flag;
4=16 bit AI without flag.
Default Var Obj 32 1...4 1 4 1=32 bit AI event; 2=16 bit AI event; 3=32 bit AI
event with time; 4=16 bit AI event with time.

120 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 4
Basic functions

Table 39: Serial communication settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Fiber mode 0=No fiber 0=No fiber Fiber mode for COM1
1=Fiber light ON loop
2=Fiber light OFF loop
3=Fiber light ON star
4=Fiber light OFF star
Serial mode 1=RS485 2Wire 1=RS485 2Wire Serial mode for COM1
2=RS485 4Wire
3=RS232 no handshake
4=RS232 with
handshake
CTS delay 0...60000 0 CTS delay for COM1
RTS delay 0...60000 0 RTS delay for COM1
Baudrate 1=300 6=9600 Baudrate for COM1
2=600
3=1200
4=2400
5=4800
6=9600
7=19200
8=38400
9=57600
10=115200

Table 40: Serial communication settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Fiber mode 0=No fiber 0=No fiber Fiber mode for COM2
1=Fiber light ON loop
2=Fiber light OFF loop
3=Fiber light ON star
4=Fiber light OFF star
Serial mode 1=RS485 2Wire 1=RS485 2Wire Serial mode for
2=RS485 4Wire COM2
3=RS232 no handshake
4=RS232 with handshake
CTS delay 0...60000 0 CTS delay for COM2
RTS delay 0...60000 0 RTS delay for COM2
Baudrate 1=300 6=9600 Baudrate for COM2
2=600
3=1200
4=2400
5=4800
6=9600
7=19200
8=38400
9=57600
10=115200

REF615 121
Application Manual
Section 4 1MRS756378 D
Basic functions

Table 41: Time settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Date 0 Date
Time 0 Time
Time format 1=24H:MM:SS:MS 1=24H:MM:SS:MS Time format
2=12H:MM:SS:MS
Date format 1=[Link] 1=[Link] Date format
2=DD/MM/YYYY
3=DD-MM-YYYY
4=[Link]
5=MM/DD/YYYY
6=YYYY-MM-DD
7=YYYY-DD-MM
8=YYYY/DD/MM
Local time offset -720...720 min 0 Local time offset in minutes
Synch source 0=None 1=SNTP Time synchronization
1=SNTP source
2=Modbus
5=IRIG-B
9=DNP
16=IEC60870-5-103
IP SNTP primary [Link] IP address for SNTP
primary server
IP SNTP secondary [Link] IP address for SNTP
secondary server
DST on time 02:00 Daylight savings time on,
time (hh:mm)
DST on date 01.05. Daylight savings time on,
date (dd:mm)
DST on day 0=Not in use 0=Not in use Daylight savings time on,
1=Mon day of week
2=Tue
3=Wed
4=Thu
5=Fri
6=Sat
7=Sun
DST offset -720...720 min 60 Daylight savings time
offset, in minutes
DST off time 02:00 Daylight savings time off,
time (hh:mm)
DST off date 25.09. Daylight savings time off,
date (dd:mm)
DST off day 0=Not in use 0=Not in use Daylight savings time off,
1=Mon day of week
2=Tue
3=Wed
4=Thu
5=Fri
6=Sat
7=Sun

122 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 4
Basic functions

Table 42: Generic timers, TPGAPC1...4

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Pulse time 0...60000 ms 1 150 Minimum
pulse time

Table 43: X100 PSM binary output signals

Name Type Default Description
X100-PO1 BOOLEAN 0=False Connectors 6-7
X100-PO2 BOOLEAN 0=False Connectors 8-9
X100-SO1 BOOLEAN 0=False Connectors
10c-11nc-12no
X100-SO2 BOOLEAN 0=False Connectors 13c-14no
X100-PO3 BOOLEAN 0=False Connectors
15-17/18-19
X100-PO4 BOOLEAN 0=False Connectors
20-22/23-24

Table 44: X110 BIO binary output signals

Name Type Default Description
X110-SO1 BOOLEAN 0=False Connectors
14c-15no-16nc
X110-SO2 BOOLEAN 0=False Connectors
17c-18no-19nc
X110-SO3 BOOLEAN 0=False Connectors
20c-21no-22nc
X110-SO4 BOOLEAN 0=False Connectors 23-24

Table 45: X110 BIO binary input signals

Name Type Description
X110-Input 1 BOOLEAN Connectors 1-2
X110-Input 2 BOOLEAN Connectors 3-4
X110-Input 3 BOOLEAN Connectors 5-6c
X110-Input 4 BOOLEAN Connectors 7-6c
X110-Input 5 BOOLEAN Connectors 8-9c
X110-Input 6 BOOLEAN Connectors 10-9c
X110-Input 7 BOOLEAN Connectors 11-12c
X110-Input 8 BOOLEAN Connectors 13-12c

REF615 123
Application Manual
Section 4 1MRS756378 D
Basic functions

Table 46: X110 BIO binary input settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Input 1 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 1-2
Input 2 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 3-4
Input 3 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 5-6c
Input 4 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 7-6c
Input 5 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 8-9c
Input 6 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 10-9c
Input 7 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 11-12c
Input 8 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 13-12c
Input 1 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 1-2
1=True
Input 2 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 3-4
1=True
Input 3 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 5-6c
1=True
Input 4 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 7-6c
1=True
Input 5 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 8-9c
1=True
Input 6 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 10-9c
1=True
Input 7 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 11-12c
1=True
Input 8 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 13-12c
1=True

Table 47: X120 AIM binary input signals

Name Type Description
X120-Input 1 BOOLEAN Connectors 1-2c
X120-Input 2 BOOLEAN Connectors 3-2c
X120-Input 3 BOOLEAN Connectors 4-2c
X120-Input 4 BOOLEAN Connectors 5-6

Table 48: X120 AIM binary input settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Input 1 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 1-2c
Input 2 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 3-2c
Input 3 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 4-2c
Input 4 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 5-6
Input 1 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 1-2c
1=True
Table continues on next page

124 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 4
Basic functions

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description

Input 2 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 3-2c
1=True
Input 3 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 4-2c
1=True
Input 4 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 5-6
1=True

Table 49: X130 BIO binary output signals

Name Type Default Description
X130-SO1 BOOLEAN 0=False Connectors
10c-11no-12nc
X130-SO2 BOOLEAN 0=False Connectors
13c-14no-15nc
X130-SO3 BOOLEAN 0=False Connectors
16c-17no-18nc

Table 50: Input signals

Name Type Description
X130-Input 1 BOOLEAN Connectors 1-2c
X130-Input 2 BOOLEAN Connectors 3-2c
X130-Input 3 BOOLEAN Connectors 4-5c
X130-Input 4 BOOLEAN Connectors 6-5c
X130-Input 5 BOOLEAN Connectors 7-8c
X130-Input 6 BOOLEAN Connectors 9-8c

Table 51: X130 BIO binary input settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Input 1 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 1-2c
Input 2 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 3-2c
Input 3 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 4-5c
Input 4 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 6-5c
Input 5 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 7-8c
Input 6 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 9-8c
Input 1 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 1-2c
1=True
Input 2 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 3-2c
1=True
Input 3 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 4-5c
1=True
Table continues on next page

REF615 125
Application Manual
Section 4 1MRS756378 D
Basic functions

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description

Input 4 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 6-5c
1=True
Input 5 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 7-8c
1=True
Input 6 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 9-8c
1=True

Table 52: X130 AIM binary input signals

Name Type Description
X130-Input 1 BOOLEAN Connectors 1-2
X130-Input 2 BOOLEAN Connectors 3-4
X130-Input 3 BOOLEAN Connectors 5-6
X130-Input 4 BOOLEAN Connectors 7-8

Table 53: X130 AIM binary input settings

Parameter Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description
Input 1 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 1-2
Input 2 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 3-4
Input 3 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 5-6
Input 4 filter time 5...1000 ms 5 Connectors 7-8
Input 1 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 1-2
1=True
Input 2 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 3-4
1=True
Input 3 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 5-6
1=True
Input 4 inversion 0=False 0=False Connectors 7-8
1=True

4.2 Self-supervision

The IED's extensive self-supervision system continuously supervises the software

and the electronics. It handles run-time fault situations and informs the user about the
existing faults via the LHMI and the communication.

There are two types of fault indications.

• Internal faults
• Warnings

126 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 4
Basic functions

4.2.1 Internal faults

Internal fault indications have the highest priority on the LHMI. None
of the other LHMI indications can override the internal fault
indication.

An indication about the fault is shown as a message on the LHMI. The text
Internal Fault with an additional text message, a code, date and time, is shown
to indicate the fault type.

Different actions are taken depending on the severity of the fault. The IED tries to
eliminate the fault by restarting. After the fault is found to be permanent, the IED
stays in internal fault mode. All other output contacts are released and locked for the
internal fault. The IED continues to perform internal tests during the fault situation.

The internal fault code indicates the type of internal IED fault. When a fault occurs,
document the code and state it when ordering the service.

Table 54: Internal fault indications and codes

Fault indication Fault code Additional information
Internal Fault 2 An internal system error has occurred.
System error
Internal Fault 7 A file system error has occurred.
File system error
Internal Fault 8 Internal fault test activated manually by the
Test user.
Internal Fault 10 Watchdog reset has occurred too many
SW watchdog error times within an hour.
Internal Fault 43 Faulty Signal Output relay(s) in card
SO-relay(s),X100 located in slot X100.
Internal Fault 44 Faulty Signal Output relay(s) in card
SO-relay(s),X110 located in slot X110.
Internal Fault 46 Faulty Signal Output relay(s) in card
SO-relay(s),X130 located in slot X130.
Internal Fault 53 Faulty Power Output relay(s) in card
PO-relay(s),X100 located in slot X100.
Internal Fault 54 Faulty Power Output relay(s) in card
PO-relay(s),X110 located in slot X110.
Internal Fault 56 Faulty Power Output relay(s) in card
PO-relay(s),X130 located in slot X130.
Internal Fault 57 Faulty ARC light sensor input(s).
Light sensor error
Internal Fault 62 Card in slot X000 is wrong type.
Conf. error,X000
Internal Fault 63 Card in slot X100 is wrong type or does not
Conf. error,X100 belong to the original composition.
Internal Fault 64 Card in slot X110 is wrong type, is missing
Conf. error,X110 or does not belong to the original
composition.
Table continues on next page

REF615 127
Application Manual
Section 4 1MRS756378 D
Basic functions

Fault indication Fault code Additional information

Internal Fault 65 Card in slot X120 is wrong type, is missing
Conf. error,X120 or does not belong to the original
composition.
Internal Fault 66 Card in slot X130 is wrong type, is missing
Conf. error,X130 or does not belong to the original
composition.
Internal Fault 72 Card in slot X000 is faulty.
Card error,X000
Internal Fault 73 Card in slot X100 is faulty.
Card error,X100
Internal Fault 74 Card in slot X110 is faulty.
Card error,X110
Internal Fault 75 Card in slot X120 is faulty.
Card error,X120
Internal Fault 76 Card in slot X130 is faulty.
Card error,X130
Internal Fault 79 LHMI module is faulty. The fault indication
LHMI module may not be seen on the LHMI during the
fault.
Internal Fault 80 Error in the RAM memory on the CPU
RAM error card.
Internal Fault 81 Error in the ROM memory on the CPU
ROM error card.
Internal Fault 82 Error in the EEPROM memory on the CPU
EEPROM error card.
Internal Fault 83 Error in the FPGA on the CPU card.
FPGA error
Internal Fault 84 Error in the RTC on the CPU card.
RTC error

4.2.2 Warnings
A fault indication message, which includes text Warning with additional text, a
code, date and time, is shown on the LHMI to indicate the fault type. If more than
one type of fault occur at the same time, indication of the latest fault is displayed on
the LCD. The fault indication message can be manually cleared.

When a fault appears, the fault indication message is to be recorded and stated when
ordering service.

Table 55: Warning indications and codes

Warning indication Warning code Additional information
Warning 10 A watchdog reset has occurred.
Watchdog reset
Warning 11 The auxiliary supply voltage has dropped
Power down det. too low.
Warning 20 Error when building the IEC 61850 data
IEC61850 error model.
Table continues on next page

128 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 4
Basic functions

Warning indication Warning code Additional information

Warning 21 Error in the Modbus communication.
Modbus error
Warning 22 Error in the DNP3 communication.
DNP3 error
Warning 24 Error in the Data set(s).
Dataset error
Warning 25 Error in the Report control block(s).
Report cont. error
Warning 26 Error in the GOOSE control block(s).
GOOSE contr. error
Warning 27 Error in the SCL configuration file or the file
SCL config error is missing.
Warning 28 Too many connections in the
Logic error configuration.
Warning 29 Error in the SMT connections.
SMT logic error
Warning 30 Error in the GOOSE connections.
GOOSE input error
Warning 32 Error in the GOOSE message receiving.
GOOSE rec. error
Warning 33 Analog channel configuration error.
AFL error
Warning 40 A new composition has not been
Unack card comp. acknowledged/accepted.
Warning 85 A continuous light has been detected on
ARC1 cont. light the ARC light input 1.
Warning 86 A continuous light has been detected on
ARC2 cont. light the ARC light input 2.
Warning 87 A continuous light has been detected on
ARC3 cont. light the ARC light input 3.

4.3 Time synchronization

The IED has an internal real-time clock which can be either free-running or
synchronized from an external source. The real-time clock is used for time stamping
events, recorded data and disturbance recordings.

The IED is provided with a 48-hour capacitor back-up that enables the real-time clock
to keep time in case of an auxiliary power failure.

Setting Synch Source determines the method how the real-time clock is synchronized.
If set to “None”, the clock is free-running and the settings Date and Time can be used
to set the time manually. Other setting values activate a communication protocol that
provides the time synchronization. Only one synchronization method can be active
at a time but SNTP provides time master redundancy.

REF615 129
Application Manual
Section 4 1MRS756378 D
Basic functions

The IED supports SNTP, IRIG-B, DNP 3.0, Modbus and IEC 60870-5-103 to update
the real-time clock. IRIG-B with GPS provides the best accuracy.

With Modbus TCP or DNP 3.0 over TCP/IP, SNTP time

synchronization should be used for better synchronization accuracy.

When the SNTP server IP setting is changed, the IED must be

rebooted to activate the new IP address. The SNTP server IP settings
are normally defined in the engineering phase via the SCL file.

The IED can use one of two SNTP servers, the primary or the secondary server. The
primary server is mainly in use, whereas the secondary server is used if the primary
server cannot be reached. While using the secondary SNTP server, the IED tries to
switch back to the primary server on every third SNTP request attempt. If both the
SNTP servers are offline, event time stamps have the time invalid status. The time is
requested from the SNTP server every 60 seconds.

IRIG-B time synchronization requires the IRIG-B format B000/B001 with

IEEE-1344 extensions. The synchronization time can be either UTC time or local
time. As no reboot is necessary, the time synchronization starts immediately after the
IRIG-B sync source is selected and the IRIG-B signal source is connected.

ABB has tested the IRIG-B with the following clock masters:
• Tekron TTM01 GPS clock with IRIG-B output
• Meinberg TCG511 controlled by GPS167
• Datum ET6000L
• Arbiter Systems 1088B

IRIG-B time synchronization requires a COM card with an IRIG-B

input. The applicable COM card alternatives are COM0003,
COM0007, COM0011, COM0012, COM0013, COM0014 or
COM0023.

4.4 Parameter setting groups

There are four IED variant specific setting groups. For each setting group the
parameter setting can be made independently.

The active setting group (1...4) can be changed by parameter or via binary input, if a
binary input is enabled for it.

130 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 4
Basic functions

To enable active setting group changing via binary input, connect any of the (free)
binary inputs to SGCB-block input named ActSG using PCM600 and set the setting
SG follow input to “TRUE”.

Table 56: Active setting group binary input state

BI state Active setting group
OFF 1
ON 2

The setting group parameter is overridden when a binary input is used for changing
the active setting group.

Table 57: Settings

Parameter Setting Value Default Description Access rights
Setting group Active group 1...4 1 Selected RWRW
active group

Not all parameters belong to a setting group. For example protection function enable/
disable settings are not part of a setting group.

REF615 131
Application Manual
132
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

Section 5 Protection functions

5.1 Three-phase current protection

5.1.1 Three-phase non-directional overcurrent protection

PHxPTOC

[Link] Identification
Table 58: Function identification

Different stages: Low stage High stage Instantaneous

stage
IEC 61850 identification: PHLPTOC PHHPTOC PHIPTOC
IEC 60617 identification: 3I> 3I>> 3I>>>
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 51P-1 51P-2 50P/51P

[Link] Functionality

The three-phase overcurrent protection PHxPTOC is used as one-phase, two-phase

or three-phase non-directional overcurrent and short-circuit protection for feeders.

The function starts when the current exceeds the set limit. The operate time
characteristics for low stage PHLPTOC and high stage PHHPTOC can be selected
to be either definite time (DT) or inverse definite minimum time (IDMT).The
instantaneous stage PHIPTOC always operates with the DT characteristic.

In the DT mode, the function operates after a predefined operate time and resets when
the fault current disappears. The IDMT mode provides current-dependent timer
characteristics.

The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block function outputs,

timers or the function itself, if desired.

[Link] Application

PHxPTOC is used in several applications in the power system. The applications

include but are not limited to:

REF615 133
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

• Selective overcurrent and short-circuit protection of feeders in distribution and

subtransmission systems
• Back-up overcurrent and short-circuit protection of power transformers and
generators
• Overcurrent and short-circuit protection of various devices connected to the
power system, for example, shunt capacitor banks, shunt reactors and motors
• General back-up protection

PHxPTOC is used for single-phase, two-phase and three-phase non-directional

overcurrent and short-circuit protection. Typically, overcurrent protection is used for
clearing two and three-phase short circuits. Therefore, the user can choose how many
phases, at minimum, must have currents above the start level for the function to
operate. When the number of start-phase settings is set to "1 out of 3", the operation
of PHxPTOC is enabled with the presence of high current in one-phase.

When the setting is "2 out of 3" or "3 out of 3", single-phase faults
are not detected. The setting "3 out of 3" requires the fault to be present
in all three phases.

Many applications require several steps using different current start levels and time
delays. PHxPTOC consists of three protection stages:
• Low PHLPTOC
• High PHHPTOC
• Instantaneous PHIPTOC.

PHLPTOC is used for overcurrent protection. The function contains several types of
time-delay characteristics. PHHPTOC and PHIPTOC are used for fast clearance of
very high overcurrent situations.

Transformer overcurrent protection

The purpose of transformer overcurrent protection is to operate as main protection,
when differential protection is not used. It can also be used as coarse back-up
protection for differential protection in faults inside the zone of protection, that is,
faults occurring in incoming or outgoing feeders, in the region of transformer
terminals and tank cover. This means that the magnitude range of the fault current
can be very wide. The range varies from 6xIn to several hundred times In, depending
on the impedance of the transformer and the source impedance of the feeding network.
From this point of view, it is clear that the operation must be both very fast and
selective, which is usually achieved by using coarse current settings.

The purpose is also to protect the transformer from short circuits occurring outside
the protection zone, that is through-faults. Transformer overcurrent protection also
provides protection for the LV-side busbars. In this case the magnitude of the fault
current is typically lower than 12xIn depending on the fault location and transformer
impedance. Consequently, the protection must operate as fast as possible taking into

134 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

account the selectivity requirements, switching-in currents, and the thermal and
mechanical withstand of the transformer and outgoing feeders.

Traditionally, overcurrent protection of the transformer has been arranged as shown

in Figure 62. The low-set stage PHLPTOC operates time-selectively both in
transformer and LV-side busbar faults. The high-set stage PHHPTOC operates
instantaneously making use of current selectivity only in transformer HV-side faults.
If there is a possibility, that the fault current can also be fed from the LV-side up to
the HV-side, the transformer must also be equipped with LV-side overcurrent
protection. Inrush current detectors are used in start-up situations to multiply the
current start value setting in each particular IED where the inrush current can occur.
The overcurrent and contact based circuit breaker failure protection CCBRBRF is
used to confirm the protection scheme in case of circuit breaker malfunction.

A070978 V1 EN

Figure 62: Example of traditional time selective transformer overcurrent

protection

The operating times of the main and back-up overcurrent protection of the above
scheme become quite long, this applies especially in the busbar faults and also in the
transformer LV-terminal faults. In order to improve the performance of the above
scheme, a multiple-stage overcurrent protection with reverse blocking is proposed.
Figure 63 shows this arrangement.

Transformer and busbar overcurrent protection with reverse blocking

principle
By implementing a full set of overcurrent protection stages and blocking channels
between the protection stages of the incoming feeders, bus-tie and outgoing feeders,
it is possible to speed up the operation of overcurrent protection in the busbar and
transformer LV-side faults without impairing the selectivity. Also, the security degree

REF615 135
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

of busbar protection is increased, because there is now a dedicated, selective and fast
busbar protection functionality, which is based on the blockable overcurrent
protection principle. The additional time selective stages on the transformer HV- and
LV-sides provide increased security degree of back-up protection for the transformer,
busbar and also for the outgoing feeders.

Depending on the overcurrent stage in question, the selectivity of the scheme in Figure
63 is based on the operating current, operating time or blockings between successive
overcurrent stages. With blocking channels the operating time of the protection can
be drastically shortened, if compared to the simple time selective protection. In
addition to the busbar protection, this blocking principle is applicable for the
protection of transformer LV terminals and short lines. The functionality and
performance of the proposed overcurrent protections can be summarized as seen in
the table.

Table 59: Proposed functionality of numerical transformer and busbar over current protection.
DT = definite time, IDMT = inverse definite minimum time
O/C-stage Operating char. Selectivity mode Operation speed Sensitivity
HV/3I> DT/IDMT time selective - ++
HV/3I>> DT blockable/time +/- +
selective
HV/3I>>> DT current selective ++ -
LV/3I> DT/IDMT time selective - ++
LV/3I>> DT time selective - +
LV/3I>>> DT blockable + +

In case the bus-tie breaker is open, the operating time of the blockable overcurrent
protection is approximately 100 ms (relaying time). When the bus-tie breaker is
closed, that is, the fault current flows to the faulted section of the busbar from two
directions, the operation time becomes as follows: first the bus-tie relay unit trips the
tie breaker in the above 100 ms, which reduces the fault current in to a half. After this
the incoming feeder relay unit of the faulted bus section trips the breaker in
approximately 250 ms (relaying time), which becomes the total fault clearing time in
this case.

136 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

A070980 V1 EN

Figure 63: Numerical overcurrent protection functionality for a typical sub-

transmission/distribution substation (feeder protection not shown).
Blocking output = digital output signal from the start of a protection
stage, Blocking in = digital input signal to block the operation of a
protection stage

The operating times of the time selective stages are very short, because the grading
margins between successive protection stages can be kept short. This is mainly due
to the advanced measuring principle allowing a certain degree of CT saturation, good
operating accuracy and short retardation times of the numerical units. So, for example,
a grading margin of 150 ms in the DT mode of operation can be used, provided that
the circuit breaker interrupting time is shorter than 60 ms.

The sensitivity and speed of the current-selective stages become as good as possible
due to the fact that the transient overreach is practically zero. Also, the effects of
switching inrush currents on the setting values can be reduced by using the IED logic,
which recognizes the transformer energizing inrush current and blocks the operation
or multiplies the current start value setting of the selected overcurrent stage with a
predefined multiplier setting.

Finally, a dependable trip of the overcurrent protection is secured by both a proper

selection of the settings and an adequate ability of the measuring transformers to
reproduce the fault current. This is important in order to maintain selectivity and also
for the protection to operate without additional time delays. For additional
information about available measuring modes and current transformer requirements,
refer to section where general function block features are described in the IED
technical manual.

REF615 137
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

Radial outgoing feeder overcurrent protection

The basic requirements for feeder overcurrent protection are adequate sensitivity and
operation speed taking into account the minimum and maximum fault current levels
along the protected line, selectivity requirements, inrush currents and the thermal and
mechanical withstand of the lines to be protected.

In many cases the above requirements can be best fulfilled by using a multiple-stage
over current units. Figure 64 shows an example of this. A brief coordination study
has been carried out between the incoming and outgoing feeders.

The protection scheme is implemented with three-stage numerical over current

protection, where the low-set stage PHLPTOC operates in IDMT-mode and the two
higher stages PHHPTOC and PHIPTOC in DT-mode. Also the thermal withstand of
the line types along the feeder and maximum expected inrush currents of the feeders
are shown. Faults occurring near the station, where the fault current levels are the
highest, are cleared rapidly by the instantaneous stage in order to minimize the effects
of severe short circuit faults. The influence of the inrush current is taken into
consideration by connecting the inrush current detector to the start value multiplying
input of the instantaneous stage. By this way the start value is multiplied with a
predefined setting during the inrush situation and nuisance tripping can be avoided.

138 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

A070982 V1 EN

Figure 64: Functionality of numerical multiple-stage overcurrent protection

The coordination plan is an effective tool to study the operation of time selective
operation characteristics. All the points mentioned earlier, required to define the
overcurrent protection parameters, can be expressed simultaneusly in a coordination
plan. In Figure 65 the coordination plan shows an example of operation characteristics
in the LV-side incoming feeder and radial outgoing feeder.

REF615 139
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

A070984 V1 EN

Figure 65: Example coordination of numerical multiple-stage over current

protection

5.1.2 Three-phase directional overcurrent protection DPHxPDOC

[Link] Identification

IEC 61850 identification: DPHxPDOC

IEC 60617 identification: 3I> ->, 3I>> ->
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 67-1, 67-2

[Link] Functionality

The three-phase overcurrent protection DPHxPDOC is used as one-phase, two-phase

or three-phase directional overcurrent and short-circuit protection for feeders.

DPHxPDOC starts when the value of the current exceeds the set limit and directional
criterion is fulfilled. The operate time characteristics for low stage DPHLPDOC and
high stage DPHHPDOC can be selected to be either definite time (DT) or inverse
definite minimum time (IDMT).

In the DT mode, the function operates after a predefined operate time and resets when
the fault current disappears. The IDMT mode provides current-dependent timer
characteristics.

The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block function outputs,

timers or the function itself, if desired.

[Link] Application

DPHxPDOC is used as short-circuit protection in three-phase distribution or sub

transmission networks operating at 50 or 60 Hz.

140 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

In radial networks, the phase overcurrent relays are often sufficient for the short circuit
protection of lines, transformers and other equipment. The current-time characteristic
should be chosen according to the common practice in the network. It is recommended
to use the same current-time characteristic for all overcurrent relays in the network.
This includes the overcurrent protection of transformers and other equipment.

The phase overcurrent protection can also be used in closed ring systems as short
circuit protection. Because the setting of a phase overcurrent protection system in
closed ring networks can be complicated, a large number of fault current calculations
are needed. There are situations with no possibility to have the selectivity with a
protection system based on overcurrent relays in a closed ring system.

In some applications, the possibility of obtaining the selectivity can be improved

significantly if DPHxPDOC is used. This can also be done in the closed ring networks
and radial networks with the generation connected to the remote in the system thus
giving fault current infeed in reverse direction. Directional overcurrent relays are also
used to have a selective protection scheme, for example, in case of parallel distribution
lines or power transformers fed by the same single source. In ring connected supply
feeders between substations or feeders with two feeding sources, DPHxPDOC is also
used.

Parallel lines or transformers

When the lines are connected in parallel and if a fault occurs in one of the lines, it is
practical to have DPHxPDOC to detect the direction of the fault. Otherwise, there is
a risk that the fault situation in one part of the feeding system can de-energize the
whole system connected to the LV side.

GUID-1A2BD0AD-B217-46F4-A6B4-6FC6E6256EB3 V1 EN

Figure 66: Overcurrent protection of parallel lines using directional relays

DPHxPDOC can be used for parallel operating transformer applications. In these

applications, there is a possibility that the fault current can also be fed from the LV-
side up to the HV-side. Therefore, the transformer is also equipped with directional
overcurrent protection.

REF615 141
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

GUID-74662396-1BAD-4AC2-ADB6-F4A8B3341860 V1 EN

Figure 67: Overcurrent protection of parallel operating transformers

Closed ring network topology

The closed ring network topology is used in applications where electricity distribution
for the consumers is secured during network fault situations. The power is fed at least
from two directions which means that the current direction can be varied. The time
grading between the network level stages is challenging without unnecessary delays
in the time settings. In this case, it is practical to use the directional overcurrent relays
to achieve a selective protection scheme. The way directional overcurrent functions
are used in closed ring applications can be illustrated. The arrows define the operating
direction of the directional functionality. The double arrows define the non-
directional functionality where faults can be detected in both directions.

142 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

GUID-276A9D62-BD74-4335-8F20-EC1731B58889 V1 EN

Figure 68: Closed ring network topology where feeding lines are protected with
directional overcurrent relays

5.1.3 Three-phase thermal overload protection for overhead lines

and cables T1PTTR

[Link] Identification
Table 60: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: T1PTTR

IEC 60617 identification: 3lth>
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 49F

[Link] Functionality

The increased utilization of power systems closer to the thermal limits has generated
a need for a thermal overload function also for power lines.

A thermal overload is in some cases not detected by other protection functions, and
the introduction of the thermal overload function T1PTTR allows the protected circuit
to operate closer to the thermal limits.

REF615 143
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

An alarm level gives an early warning to allow operators to take action before the
line trips. The early warning is based on the three-phase current measuring function
using a thermal model with first order thermal loss with the settable time constant. If
the temperature rise continues the function will operate based on the thermal model
of the line.

Re-energizing of the line after the thermal overload operation can be inhibited during
the time the cooling of the line is in progress. The cooling of the line is estimated by
the thermal model.

[Link] Application

The lines and cables in the power system are constructed for a certain maximum load
current level. If the current exceeds this level, the losses will be higher than expected.
As a consequence, the temperature of the conductors will increase. If the temperature
of the lines and cables reaches too high values, it can cause a risk of damages by, for
example, the following ways:
• The sag of overhead lines can reach an unacceptable value.
• If the temperature of conductors, for example aluminium conductors, gets too
high, the material will be destroyed.
• In cables the insulation can be damaged as a consequence of overtemperature,
and therefore phase-to-phase or phase-to-earth faults can occur.

In stressed situations in the power system, the lines and cables may be required to be
overloaded for a limited time. This should be done without any risk for the above-
mentioned risks.

The thermal overload protection provides information that makes temporary

overloading of cables and lines possible. The thermal overload protection estimates
the conductor temperature continuously. This estimation is made by using a thermal
model of the line/cable that is based on the current measurement.

If the temperature of the protected object reaches a set warning level, a signal is given
to the operator. This enables actions in the power system to be done before dangerous
temperatures are reached. If the temperature continues to increase to the maximum
allowed temperature value, the protection initiates a trip of the protected line.

144 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

5.2 Earth-fault protection

5.2.1 Non-directional earth-fault protection EFxPTOC

[Link] Identification
Table 61: Function identification

Different stages: Low stage High stage Instantaneous

stage
IEC 61850 identification: EFLPTOC EFHPTOC EFIPTOC
IEC 60617 identification: I0> I0>> I0>>>

ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 51N-1 51N-2 50N/51N

[Link] Functionality

The earth-fault function EFxPTOC is used as non-directional earth-fault protection

for feeders.

The function starts and operates when the residual current exceeds the set limit. The
operate time characteristic for low stage EFLPTOC and high stage EFHPTOC can
be selected to be either definite time (DT) or inverse definite minimum time (IDMT).
The instantaneous stage EFIPTOC always operates with the DT characteristic.

In the DT mode, the function operates after a predefined operate time and resets when
the fault current disappears. The IDMT mode provides current-dependent timer
characteristics.

The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block function outputs,

timers or the function itself, if desired.

[Link] Application

EFxPTOC is designed for protection and clearance of earth faults in distribution and
sub-transmission networks where the neutral point is isolated or earthed via a
resonance coil or through low resistance. It also applies to solidly earthed networks
and earth-fault protection of different equipment connected to the power systems,
such as shunt capacitor bank or shunt reactors and for back-up earth-fault protection
of power transformers.

Many applications require several steps using different current start levels and time
delays. EFxPTOC consists of three different protection stages:

REF615 145
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

• Low (EFLPTOC)
• High (EFHPTOC)
• Instantaneous (EFIPTOC).

EFLPTOC contains several types of time-delay characteristics. EFHPTOC and

EFIPTOC are used for fast clearance of serious earth faults.

5.2.2 Directional earth-fault protection DEFxPDEF

[Link] Identification
Table 62: Function identification

Different stages: Low stage High stage

IEC 61850 identification: DEFLPDEF DEFHPDEF
IEC 60617 identification: I0>-> I0>>->

ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 67N-1 67N-2

[Link] Functionality

The earth-fault function DEFxPDEF is used as directional earth-fault protection for

feeders.

The function starts and operates when the residual current and residual voltage (-
U0) exceed the set limits and the angle between them is inside the set operating sector.
The operate time characteristic for low stage (DEFLPDEF) and high stage
(DEFHPDEF) can be selected to be either definite time (DT) or inverse definite
minimum time (IDMT).

In the DT mode, the function operates after a predefined operate time and resets when
the fault current disappears. The IDMT mode provides current-dependent timer
characteristics.

The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block function outputs,

timers or the function itself, if desired.

[Link] Directional earth-fault principles

In many cases it is difficult to achieve selective earth-fault protection based on the

magnitude of residual current only. To obtain a selective earth-fault protection
scheme, it is necessary to take the phase angle of I0 into account. This is done by
comparing the phase angle of I0 to that of the residual voltage (-U0).

Relay characteristic angle

The Characteristic angle, also known as Relay Characteristic Angle (RCA), Relay
Base Angle or Maximum Torque Angle (MTA), is used in the "Phase angle" mode

146 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

to turn the directional characteristic, if the expected fault current angle does not
coincide with the polarizing quantity to produce the maximum torque. That is,
RCA is the angle between the maximum torque line and polarizing quantity. If the
polarizing quantity is in phase with the maximum torque line, RCA is 0 degrees. The
angle is positive if operating current lags the polarizing quantity and negative if it
leads the polarizing quantity.

Example 1.

The "Phase angle" mode is selected, compensated network (φRCA = 0 deg)

=> Characteristic angle = 0 deg

GUID-57B7D22F-221A-480D-9145-614002A423A2 V1 EN

Figure 69: Definition of the relay characteristic angle, RCA=0 degrees in a

compensated network

Example 2.

The "Phase angle" mode is selected, solidly earthed network (φRCA = +60 deg)

=> Characteristic angle = +60 deg

REF615 147
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

GUID-F3A658D8-B667-4E85-9528-E1D024954B32 V1 EN

Figure 70: Definition of the relay characteristic angle, RCA=+60 degrees in a

solidly earthed network

Example 3.

The "Phase angle" mode is selected, isolated network (φRCA = -90 deg)

=> Characteristic angle = -90 deg

148 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

GUID-A052B527-CE4E-4F2F-B0E6-6A4B0C445C60 V1 EN

Figure 71: Definition of the relay characteristic angle, RCA=–90 degrees in an

isolated network

Directional earth-fault protection in an isolated neutral network

In isolated networks, there is no intentional connection between the system neutral
point and earth. The only connection is through the line-to-earth capacitances (C0) of
phases and leakage resistances (R0). This means that the residual current is mainly
capacitive and has a phase shift of –90 degrees compared to the residual voltage (-
U0). Consequently, the relay characteristic angle (RCA) should be set to -90 degrees
and the operation criteria to I0sin(φ) or phase angle. The width of the operating sector
in the phase angle criteria can be selected with the settings Min forward angle, Max
forward angle, Min reverse angle or Max reverse angle. The figure below describes
how earth fault current is defined in isolated neutral networks.

For definitions of different directional earth-fault characteristics,

refer to the Technical manual.

REF615 149
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

A070441 V1 EN

Figure 72: Earth-fault situation in an isolated network

Directional earth-fault protection in a compensated network

In compensated networks, the capacitive fault current and the inductive resonance
coil current compensate each other. The protection cannot be based on the reactive
current measurement, since the current of the compensation coil would disturb the
operation of the relays. In this case, the selectivity is based on the measurement of
the active current component. The magnitude of this component is often small and
must be increased by means of a parallel resistor in the compensation equipment.
When measuring the resistive part of the residual current, the relay characteristic angle
(RCA) should be set to 0 degrees and the operation criteria to I0cos(φ) or phase angle.
The figure below describes how earth fault current is defined in compensated neutral
networks.

A070444 V2 EN

Figure 73: Earth-fault situation in a compensated network

The Petersen coil or the earthing resistor may be temporarily out of operation. To
keep the protection scheme selective, it is necessary to update the characteristic angle
setting accordingly. This is done with an auxiliary input in the relay which receives
a signal from an auxiliary switch of the disconnector of the Petersen coil in

150 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

compensated networks or of the earthing resistor in earthed networks. As a result the

characteristic angle is set automatically to suit the earthing method used. The
RCA_CTL input can be used to change the I0 characteristic:

Table 63: Relay characteristic angle control in I0sin(φ) and I0cos(φ) operation criteria

Operation criteria setting: RCA_CTL = FALSE RCA_CTL = TRUE

I0sin(φ) Actual operation criteria: I0sin(φ) Actual operation criteria:
I0cos(φ)

I0cos(φ) Actual operation Actual operation criteria: I0sin(φ)

criteria:I0cos(φ)

Table 64: Characteristic angle control in phase angle operation mode

Characteristic RCA_CTL = FALSE RCA_CTL = TRUE
angle setting
-90° φRCA = -90° φRCA = 0°
0° φRCA = 0° φRCA = -90°

Usage of the extended phase angle characteristic

In addition to the RCA_CTL input, the extended phase angle characteristic can be
used to disconnect the compensation coil in compensated networks. When the
extended operation area is used, the operation area is wide enough to detect earth
faults selectively in compensated networks regardless of whether the compensation
coil is connected or not. Therefore, the RCA_CTL input is not required if the extended
operation area is used.

Sometimes the distance between the start point and the IED is long which makes it
impractical to apply the scheme based on signal wiring between the relay and the
Petersen coil or the earthing resistor. This is the case for instance, when a directional
earth-fault relay is used in an MV-switching substation some kilometers from the
HV/MV -substation in which the earthing facilities are located. Another example is
when HV/MV-substations are connected in parallel but located far from each other.

It is easy to give the tripping sector such a width that all possible directions of the
I0-phasors of a faulty line are covered by one and the same sector. Thus, the problem
of setting the characteristic angle according to the earthing status of the network is
easily solved. There is no need to change any settings when a Petersen coil or an
earthing resistor is switched on or off. Auxiliary switches and other pieces of extra
hardware are no longer required for ensuring the selectivity of the directional earth-
fault protection.

REF615 151
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

A070443 V2 EN

Figure 74: Extended operation area in directional earth-fault protection

[Link] Application

The directional earth-fault protection (DEFxPDEF) is designed for protection and

clearance of earth faults and for earth-fault protection of different equipment
connected to the power systems, such as shunt capacitor banks or shunt reactors, and
for backup earth-fault protection of power transformers.

Many applications require several steps using different current start levels and time
delays. DEFxPDEF consists of two different stages:
• low (DEFLPDEF)
• high (DEFHPDEF)

DEFLPDEF contains several types of time delay characteristics. DEFHPDEF is used

for fast clearance of serious earth faults.

The protection can be based on the phase angle criterion with extended operating
sector. It can also be based on measuring either the reactive part I0sin(φ) or the active
part I0cos(φ) of the residual current. In isolated networks or in networks with high
impedance earthing, the phase-to-earth fault current is significantly smaller than the
short-circuit currents. In addition, the magnitude of the fault current is almost
independent of the fault location in the network.

The function uses the residual current components I0cos(φ) or I0sin(φ) according to
the earthing method, where φ is the angle between the residual current and the

152 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

reference residual voltage (-U0). In compensated networks, the phase angle criterion
with extended operating sector can also be used. When the relay characteristic angle
RCA is 0 degrees, the negative quadrant of the operation sector can be extended with
the Min forward angle setting. The operation sector can be set between 0 and -180
degrees, so that the total operation sector is from +90 to -180 degrees. In other words,
the sector can be up to 270 degrees wide. This allows the protection settings to stay
the same when the resonance coil is disconnected from between the neutral point and
earth.

System neutral earthing is meant to protect personnel and equipment and to reduce
interference for example in telecommunication systems. The neutral earthing sets
challenges for protection systems, especially for earth-fault protection.

In isolated networks, there is no intentional connection between the system neutral

point and earth. The only connection is through the line-to-earth capacitances (C0) of
phases and leakage resistances (R0). This means that the residual current is mainly
capacitive and has –90 degrees phase shift compared to the residual voltage (-U0).
The characteristic angle is -90 degrees.

In resonance-earthed networks, the capacitive fault current and the inductive

resonance coil current compensate each other. The protection cannot be based on the
reactive current measurement, since the current of the compensation coil would
disturb the operation of the relays. In this case, the selectivity is based on the
measurement of the active current component. This means that the residual current
is mainly resistive and has zero phase shift compared to the residual voltage (-U0)
and the characteristic angle is 0 degrees. Often the magnitude of this component is
small, and must be increased by means of a parallel resistor in the compensation
equipment.

In networks where the neutral point is earthed through low resistance, the
characteristic angle is also 0 degrees (for phase angle). Alternatively, I0cos(φ)
operation can be used.

In solidly earthed networks, the Characteristic angle is typically set to +60 degrees
for the phase angle. Alternatively, I0sin(φ) operation can be used with a reversal
polarizing quantity. The polarizing quantity can be rotated 180 degrees by setting the
Pol reversal parameter to "True" or by switching the polarity of the residual voltage
measurement wires. Although the I0sin(φ) operation can be used in solidly earthed
networks, the phase angle is recommended.

Connection of measuring transformers in directional earth fault

applications
The Residual current I0 can be measured with a core balance current transformer or
the residual connection of the phase current signals. If the neutral of the network is
either isolated or earthed with high impedance, a core balance current transformer is
recommended to be used in earth-fault protection. To ensure sufficient accuracy of
residual current measurements and consequently the selectivity of the scheme, the

REF615 153
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

core balance current transformers should have a transformation ratio of at least 70:1.
Lower transformation ratios such as 50:1 or 50:5 are not recommended.

Attention should be paid to make sure the measuring transformers are connected
correctly so that DEFxPDEF is able to detect the fault current direction without
failure. As directional earth fault uses residual current and residual voltage (-U0), the
poles of the measuring transformers must match each other and also the fault current
direction. Also the earthing of the cable sheath must be taken into notice when using
core balance current transformers. The following figure describes how measuring
transformers can be connected to the IED.

A070697 V2 EN

Figure 75: Connection of measuring transformers

5.2.3 Transient/intermittent earth-fault protection INTRPTEF

[Link] Identification
Table 65: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: INTRPTEF

IEC 60617 identification: I0> ->IEF
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 67NIEF

154 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

[Link] Functionality

The transient/intermittent earth-fault protection (INTRPTEF) is a sample based

function designed for the protection and clearance of intermittent and transient earth
faults in distribution and sub-transmission networks. Fault detection is done from the
residual current and residual voltage signals by monitoring the transients with
predefined criteria.

The operate time characteristics are according to definite time (DT).

The function contains a blocking functionality. Blocking deactivates all outputs and
resets timers.

[Link] Application

INTRPTEF is a dedicated earth-fault function to operate in intermittent and transient

earth faults occurring in distribution and sub-transmission networks. The function
has selectable modes for corresponding fault types. As the function has a dedicated
purpose for these fault types, fast detection and clearance of the faults can be achieved.

Intermittent earth fault in compensated networks

An intermittent earth fault is a special type of fault that is encountered especially in
compensated networks with underground cables. With underground distribution
cables, the wire insulators may get damaged due to short transients in I0 and rapid
changes in U0 caused by water creating a connection between the connector and the
ground. This can be characterized as a series of cable insulation breakdowns because
of the reduced voltage withstand.

A070759 V1 EN

Figure 76: Typical intermittent earth-fault residual current and residual voltage
signals on a faulty feeder

Intermittent earth-fault transients cause damping sinusoidal residual voltage. In case

of successive intermittent transients, the residual voltage level may continuously stay
high. The substation residual voltage has usually been used in the substation back-up

REF615 155
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

protection for feeder earth faults when it is applied to the trip feeders feeding the
busbar. In intermittent earth-fault situations, this may cause the back-up protection
to trip without the dedicated intermittent earth-fault protection function for the
corresponding feeder.

INTRPTEF can be used in parallel with non-directional and directional earth-fault

functions. The function can reliably detect whether the fault is in the forward or
reverse area when looking from the feeder's perspective. In case of a forward type
fault, that is, when the fed cable is faulty, a trip signal is sent to the circuit breaker.
In case of a reverse type fault, meaning that the fault is on some other feeders, the
BLK_EF output is activated for a fixed time of 25 ms. This signal can be used for
blocking the earth-fault functions to prevent erroneous trips when the function is set
to operate with "Intermittent EF" mode.

In the following example, an intermittent earth-fault situation is shown in a neutral

compensated network. The faulty feeder (feeder j) feeds the fault current to the fault
point. In the healthy feeder (feeder v), the fault current is also detected but the
direction is reverse.

INTRPTEF detects transients in the residual current and residual voltage signals in
forward direction in the feeder (j). The adjustable drop-off timer starts counting when
a transient is detected. When the number of transients occurring within the drop-off
time meets the set limit, the function starts and stays active until transients are no
longer detected. When the operate delay time has elapsed, INTRPTEF operates if it
detects the next successive transients and the counter value is correct. The function
sends a trip command to the circuit breaker regarding the faulty feeder accordingly.

The requirement that one additional transient is needed after the

operate delay time is exceeded can cause additional operate time
delays. However, this functionality is implemented to prevent
unwanted trips.

156 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

A070760 V2 EN

Figure 77: Intermittent earth-fault situation in neutral compensated network

Transient earth fault in networks

Transient earth fault is a special type of fault which can be detected by using the
INTRPTEF function in transient mode. In this mode the fault direction is detected
from the first transient pulse in the residual current. The algorithm requires also the
residual voltage to exceed the set value. The function starts when the transient is
detected in the set direction and the residual voltage is over the set limit. The function
stays in the start state as long as the residual voltage limit is exceeded. When
INTRPTEF has started and the operate delay time has elapsed, the function operates
and sends a trip command to the circuit breaker. The following figure shows the
transient earth fault detection and operation of the INTRPTEF function.

REF615 157
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

A070976 V1 EN

Figure 78: Transient earth-fault situation and operation of INTRPTEF during a

fault

5.3 Unbalance protection

5.3.1 Negative phase-sequence current protection NSPTOC

[Link] Identification
Table 66: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: NSPTOC

IEC 60617 identification: I2>
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 46

158 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

[Link] Functionality

The negative phase-sequence current protection NSPTOC is used for increasing

sensitivity to detect single phasing situations, unbalanced loads due to, for example,
broken conductors or to unsymmetrical feeder voltages.

The function is based on the measurement of the negative phase-sequence current.

In a fault situation, the function starts when the negative phase sequence current
exceeds the set limit. The operate time characteristics can be selected to be either
definite time (DT) or inverse definite minimum time (IDMT). In the DT mode, the
function operates after a predefined operate time and resets when the fault current
disappears. The IDMT mode provides current dependent timer characteristics.

The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block function outputs,

timers, or the function itself, if desired.

[Link] Application

Since the negative sequence current quantities are not present during normal, balanced
load conditions, the negative sequence overcurrent protection elements can be set for
faster and more sensitive operation than the normal phase-overcurrent protection for
fault conditions occurring between two phases. The negative sequence overcurrent
protection also provides a back-up protection functionality for the feeder earth-fault
protection in solid and low resistance earthed networks.

The negative sequence overcurrent protection provides the back-up earth-fault

protection on the high voltage side of a delta-wye connected power transformer for
earth faults taking place on the wye-connected low voltage side. If an earth fault
occurs on the wye-connected side of the power transformer, negative sequence current
quantities appear on the delta-connected side of the power transformer.

The most common application for the negative sequence overcurrent protection is
probably rotating machines, where negative sequence current quantities indicate
unbalanced loading conditions (unsymmetrical voltages). Unbalanced loading
normally causes extensive heating of the machine and can result in severe damages
even over a relatively short time period.

Multiple time curves and time multiplier settings are also available for coordinating
with other devices in the system.

5.3.2 Phase discontinuity PDNSPTOC

[Link] Identification
Table 67: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: PDNSPTOC

IEC 60617 identification: I2/I1>
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 46PD

REF615 159
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

[Link] Functionality

The phase discontinuity protection PDNSPTOC is used for detecting unbalance

situations caused by broken conductors.

The function starts and operates when the unbalance current I2/I1 exceeds the set limit.
To prevent faulty operation at least one phase current needs to be above the minimum
level. PDNSPTOC operates with DT characteristic.

The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block the function

output, timer or the function itself, if desired.

[Link] Application

In three-phase distribution and subtransmission network applications the phase

discontinuity in one phase can cause increase of zero sequence voltage and short
overvoltage peaks and also oscillation in the corresponding phase.

PDNSPTOC is a three-phase protection with DT characteristic, designed for detecting

broken conductors in distribution and subtransmission networks. The function is
applicable for both overhead lines and underground cables.

The operation of PDNSPTOC is based on the ratio of positive and negative sequence
currents. This gives better sensitivity and stability compared to plain negative
sequence current protection since the calculated ratio of positive and negative
sequence currents is relatively constant during load variations.

When the three phase currents are measured, the positive-sequence current is
calculated using Equation 1
1
I1 =
3
(
Ia + aIb + a 2 Ic )
A070700 V1 EN (Equation 1)

The negative sequence current is calculated using Equation 2

1
I2 =
3
(
Ia + a 2 Ib + aIc )
A070701 V1 EN (Equation 2)

Ia, Ib, Ic phase current vectors

ɑ phase rotation operator (defined to rotate a phasor component forward by 120 degrees)

The unbalance of the network is detected by monitoring the negative and positive
sequence current ratio, where the negative-phase sequence current value is I2 and I1
is the positive-phase sequence current value. The unbalance is calculated using
Equation 3

160 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

I2
Iratio =
I1
A070702 V1 EN (Equation 3)

A situation when a phase A conductor is broken is shown in Figure 79

IECA070699 V1 EN

Figure 79: Broken conductor fault in phase A in a distribution or or

subtransmission feeder

Current quantities during the broken fault in phase A, together with the ratio of
negative and positive sequence currents, are presented in Figure 80

IECA070698 V1 EN

Figure 80: Three-phase currents, positive and negative sequence currents and
the ratio of sequence currents during broken conductor fault in phase
A

REF615 161
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

5.4 Arc protection ARCSARC

5.4.1 Identification
Table 68: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: ARCSARC

IEC 60617 identification: ARC
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 50L/50NL

5.4.2 Functionality
The arc protection (ARCSARC) detects arc situations in air insulated metal-clad
switchgears caused by, for example, human errors during maintenance or insulation
breakdown during operation.

The function detects light from an arc either locally or via a remote light signal. The
function also monitors phase and residual currents to be able to make accurate
decisions on ongoing arcing situations.

The function contains a blocking functionality. Blocking deactivates all outputs and
resets timers.

5.4.3 Application
The arc protection can be realized as a stand-alone function in a single relay or as a
station-wide arc protection, including several protection relays. If realized as a
station-wide arc protection, different tripping schemes can be selected for the
operation of the circuit breakers of the incoming and outgoing feeders. Consequently,
the relays in the station can, for example, be set to trip the circuit breaker of either
the incoming or the outgoing feeder, depending on the fault location in the switchgear.
For maximum safety, the relays can be set to always trip both the circuit breaker of
the incoming feeder and that of the outgoing feeder.

The arc protection consists of:

• Optional arc light detection hardware with automatic backlight compensation for
lens type sensors
• Light signal output FLT_ARC_DET for routing indication of locally detected
light signal to another relay
• Protection stage with phase- and earth-fault current measurement.

The function detects light from an arc either locally or via a remote light signal.
Locally, the light is detected by lens sensors connected to the inputs Light sensor 1,
Light sensor 2, or Light sensor 3 on the serial communication module of the relay.

162 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

The lens sensors can be placed, for example, in the busbar compartment, the breaker
compartment, and the cable compartment of the metal-clad cubicle.

The light detected by the lens sensors is compared to an automatically adjusted

reference level. Light sensor 1, Light sensor 2, and Light sensor 3 inputs have their
own reference levels. When the light exceeds the reference level of one of the inputs,
the light is detected locally. When the light has been detected locally or remotely and,
depending on the operation mode, if one or several phase currents exceed the set
Phase start value limit, or the earth-fault current the set Ground start value limit, the
arc protection stage generates an operation signal. The stage is reset in 30 ms, after
all three-phase currents and the earth-fault current have fallen below the set current
limits.

The light signal output from an arc protection stage FLT_ARC_DET is activated
immediately in the detection of light in all situations. A station-wide arc protection
is realized by routing the light signal output to an output contact connected to a binary
input of another relay, or by routing the light signal output through the communication
to an input of another relay.

It is possible to block the tripping and the light signal output of the arc protection
stage with a binary input or a signal from another function block.

Cover unused inputs with dust caps.

Arc protection with one IED

In installations, with limited possibilities to realize signalling between IEDs
protecting incoming and outgoing feeders, or if only the IED for the incoming feeder
is to be exchanged, an arc protection with a lower protective level can be achieved
with one protection relay. An arc protection with one IED only is realized by installing
two arc lens sensors connected to the IED protecting the incoming feeder to detect
an arc on the busbar. In arc detection, the arc protection stage trips the circuit breaker
of the incoming feeder. The maximum recommended installation distance between
the two lens sensors in the busbar area is six meters and the maximum distance from
a lens sensor to the end of the busbar is three meters.

REF615 163
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

A040362 V1 EN

Figure 81: Arc protection with one IED

Arc protection with several IEDs

When using several IEDs, the IED protecting the outgoing feeder trips the circuit
breaker of the outgoing feeder when detecting an arc at the cable terminations. If the
IED protecting the outgoing feeder detects an arc on the busbar or in the breaker
compartment via one of the other lens sensors, it will generate a signal to the IED
protecting the incoming feeder. When detecting the signal, the IED protecting the
incoming feeder trips the circuit breaker of the incoming feeder and generates an
external trip signal to all IEDs protecting the outgoing feeders, which in turn results
in tripping of all circuit breakers of the outgoing feeders. For maximum safety, the
IEDs can be configured to trip all the circuit breakers regardless of where the arc is
detected.

164 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

A040363 V2 EN

Figure 82: Arc protection with several IEDs

Arc protection with several IEDs and a separate arc protection system
When realizing an arc protection with both IEDs and a separate arc protection system,
the cable terminations of the outgoing feeders are protected by IEDs using one lens
sensor for each IED. The busbar and the incoming feeder are protected by the sensor
loop of the separate arc protection system. With arc detection at the cable
terminations, an IED trips the circuit breaker of the outgoing feeder. However, when
detecting an arc on the busbar, the separate arc protection system trips the circuit
breaker of the incoming feeder and generates an external trip signal to all IEDs
protecting the outgoing feeders, which in turn results in tripping of all circuit breakers
of the outgoing feeders.

REF615 165
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

A040364 V1 EN

Figure 83: Arc protection with several IEDs and a separate arc protection
system

5.5 Voltage protection

5.5.1 Overvoltage protection PHPTOV

[Link] Identification
Table 69: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification PHPTOV

IEC 60617 identification 3U>
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 59

166 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

[Link] Functionality

The three-phase overvoltage protection PHPTOV is applied on power system

elements, such as generators, transformers, motors and power lines to protect the
system from excessive voltages that could damage the insulation and cause insulation
breakdown. The three-phase overvoltage function includes a settable value for the
detection of overvoltage either in a single phase, two phases or three phases.

PHPTOV includes both definite time (DT) and inverse definite minimum time
(IDMT) operate time characteristics for the delay of the trip.

The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block function outputs,

timer or the function itself, if desired.

[Link] Application

Overvoltage in a network occurs either due to the transient surges on the network or
due to prolonged power frequency overvoltages. Surge arresters are used to protect
the network against the transient overvoltages, but the IED protection function is used
to protect against power frequency overvoltages.

The power frequency overvoltage may occur in the network due to the contingencies
such as:
• the defective operation of the automatic voltage regulator when the generator is
in isolated operation.
• operation under manual control with the voltage regulator out of service. A
sudden variation of load, in particular the reactive power component, will give
rise to a substantial change in voltage because of the inherent large voltage
regulation of a typical alternator.
• sudden loss of load due to tripping of outgoing feeders, leaving the generator
isolated or feeding a very small load. This causes a sudden rise in the terminal
voltage due to the trapped field flux and overspeed.

If a load sensitive to overvoltage remains connected, it leads to the equipment damage.

It is essential to provide power frequency overvoltage protection, in the form of time

delayed element, either IDMT or DT to prevent equipment damage.

5.5.2 Undervoltage protection PHPTUV

[Link] Identification
Table 70: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification PHPTUV

IEC 60617 identification 3U<
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number 27

REF615 167
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

[Link] Functionality

The three-phase undervoltage protection PHPTUV is used to disconnect devices from

the network, for example, electric motors which get damaged when subjected to
service under low voltage conditions. PHPTUV includes a settable value for the
detection of undervoltage either in a single phase, two phases or three phases.

PHPTUV includes both definite time (DT) and inverse definite minimum time
(IDMT) operate time characteristics for the delay of the trip.

The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block function outputs,

timer or the function itself, if desired.

[Link] Application

PHPTUV is applied to power system elements, such as generators, transformers,

motors and power lines in order to detect low voltage conditions. Low voltage
conditions are caused by abnormal operation or a fault in the power system.

PHPTUV can be used in combination with overcurrent protections.

Other applications are the detection of a no-voltage condition, for example, before
the energization of a high voltage line or a automatic breaker trip in case of a blackout.

PHPTUV is also used to initiate voltage correction measures, such as insertion of

shunt capacitor banks to compensate reactive load and thereby to increase the voltage.

PHPTUV can be used to disconnect devices from the network, for example, electric
motors which get damaged when subjected to service under low voltage conditions.
PHPTUV deals with low voltage conditions at power system frequency. Low voltage
conditions may occur due to:
• malfunctioning of a voltage regulator or incorrect settings under manual control
(symmetrical voltage decrease)
• overload (symmetrical voltage decrease)
• short circuits, often as phase-to-earth faults (unsymmetrical voltage increase).

PHPTOV prevents sensitive equipment from running under conditions that could
cause overheating and thus shorten their life time expectancy.

In many cases, PHPTOV is a useful function in circuits for local or remote automation
processes in the power system.

168 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

5.5.3 Residual overvoltage protection ROVPTOV

[Link] Identification
Table 71: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: ROVPTOV

IEC 60617 identification: U0>
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 59G

[Link] Functionality

The residual overvoltage protection ROVPTOV is used in distribution networks

where the residual overvoltage can reach non-acceptable levels, for example, in high
impedance earthing.

The function starts when the residual voltage exceeds the set limit. ROVPTOV
operates with the definite time (DT) characteristic.

The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block function outputs,

the definite timer or the function itself, if desired.

[Link] Application

ROVPTOV is designed to be used for earth fault protection in isolated neutral,

resistance earthed or reactance earthed systems. In compensated networks, starting
of the function can be used to control the switching device of the neutral resistor. The
function can also be used for back-up protection of feeders for busbar protection when
more dedicated busbar protection would not be justified.

In compensated and isolated neutral systems, the system neutral voltage, that is, the
residual voltage, increases in case of any fault connected to earth. Depending on the
type of the fault and the fault resistance, the residual voltage reaches different values.
The highest residual voltage, equal to the phase-earth voltage, is achieved for a single-
phase earth fault. The residual voltage increases approximately the same amount in
the whole system and does not provide any guidance in finding the faulty component.
Therefore, this function is often used as a backup protection or as a release signal for
the feeder earth-fault protection.

The protection can also be used for earth-fault protection of generators and motors
and for the unbalance protection of capacitor banks.

The residual voltage can be calculated internally based on the measurement of the
three-phase voltage. This voltage can also be measured by a single-phase voltage
transformer, located between a transformer star point and earth, or by using an open-
delta connection of three single-phase voltage transformers.

REF615 169
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

5.5.4 Negative sequence overvoltage protection NSPTOV

[Link] Identification
Table 72: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: NSPTOV

IEC 60617 identification: U2>
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 47O-

[Link] Functionality

The negative sequence overvoltage protection NSPTOV is used to detect negative

phase sequence overvoltage conditions. NSPTOV is used for protection of machines.

The function starts when the negative phase sequence voltage exceeds the set limit.
NSPTOV operates with the definite time (DT) characteristics.

The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block function outputs,

the definite timer or the function itself, if desired.

[Link] Application

A continuous or temporary voltage unbalance may appear in the network for various
reasons. Mainly, the voltage unbalance occurs due to broken conductors or
asymmetrical loads and is characterized by the appearance of a negative sequence
component of the voltage. In rotating machines, the voltage unbalance results in a
current unbalance, which heats the rotors of the machines. The rotating machines,
therefore, do not tolerate continuous negative phase sequence voltage higher than
typically 1-2 percent x Un.

The negative phase sequence current I2, drawn by an asynchronous or a synchronous

machine, is linearly proportional to the negative phase sequence voltage U2.
Typically, I2 is 5...7 times U2.

The negative sequence overcurrent NSPTOC blocks are used to accomplish selective
protection against the voltage and current unbalance for each machine separately.
Alternatively, the protection can be implemented with the NSPTOV function,
monitoring the voltage unbalance of the bus bar.

If the machines have unbalance protection of their own, the NSPTOV operation can
be applied as a backup protection or it can be used as an alarm. The latter can be
applied when it is not required to trip loads tolerating voltage unbalance better than
the rotating machines.

If there is a considerable degree of voltage unbalance in the network, the rotating

machines should not be connected to the network at all. This logic can be implemented
by inhibiting the closure of the circuit breaker if the NSPTOV operation has started.

170 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

This scheme also prevents connecting the machine to the network if the phase
sequence of the network is not correct.

An appropriate value for the setting parameter Voltage start value is approximately
3 percent of Un. A suitable value for the setting parameter Operate delay time depends
on the application. If the NSPTOV operation is used as backup protection, the operate
time should be set in accordance with the operate time of NSPTOC1 or 2 used as
main protection. If the NSPTOV operation is used as main protection, the operate
time should be approximately one second.

5.5.5 Positive sequence undervoltage protection PSPTUV

[Link] Identification
Table 73: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: PSPTUV

IEC 60617 identification: U1<
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 47U+

[Link] Functionality

The positive-sequence undervoltage protection PSPTUV is used to detect positive

phase sequence undervoltage conditions. PSPTUV is used for protection of small
power generation plants. The function helps in isolating an embedded plant from a
fault line when the fault current fed by the plant is too low to start an overcurrent
function but high enough to maintain the arc. Fast isolation of all the fault-current
sources is necessary for a successful autoreclosure from the network-end circuit
breaker.

The function starts when the positive phase sequence voltage goes below the set limit.
PSPTUV operates with the definite time (DT) characteristics.

The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block function outputs,

the definite timer or the function itself, if desired.

[Link] Application

PSPTUV is applied for protecting a power station used for embedded generation when
network faults like short circuits or phase-to-earth faults in a transmission or a
distribution line cause a potentially dangerous situations for the power station. A
network fault may be dangerous for the power station for various reasons. The
operation of the protection may cause an islanding condition, also called a loss-of-
mains condition, in which a part of the network, that is, an island fed by the power
station is isolated from the rest of the network. There is then a risk of an autoreclosure
taking place when the voltages of different parts of the network do not synchronize,
which is a straining incident for the power station. Another risk is that the generator

REF615 171
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

loses synchronism during the network fault. A sufficiently fast trip of the utility circuit
breaker of the power station can avoid these risks.

The lower the three-phase symmetrical voltage of the network is, the higher is the
probability that the generator loses the synchronism. The positive sequence voltage
is also available during asymmetrical faults. It is an appropriate criterion for detecting
the risk of loss of synchronism than, for example, the lowest phase-to-phase voltage.

Analyzing the loss of synchronism of a generator is rather complicated and requires

a model of the generator with its prime mover and controllers. The generator may be
able to operate synchronously even if the voltage drops by a few tens of percent for
some hundreds of milliseconds. The setting of PSPTUV is thus determined by the
need to protect the power station from the risks of the islanding conditions since that
requires a higher setting value.

The loss of synchronism of a generator means that the generator is unable to operate
as a generator with the network frequency but enters into an unstable condition in
which it operates by turns as a generator and a motor. Such a condition stresses the
generator thermally and mechanically. This kind of loss of synchronism should not
be mixed with the one between an island and the utility network. In the islanding
situation, the condition of the generator itself is normal but the phase angle and the
frequency of the phase-to-phase voltage may be different from the corresponding
voltage in the rest of the network. The island may get a frequency of its own relatively
fast when fed by a small power station with a low inertia.

PSPTUV complements other loss-of-grid protection principles based on frequency

and voltage operation.

Setting the PSPTUV operation

The magnitude of positive phase sequence voltage U1 at the fault point U1f can be
calculated for different types of faults with the formulae:

three-phase short circuit

Zf
U1 f = ≈ 0
Z k1 + Z f
GUID-27F4A2D7-C8B7-4A9D-A915-D59D4B92CB6E V1 EN (Equation 4)

two-phase short circuit

Z f +Z k 2
U1 f = ≈ 0.5
Z f + Z k 2 + Z k1
GUID-C2E64AF0-0776-42A9-8BF7-5EE12C5A113E V1 EN (Equation 5)

two-phase earth fault

Z k 2 ( Z k 0 +3Z f )
U1 f = ≈ 0.33
( Z k1 + Z k 2 )( Z k 0 +3Z f ) + Z k1 Z k 2

GUID-6CE59803-DC3E-4B32-A4D4-71F00C5F2B21 V1 EN (Equation 6)

172 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

single-phase earth fault

GUID-8D2E499E-DCFF-4F01-ADA0-53F24B5E32C9 V1 EN (Equation 7)

Zk1 , Zk2 and Zk0 respective positive, negative and zero-sequence impedances of the faulted circuit

Zf fault impedance

The approximations are based on the assumption that the sequence impedances
consist mainly of sequence reactances Xk1 , Xk2 , Xk0 with Xk1 = Xk2 = Xk0 and Zf =
0.

When the function block is to trip in an islanding situation, it has to be set according
to the highest magnitude of U1 during the fault when the fault is in such an area of
the network that an island will be formed. The highest U1 value at the measuring point
of the relay appears when the fault occurs near the farthest circuit breaker within the
potential island.

Which type of fault the setting should be based on depends on the operating principle
of protection at single phase-to-earth faults. If a single phase-to-earth fault results in
the single-phase operation of circuit breakers, the fault must involve at least two
phases before an island is formed. The highest U1 value indicating a fault leading to
a loss-of-grid condition appears at a two-phase short circuit.

If a three-phase circuit breaker operation takes place at all faults, including a single
phase-to-earth fault, the setting has to be calculated based on a single phase-to-earth
fault to get the highest value of U1 during the fault.

The PSPTUV operation naturally detects the islanding condition only when it is
caused by a fault on the line between the power station and the transmission network.
However, the island is also formed by the switching related in locating an earth fault
in a medium voltage network, for example, the trip of a Buchholz relay of a
transformer. In these cases, no high speed autoreclosures are performed, and there is
thus time to trip the utility circuit breaker of the power station by a frequency
protection function or manually by a remote control.

The task of the PSPTUV operation is to detect such fault situations in the network
that will lead to a loss-of-grid condition. The network is not able to identify the
condition after it has been created. The operate time of the PSPTUV operation
therefore has to be made so short, that it will not drop off after the line protection of
the network has cleared the fault and an island is formed. The fast operate time, for
example, 50 ms, also brings another advantage: the high speed autoreclosure is likely
to be a successful one since the PSPTUV operation de-energizes the faulty line even
if the fault current fed by the power station is too low to start the overcurrent protection
between the power station and the fault, but high enough to maintain the arc.

REF615 173
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

The disadvantage of the fast operation of the PSPTUV operation is that it issues a trip
even if the fault is on one of the medium voltage lines fed by the power station. This
is an undue trip since such a fault would not lead to an islanding condition. This
drawback is smaller than the benefit of having a reliable loss-of-grid protection.
Sometimes it is possible to improve the selectivity. If the PSPTUV operation is
located in the same substation as the overcurrent protection functions protecting
medium voltage lines. It is possible to block the PSPTUV operation with the start
signals of the overcurrent function blocks.

Setting examples for the PSPTUV operation

The purpose of the examples is to illustrate the setting principle of the PSPTUV
operation. The calculations are more complicated in practice, especially if there are
other generators having an impact on the voltages at the generator in question. Fault
calculation tools or network simulators are recommended to be used in complicated
studies.

If there are several generators in the network, the voltages during the fault at the
measuring point of the relay depend on the number of generators actually connected
to the network when the fault occurs. One option is to use a fixed setting that leads
to the highest U1 value during the fault. In this case, the function block will always
trip when it is required to, but there may also appear unnecessary operations. When
the maximum selectivity is pursued, the distribution management system can be
utilized for updating the settings as the switching state of the generators or the network
changes. The two setting groups of the function block can also be utilized for the
same purpose.

Example 1.

Example 1 presents a case where a radial line leads from the substation A to the
substation B. Tripping this line creates an island fed by the power station. If single-
phase autoreclosures are applied in single-phase earth faults, only two-phase or three-
phase short circuits will then lead to a loss-of-grid situation. The setting value for the
Start value setting is calculated based on a two-phase short circuit at the farthest circuit
breaker of the potential island and this point is at the substation A.

The equivalent circuit is applied in the calculation. The U1 value of the faulty point
at a two-phase short circuit is U1f = 0.5 p.u. The transient U1 value of the generator
source voltage can be approximated as 1.1 p.u. The U1 voltage appearing at the
generator terminals during the fault is calculated with the formula:
X kG X kG
U1G = U1 f + (1.1 − U1 f ) = 0.5 + (1.1 − 0.5)
X kG + X ’d X kG + X ’d
GUID-0833A49D-71B3-40DC-B920-5B88882C3A03 V1 EN (Equation 8)

XkG short circuit reactance between the power station and the fault reduced to the
voltage level of the power station

174 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

Xd’ transient reactance of the generator of the power station.

If

xd' 0.15

Sn 5 MVA

Un 10 kV

XkG 2 Ω

the setting is then calculated:

U n2 (10000V )2
X d’ = xd’ = 0.15 × = 3Ω
Sn (5000000VA)
GUID-D691182A-75BD-4204-8C1D-8C5AC95333F2 V1 EN

X kG 2
U1G = 0.5 + 0.6 = 0.5 + 0.6 = 0.74
X kG + X ’d 2+3
GUID-0BE5AFDB-2BFD-40BC-A7D7-1B3902E2B157 V1 EN

The actual setting should be slightly, for example, 10 percent higher than the value
calculated to allow some marginal for the fault resistance and other factors that may
make the U1 value higher:

Voltage start value 1.1 × 0.74 = 0.81

REF615 175
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

GUID-DD28B178-6102-4CEF-BF81-93A3CFE8D55E V1 EN

Figure 84: A fault on a radial line resulting in a loss-of-grid condition

176 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

GUID-E424E267-CA5C-4FAE-AD20-A7472421E3A6 V1 EN

Figure 85: The equivalent circuit used in the calculation. U1f is the positive-
sequence component of the voltage during a fault at the farthest point
of a potential island near the substation A. XkG is the short circuit
reactance between the measuring point of the relay and the fault
reduced to the voltage level of the latter. Xd’ is the transient reactance
of the generator of the power station. The positive-phase-sequence
component of the transient source voltage of the generator can be
approximated by 1.1 p.u.

Example 2.

Example 2 presents a case where the lines between the substations A, B and C are
protected by distance relays without communication schemes. Fast protection is
obtained for the whole line by making the first zone overreaching covering, for
example, 120 percent of the length of the line for the first trip. The possible second
trip after the high speed autoreclosure takes place according to the normal 1. zone
which covers, for example, 80-90 percent of the length of the line. The healthy line
will thus be tripped only once. An illustration can be made where the fault occurs in
the beginning of the line BC, and both the line AB and the line BC will be tripped at
first, which results in a loss-of-grid situation.

If all circuit breaker operations are three-phase ones for all faults, also a single phase-
to-earth fault results in an islanding condition and the setting has to be calculated
according to a single-phase fault.

REF615 177
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

GUID-A6D0D737-9E83-47B4-A8E6-1543D03F45E9 V1 EN

Figure 86: Overreaching distance relays give rise to a loss-of-grid situation at a

line fault

GUID-7D702BF5-3937-4273-8964-EE8995601B3C V1 EN

Figure 87: Equivalent circuit used in the calculation

178 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 5
Protection functions

The equivalent circuit is now used in the calculation. The U1 value of the fault-point
voltage at a single phase-to-earth fault is U1f = 0.67 p.u. The positive phase-sequence
component of the transient source voltage of a generator can be approximated by 1.1
p.u. The U1voltage appearing at the measuring point of the relay is calculated with
the approximation formula:

Xy X kG Xy
U1G = U1 f + (1 − U1 f ) + ((1.1 − U1 f ) − (1 − U1 f ) )
X kB + Xy X kG + X ’d X kB + Xy
GUID-6F5535FF-F9AE-41D2-A8BD-1FBE5E6C155C V1 EN (Equation 9)

XkG short circuit reactance between the farthest point of the created island, the
substation B in this case, and the measuring point of the relay reduced to
the voltage level of the latter
Xd’ transient reactance of the generator of the power station

XkB short circuit reactance of the network as seen from the substation B towards
either the substation A or the substation C. The smaller of these values is
used in the calculation. The value of XkB is reduced to the voltage level of
the measuring point of the relay
Xy the higher value of the overreaching of the distance relays of the
substations A and C. The value used in the calculation is reduced to the
voltage level of the measuring point of the relay

If

xd' 0.2

Sn 6 MVA

Un 10 kV

the setting is then calculated:

U n2 (10000V )2
X d’ = xd’ = 0.2 × = 3.33Ω
Sn (6000000VA)
GUID-0BD1A603-E39D-4F41-96E0-7E25F8940FAE V1 EN

XkG = 1 Ω (reduced to the 10 kV voltage level)

The short circuit reactance of the network seen from the substation B towards the
substation A is 1 Ω and towards the substation C 1.2 Ω => XkB = 1 Ω.

The value reduced to the 10 kV voltage level is XkB’ = 1 × (10/150)² Ω = 0.0044 Ω.

The overreaching first zone of the distance relay of the substation A covers a length
of 0.3 Ω of the line BC. The overreaching first zone of the distance relay of the
substation C covers a length of 0.25 Ω of the line BA => Xy = 0.3 Ω.

REF615 179
Application Manual
Section 5 1MRS756378 D
Protection functions

The value reduced to the 10 kV voltage level is Xy’ = 0.3 × (10/150)² Ω = 0.0013 Ω.

The setting can now be calculated:

X ’y X kG X ’y
U1G = 0.67 + (1 − 0.67) + ((1.1 − 0.67) − (1 − 0.67) )=
X ’kB + X ’y X kG + X ’d X ’kB + X ’y
GUID-E8CE42AB-E53C-478E-B907-828FFBB19CAC V1 EN (Equation 10)

0.0013 1 0.0013
0.67 + 0.33 + ((0.43 − 0.33) − 0.33 ) = 0.83
0.0044 + 0.0013 1 + 3.33 0.0044 + 0.0013
GUID-BBBBB39E-B1D2-49A4-948E-130672A0DBDA V1 EN

The actual setting should be slightly, for example, 10 percent higher than the value
calculated to allow some margin for the fault resistance and other factors that increases
U1 value:

Voltage start value 1.1 × 0.83 = 0.91

In the examples, it is assumed that the generator is connected to the

10 kV network without a power transformer in between. If there is
such a transformer, the same setting principles are still followed. The
short circuit reactance of the transformer has to be added to the
transient reactance of the generator if the voltage is measured at the
network side of the transformer. Also, the short circuit reactance of
the transformer has to be added to the network short circuit reactance
if the voltage is measured at the generator side of the transformer.

180 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 6
Protection related functions

Section 6 Protection related functions

6.1 Three-phase inrush detector INRPHAR

6.1.1 Identification
Table 74: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: INRPHAR

IEC 60617 identification: 3I2f>
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 68

6.1.2 Functionality
The transformer inrush detection INRPHAR is used to coordinate transformer inrush
situations in distribution networks.

Transformer inrush detection is based on the following principle: the output signal
BLK2H is activated once the numerically derived ratio of second harmonic current
I_2H and the fundamental frequency current I_1H exceeds the set value.

The operate time characteristic for the function is of definite time (DT) type.

The function contains a blocking functionality. Blocking deactivates all outputs and
resets timers.

6.1.3 Application
Transformer protections require high stability to avoid tripping during magnetizing
inrush conditions. A typical example of an inrush detector application is doubling the
start value of an overcurrent protection during inrush detection.

The inrush detection function can be used to selectively block overcurrent and earth-
fault function stages when the ratio of second harmonic component over the
fundamental component exceeds the set value.

Other applications of this function include the detection of inrush in lines connected
to a transformer.

REF615 181
Application Manual
Section 6 1MRS756378 D
Protection related functions

A070695 V1 EN

Figure 88: Inrush current in transformer

6.2 Circuit breaker failure protection CCBRBRF

6.2.1 Identification
Table 75: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: CCBRBRF

IEC 60617 identification: 3I>I0>BF

ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 51BF/51NBF

6.2.2 Functionality
The breaker failure function CCBRBRF is activated by trip commands from the
protection functions. The commands are either internal commands to the terminal or

182 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 6
Protection related functions

external commands through binary inputs. The start command is always a default for
three-phase operation. CCBRBRF includes a three-phase conditional or
unconditional re-trip function, and also a three-phase conditional back-up trip
function.

CCBRBRF uses the same levels of current detection for both re-trip and back-up trip.
The operating values of the current measuring elements can be set within a predefined
setting range. The function has two independent timers for trip purposes: a re-trip
timer for the repeated tripping of its own breaker and a back-up timer for the trip logic
operation for upstream breakers. A minimum trip pulse length can be set
independently for the trip output.

The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block the function

outputs, if desired.

6.2.3 Application
The n-1 criterion is often used in the design of a fault clearance system. This means
that the fault is cleared even if some component in the fault clearance system is faulty.
A circuit breaker is a necessary component in the fault clearance system. For practical
and economical reasons, it is not feasible to duplicate the circuit breaker for the
protected component, but breaker failure protection is used instead.

The breaker failure function issues a back-up trip command to adjacent circuit
breakers in case the original circuit breaker fails to trip for the protected component.
The detection of a failure to break the current through the breaker is made by
measuring the current or by detecting the remaining trip signal (unconditional).

CCBRBRF can also retrip. This means that a second trip signal is sent to the protected
circuit breaker. The retrip function is used to increase the operational reliability of
the breaker. The function can also be used to avoid back-up tripping of several
breakers in case mistakes occur during relay maintenance and tests.

CCBRBRF is initiated by operating different protection functions or digital logics

inside the IED. It is also possible to initiate the function externally through a binary
input.

CCBRBRF can be blocked by using an internally assigned signal or an external signal

from a binary input. This signal blocks the function of the breaker failure protection
even when the timers have started or the timers are reset.

The retrip timer is initiated after the start input is set to true. When the pre-defined
time setting is exceeded, CCBRBRF issues the retrip and sends a trip command, for
example, to the circuit breaker's second trip coil. Both a retrip with current check and
an unconditional retrip are available. When a retrip with current check is chosen, the
retrip is performed only if there is a current flow through the circuit breaker.

The back-up trip timer is also initiated at the same time as the retrip timer. If
CCBRBRF detects a failure in tripping the fault within the set back-up delay time,
which is longer than the retrip time, it sends a back-up trip signal to the chosen back-

REF615 183
Application Manual
Section 6 1MRS756378 D
Protection related functions

up breakers. The circuit breakers are normally upstream breakers which feed fault
current to a faulty feeder.

The back-up trip always includes a current check criterion. This means that the
criterion for a breaker failure is that there is a current flow through the circuit breaker
after the set back-up delay time.

A070696 V1 EN

Figure 89: Typical breaker failure protection scheme in distribution substations

6.3 Protection trip conditioning TRPPTRC

6.3.1 Identification
Table 76: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: TRPPTRC

IEC 60617 identification: I->O
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 94

6.3.2 Functionality
The protection trip conditioning function TRPPTRC is used as a trip command
collector and handler after the protection functions. The features of this function
influence the trip signal behavior of the circuit breaker. The user can set the minimum
trip pulse length when the non-latched mode is selected. It is also possible to select
the latched or lockout mode for the trip signal.

184 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 6
Protection related functions

6.3.3 Application
All trip signals from different protection functions are routed through the trip logic.
The most simplified alternative of a logic function is linking the trip signal and
ensuring that the signal is long enough.

The tripping logic in the protection relay is intended to be used in the three-phase
tripping for all fault types (3ph operating). To prevent the closing of a circuit breaker
after a trip, the function can block the CBXCBR closing.

The TRPPTRC function is intended to be connected to one trip coil of the

corresponding circuit breaker. If tripping is needed for another trip coil or another
circuit breaker which needs, for example, different trip pulse time, another trip logic
function can be used. The two instances of the PTRC function are identical, only the
names of the functions, TRPPTRC1 and TRPPTRC2, are different. Therefore, even
if all references are made only to TRPPTRC1, they also apply to TRPPTRC2.

The inputs from the protection functions are connected to the OPERATE input.
Usually, a logic block OR is required to combine the different function outputs to this
input. The TRIP output is connected to the binary outputs on the IO board. This signal
can also be used for other purposes within the IED, for example when starting the
breaker failure protection.

TRPPTRC is used for simple three-phase tripping applications.

A070881 V1 EN

Figure 90: Typical TRPPTRC connection

REF615 185
Application Manual
Section 6 1MRS756378 D
Protection related functions

Lock-out
TRPPTRC is provided with possibilities to activate a lockout. When activated, the
lockout can be manually reset after checking the primary fault by activating the
RST_LKOUT input or from the LHMI clear menu parameter. When using the
“Latched” mode, the resetting of the TRIP output can done similarly as when using
the “Lockout” mode. It is also possible to reset the “Latched” mode remotely through
a separate communication parameter.

The minimum pulse trip pulse function is not active when using the
“Lockout” or “Latched” modes but only when the “Non-latched”
mode is selected.

186 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 7
Supervision functions

Section 7 Supervision functions

7.1 Trip circuit supervision TCSSCBR

7.1.1 Identification
Table 77: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: TCSSCBR

IEC 60617 identification: TCS
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: TCM

7.1.2 Functionality
The trip circuit supervision function (TCSSCBR) is designed for supervision
purposes of control circuits. The invalidity of a control circuit is detected by using a
dedicated output contact that contains the supervision [Link] failure of a
circuit is reported to the corresponding function block in the IED configuration.

The function starts and operates when TCS detects a trip circuit failure. The operate
time characteristic for the function is of DT type. The function operates after a
predefined operating time and resets when the fault disappears.

The function contains a blocking functionality. Blocking deactivates the ALARM

output and resets the timer.

7.1.3 Application
TCSSCBR detects faults in the electrical control circuit of the circuit breaker. The
function can supervise both open and closed coil circuits. This kind of supervision is
necessary to find out the vitality of the control circuits continuously.

The following figure shows an application of the trip-circuit supervision function

usage. The best solution is to connect an external Rext shunt resistor in parallel with
the circuit breaker internal contact. Although the circuit breaker internal contact is
open, TCS can see the trip circuit through Rext. The Rext resistor should have such a
resistance that the current through the resistance remains small, that is, it does not
harm or overload the circuit breaker's trip coil.

REF615 187
Application Manual
Section 7 1MRS756378 D
Supervision functions

A051097 V4 EN

Figure 91: Operating principle of the trip-circuit supervision with an external

resistor. The TCSSCBR blocking switch is not required since the
external resistor is used.

If the TCS is required only in a closed position, the external shunt resistance may be
omitted. When the circuit breaker is in the open position, the TCS sees the situation
as a faulty circuit. One way to avoid TCS operation in this situation would be to block
the supervision function whenever the circuit breaker is open.

A051906 V2 EN

Figure 92: Operating principle of the trip-circuit supervision without an external

resistor. The circuit breaker open indication is set to block TCSSCBR
when the circuit breaker is open.

188 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 7
Supervision functions

Trip-circuit supervision and other trip contacts

It is typical that the trip circuit contains more than one trip contact in parallel, for
example in transformer feeders where the trip of a Buchholz relay is connected in
parallel with the feeder terminal and other relays involved. The constant test current
flow is shown in the following figure. The supervising current cannot detect if one
or all the other contacts connected in parallel are not connected properly.

A070968 V2 EN

Figure 93: Current flow in parallel trip contacts and trip-circuit supervision

In case of parallel trip contacts, the recommended way to do the wiring is that the
TCS test current flows through all wires and joints as shown in the following figure.

REF615 189
Application Manual
Section 7 1MRS756378 D
Supervision functions

A070970 V1 EN

Figure 94: Improved connection for parallel trip contacts

Several trip-circuit supervision functions parallel in circuit

Not only the trip circuit often have parallel trip contacts, it is also possible that the
circuit has multiple TCS circuits in parallel. Each TCS circuit causes its own
supervising current to flow through the monitored coil and the actual coil current is
a sum of all TCS currents. This must be taken into consideration when determining
the resistance of Rext.

Setting the TCS function in a protection IED not-in-use does not

typically effect the supervising current injection.

Trip-circuit supervision with auxiliary relays

Many retrofit projects are carried out partially, that is, the old electromechanical
relays are replaced with new ones but the circuit breaker is not replaced. This creates
a problem that the coil current of an old type circuit breaker may be too high for the
protection IED trip contact to break.

The circuit breaker coil current is normally cut by an internal contact of the circuit
breaker. In case of a circuit breaker failure, there is a risk that the protection IED trip
contact is destroyed since the contact is obliged to disconnect high level of
electromagnetic energy accumulated in the trip coil.

An auxiliary relay can be used between the protection IED trip contact and the circuit
breaker coil. This way the breaking capacity question is solved, but the TCS circuit

190 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 7
Supervision functions

in the protection IED monitors the healthy auxiliary relay coil, not the circuit breaker
coil. The separate trip circuit supervision relay is applicable for this to supervise the
trip coil of the circuit breaker.

Dimensioning of the external resistor

Under normal operating conditions, the applied external voltage is divided between
the relay’s internal circuit and the external trip circuit so that at the minimum 20 V
(15...20 V) remains over the relay’s internal circuit. Should the external circuit’s
resistance be too high or the internal circuit’s too low, for example, due to welded
relay contacts, the fault is detected.

Mathematically, the operation condition can be expressed as:

Uc − (Rext + R int + Rs )x Ic ≥ 20 V AC / DC
A070986 V1 EN (Equation 11)

Uc Operating voltage over the supervised trip circuit

Ic Measuring current through the trip circuit, appr. 1.5 mA (0.99...1.72 mA)

Rext external shunt resistance

Rint internal shunt resistance, 1kΩ

Rs trip coil resistance

If the external shunt resistance is used, it has to be calculated not to interfere with the
functionality of the supervision or the trip coil. Too high a resistance will cause too
high a voltage drop, jeopardizing the requirement of at least 20 V over the internal
circuit, while a resistance too low may enable false operations of the trip coil.

Table 78: Values recommended for the external resistor Rext

Operating voltage Uc Shunt resistor Rext

48 V DC 1.2 kΩ, 5 W
60 V DC 5.6 kΩ, 5 W
110 V DC 22 kΩ, 5 W
220 V DC 33 kΩ, 5 W

Due to the requirement that the voltage over the TCS contact must be 20V or higher,
the correct operation is not guaranteed with auxiliary operating voltages lower than
48V DC because of the voltage drop in the Rint, Rext and operating coil or even voltage
drop of the feeding auxiliary voltage system which can cause too low voltage values
over the TCS contact. In this case, erroneous alarming can occur.

At lower (<48V DC) auxiliary circuit operating voltages, it is recommended to use

the circuit breaker position to block unintentional operation of TCS. The usage of the
position indication is described earlier in this chapter

REF615 191
Application Manual
Section 7 1MRS756378 D
Supervision functions

Using power output contacts without trip-circuit supervision

If TCS is not used but the contact information of corresponding power outputs are
required, the internal resistor can be by-passed. The output can then be utilized as a
normal power output. When bypassing the internal resistor, the wiring between the
terminals of the corresponding output X100:16-15(PO3) or X100:21-20(PO4) can be
disconnected. The internal resistor is required if the complete TCS circuit is used.

GUID-0560DE53-903C-4D81-BAFD-175B9251872D V1 EN

Figure 95: Connection of a power output in a case when TCS is not used and
the internal resistor is disconnected

Incorrect connections and usage of trip-circuit supervision

Although the TCS circuit consists of two separate contacts, it must be noted that those
are designed to be used as series connected to guarantee the breaking capacity given
in the technical manual of the IED. In addition to the weak breaking capacity, the
internal resistor is not dimensioned to withstand current without a TCS circuit. As a
result, this kind of incorrect connection causes immediate burning of the internal
resistor when the circuit breaker is in the close position and the voltage is applied to
the trip circuit. The following picture shows incorrect usage of a TCS circuit when
only one of the contacts is used.

192 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 7
Supervision functions

A070972 V3 EN

Figure 96: Incorrect connection of trip-circuit supervision

A connection of three protection IEDs with a double pole trip circuit is shown in the
following figure. Only the IED R3 has an internal TCS circuit. In order to test the
operation of the IED R2, but not to trip the circuit breaker, the upper trip contact of
the IED R2 is disconnected, as shown in the figure, while the lower contact is still
connected. When the IED R2 operates, the coil current starts to flow through the
internal resistor of the IED R3 and the resistor burns immediately. As proven with
the previous examples, both trip contacts must operate together. Attention should also
be paid for correct usage of the trip-circuit supervision while, for example, testing
the IED.

REF615 193
Application Manual
Section 7 1MRS756378 D
Supervision functions

A070974 V3 EN

Figure 97: Incorrect testing of IEDs

7.2 Current circuit supervision CCRDIF

7.2.1 Identification
Table 79: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: CCRDIF

IEC 60617 identification: MCS 3I
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: MCS 3I

7.2.2 Functionality
The current circuit supervision function CCRDIF is used for monitoring current
transformer secondary circuits.

CCRDIF calculates internally the sum of phase currents (I_A, I_B and I_C) and
compares the sum against the measured single reference current (I_REF). The
reference current must originate from other three phase CT cores than the phase

194 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 7
Supervision functions

currents (I_A, I_B and I_C) and it is to be externally summated, that is, outside the
IED.

CCRDIF detects a fault in the measurement circuit and issues an alarm or blocks the
protection functions to avoid unwanted tripping.

It must be remembered that the blocking of protection functions at an occurring open

CT circuit means that the situation will remain and extremely high voltages will stress
the secondary circuit.

7.2.3 Application
Open or short-circuited current transformer cores can cause unwanted operation in
many protection functions such as differential, earth-fault current and negative
sequence current functions. When currents from two independent three-phase sets of
CTs, or CT cores measuring the same primary currents are available, reliable current
circuit supervision can be arranged by comparing the currents from the two sets. When
an error in any CT circuit is detected, the protection functions concerned can be
blocked and an alarm given.

In case of high currents, the unequal transient saturation of CT cores with a different
remanence or saturation factor may result in differences in the secondary currents
from the two CT cores. Unwanted blocking of protection functions during the
transient stage must then be avoided.

The supervision function must be sensitive and have a short operate time in order to
prevent unwanted tripping from fast-acting, sensitive numerical protections in case
of faulty CT secondary circuits.

Open CT circuits create extremely high voltages in the circuits which

may damage the insulation and cause further problems. This must be
taken into consideration especially when the protection functions are
blocked.

When the reference current is not connected to the IED, the function
should be turned off. Otherwise, the FAIL output will be activated
when unbalance occur in the phase currents even though there is
nothing wrong with the measurement circuit

Reference current measured with core balanced current transformer

The function compares the sum of phase currents with the current measured with the
core balanced CT.

REF615 195
Application Manual
Section 7 1MRS756378 D
Supervision functions

GUID-88FC46C8-8D14-45DE-9E36-E517EA3886AA V1 EN

Figure 98: Connection diagram for reference current measurement with core
balanced current transformer

Current measurement with two independent three-phase sets of CT

cores
The figures show diagrams of connections where the reference current is measured
with two independent three-phase sets of CT cores

196 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 7
Supervision functions

GUID-8DC3B17A-13FE-4E38-85C6-A228BC03206B V1 EN

Figure 99: Connection diagram for current circuit supervision with two sets of
three-phase current transformer protection cores

When using the measurement core for reference current

measurement, it should be noted that the saturation level of the
measurement core is much lower than with the protection core. This
should be taken into account when setting the current circuit
supervision function.

REF615 197
Application Manual
Section 7 1MRS756378 D
Supervision functions

GUID-C5A6BB27-36F9-4652-A5E4-E3D32CFEA77B V1 EN

Figure 100: Connection diagram for current circuit supervision with two sets of
three-phase current transformer cores (protection and
measurement)

Example of incorrect connection

The currents must be measured with two independent cores, that is, the phase currents
must be measured with a different core than the reference current. A connection
diagram shows an example of a case where the phase currents and the reference
currents are measured from the same core.

198 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 7
Supervision functions

GUID-BBF3E23F-7CE4-43A3-8986-5AACA0433235 V1 EN

Figure 101: Example of incorrect reference current connection

7.3 Fuse failure supervision SEQRFUF

7.3.1 Identification
Table 80: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: SEQRFUF

IEC 60617 identification: FUSEF
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 60

7.3.2 Functionality
The fuse failure supervision function SEQRFUF is used to block the voltage
measuring functions at failures in the secondary circuits between the voltage
transformer and IED to avoid unwanted operations that might occur otherwise.

SEQRFUF basically has two different algorithms, a negative sequence based

algorithm and delta voltage and delta current algorithm.

REF615 199
Application Manual
Section 7 1MRS756378 D
Supervision functions

A criterion based on the delta current and the delta voltage measurements can be
added to SEQRFUF to detect the three-phase fuse failures which, in practice, are more
associated with the voltage transformer switching during station operations.

7.3.3 Application
Some protection functions operate on the basis of the measured value of voltage in
the relay point, for example, the distance protection function, undervoltage measuring
function and the voltage check for the weak in-feed logic. These functions may fail
if there is a fault in the measuring circuits between the voltage instrument transformers
and the terminal. A fault in the voltage measuring circuit is referred to as the fuse
failure. This term is misleading since a blown fuse is just one of the many possible
reasons for a broken circuit. Since incorrectly measured voltages may result in faulty
operation of some of the protection functions, it is important to detect fuse failures.
The fast fuse failure detection is one of the means to block voltage based functions
before they fail.

GUID-FA649B6A-B51E-47E2-8E37-EBA9CDEB2BF5 V1 EN

Figure 102: Fault on the circuit from the voltage transformer to terminal

A fuse failure occurs due to blown fuses, broken wires or intended substation
operations. The negative sequence based function can be used to detect different types
of single-phase or two-phase fuse failures. However, at least one of the three circuits
from the voltage transformers must not be broken. The supporting delta based
function may also detect the fuse failure due to three-phase interruptions.

In the sequence based part of the function, a fuse failure is detected by comparison
of the calculated value of the negative sequence voltage and negative sequence
current. The sequence entities are calculated from the measured current and the
voltage data for all the three phases. The purpose of this function is to block voltage-
dependent functions when a fuse failure is detected. Since the voltage dependence
differs between these functions, SEQRFUF has two outputs for this purpose. Some
voltage-dependent functions should be blocked whenever a fuse failure occurs.

The FUSEF_U output is intended to block these functions

200 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 8
Condition monitoring functions

Section 8 Condition monitoring functions

8.1 Circuit breaker condition monitoring SSCBR

8.1.1 Identification
Table 81: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: SSCBR

IEC 60617 identification: CBCM
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: CBCM

8.1.2 Functionality
The circuit breaker condition monitoring function (SSCBR) is used to monitor
different parameters of the circuit breaker. The breaker requires maintenance when
the number of operations has reached a predefined value. For proper functioning of
the circuit breaker, it is essential to monitor the circuit breaker operation, spring
charge indication, breaker wear, travel time, number of operation cycles and
accumulated energy. The energy is calculated from the measured input currents as a
sum of Iyt values. Alarms are generated when the calculated values exceed the
threshold settings.

The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block the function

outputs, if desired.

8.1.3 Application
SSCBR includes different metering and monitoring subfunctions.

Circuit breaker status

Circuit breaker status monitors the position of the circuit breaker, that is, whether the
breaker is in an open, closed or intermediate position.

Circuit breaker operation monitoring

The purpose of the circuit breaker operation monitoring is to indicate that the circuit
breaker has not been operated for a long time. The function calculates the number of
days the circuit breaker has remained inactive, that is, has stayed in the same open or
closed state. There is also the possibility to set an initial inactive day.

REF615 201
Application Manual
Section 8 1MRS756378 D
Condition monitoring functions

Breaker contact travel time

High travelling times indicate the need for maintenance of the circuit breaker
mechanism. Therefore, detecting excessive travelling time is needed. During the
opening cycle operation, the main contact starts opening. The auxiliary contact A
opens, the auxiliary contact B closes, and the main contact reaches its opening
position. During the closing cycle, the first main contact starts closing. The auxiliary
contact B opens, the auxiliary contact A closes, and the main contact reaches its close
position. The travel times are calculated based on the state changes of the auxiliary
contacts and the adding correction factor to consider the time difference of the main
contact's and the auxiliary contact's position change.

Operation counter
Routine maintenance of the breaker, such as lubricating breaker mechanism, is
generally based on a number of operations. A suitable threshold setting, to raise an
alarm when the number of operation cycle exceeds the set limit, helps preventive
maintenance. This can also be used to indicate the requirement for oil sampling for
dielectric testing in case of an oil circuit breaker.

The change of state can be detected from the binary input of the auxiliary contact.
There is a possibility to set an initial value for the counter which can be used to
initialize this functionality after a period of operation or in case of refurbished primary
equipment.

Accumulation of Iyt
Accumulation of Iyt calculates the accumulated energy ΣIyt where the factor y is
known as the current exponent. The factor y depends on the type of the circuit breaker.
For oil circuit breakers the factor y is normally 2. In case of a high-voltage system,
the factor y can be 1.4...1.5.

Remaining life of the breaker

Every time the breaker operates, the life of the circuit breaker reduces due to wearing.
The wearing in the breaker depends on the tripping current, and the remaining life of
the breaker is estimated from the circuit breaker trip curve provided by the
manufacturer.

Example for estimating the remaining life of a circuit breaker

202 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 8
Condition monitoring functions

A071114 V2 EN

Figure 103: Trip Curves for a typical 12 kV, 630 A, 16 kA vacuum interrupter

Nr = the number of closing-opening operations allowed for the circuit breaker

Ia = the current at the time of tripping of the circuit breaker

Calculation of Directional Coef

The directional coefficient is calculated according to the formula:

B
log  
DirectionalCoef =  A  = −2.2609
 If 
log  
 Ir 
A070794 V1 EN (Equation 12)

Ir Rated operating current = 630 A

If Rated fault current = 16 kA

A Op number rated = 30000

B Op number fault = 20

Calculation for estimating the remaining life

REF615 203
Application Manual
Section 8 1MRS756378 D
Condition monitoring functions

The equation shows that there are 30,000 possible operations at the rated operating
current of 630 A and 20 operations at the rated fault current 16 kA. Therefore, if the
tripping current is 10 kA, one operation at 10 kA is equivalent to 30,000/500=60
operations at the rated current. It is also assumed that prior to this tripping, the
remaining life of the circuit breaker is 15,000 operations. Therefore, after one
operation of 10 kA, the remaining life of the circuit breaker is 15,000-60=14,940 at
the rated operating current.

Spring charged indication

For normal operation of the circuit breaker, the circuit breaker spring should be
charged within a specified time. Therefore, detecting long spring charging time
indicates that it is time for the circuit breaker maintenance. The last value of the spring
charging time can be used as a service value.

Gas pressure supervision

The gas pressure supervision monitors the gas pressure inside the arc chamber. When
the pressure becomes too low compared to the required value, the circuit breaker
operations are locked. A binary input is available based on the pressure levels in the
function, and alarms are generated based on these inputs.

204 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 9
Measurement functions

Section 9 Measurement functions

9.1 Basic measurements

9.1.1 Three-phase current CMMXU

[Link] Identification
Table 82: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: CMMXU

IEC 60617 identification: 3I
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 3I

9.1.2 Three-phase voltage VMMXU

[Link] Identification
Table 83: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: VMMXU

IEC 60617 identification: 3U
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 3U

9.1.3 Neutral current RESCMMXU

[Link] Identification

Table 84: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: RESCMMXU

IEC 60617 identification: I0
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: I0

9.1.4 Residual voltage RESVMMXU

[Link] Identification

REF615 205
Application Manual
Section 9 1MRS756378 D
Measurement functions

Table 85: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: RESVMMXU

IEC 60617 identification: U0
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: U0

9.1.5 Sequence current CSMSQI

[Link] Identification
Table 86: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: CSMSQI

IEC 60617 identification: I1, I2, I0
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: I1, I2, I0

9.1.6 Phase sequence voltage VSMSQI

[Link] Identification
Table 87: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: VSMSQI

IEC 60617 identification: U1, U2, U0
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: U1, U2, U0

9.1.7 Three-phase power and energy PEMMXU

[Link] Identification
Table 88: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: PEMMXU

IEC 60617 identification: P, E
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: P, E

9.1.8 Functions
The three-phase current measurement function, CMMXU, is used for monitoring and
metering the phase currents of the power system.

206 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 9
Measurement functions

The three-phase voltage measurement function, VMMXU, is used for monitoring and
metering the phase-to-phase voltages of the power system. The phase-to-earth
voltages are also available in VMMXU.

The residual current measurement function, RESCMMXU, is used for monitoring

and metering the residual current of the power system.

The residual voltage measurement function, RESVMMXU, is used for monitoring

and metering the residual voltage of the power system.

The sequence current measurement, CSMSQI, is used for monitoring and metering
the phase sequence currents.

The sequence voltage measurement, VSMSQI, is used for monitoring and metering
the phase sequence voltages.

The three-phase power and energy measurement PEMMXU is used for monitoring
and metering the active power P, reactive power Q, apparent power S, power factor
PF and for calculating the accumulated energy separately as forward active, reverse
active, forward reactive and reverse reactive. PEMMXU calculates these quantities
with the fundamental frequency phasors, that is, the DFT values of the measured
phase current and phase voltage signals.

The information of the measured quantity is available for the operator both locally in
LHMI and remotely to a network control center with communication.

9.1.9 Measurement function applications

The measurement functions are used for power system measurement, supervision and
reporting to LHMI, a monitoring tool within PCM600, or to the station level, for
example, with IEC 61850. The possibility to continuously monitor the measured
values of active power, reactive power, currents, voltages, power factors and so on,
is vital for efficient production, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy. It
provides a fast and easy overview of the present status of the power system to the
system operator. Additionally, it can be used during testing and commissioning of
protection and control IEDs to verify the proper operation and connection of
instrument transformers, that is, the current transformers (CTs) and voltage
transformers (VTs). The proper operation of the IED analog measurement chain can
be verified during normal service by a periodic comparison of the measured value
from the IED to other independent meters.

When the zero signal is measured, the noise in the input signal can still produce small
measurement values. The zero point clamping function can be used to ignore the noise
in the input signal and, hence, prevent the noise to be shown in the user display. The
zero clamping is done for the measured analog signals and angle values.

The demand values are used to neglect sudden changes in the measured analog signals
when monitoring long time values for the input signal. The demand values are linear
average values of the measured signal over a settable demand interval. The demand
values are calculated for the measured analog three-phase current signals.

REF615 207
Application Manual
Section 9 1MRS756378 D
Measurement functions

The limit supervision indicates, if the measured signal exceeds or goes below the set
limits. Depending on the measured signal type, up to two high limits and up to two
low limits can be set for the limit supervision

The deadband supervision reports a new measurement value if the input signal has
gone out of the deadband state. The deadband supervision can be used in value
reporting between the measurement point and operation control. When the deadband
supervision is properly configured, it helps in keeping the communication load in
minimum and yet measurement values are reported frequently enough.

9.2 Disturbance recorder

9.2.1 Functionality
The IED is provided with a disturbance recorder featuring up to 12 analog and 64
binary signal channels. The analog channels can be set to record either the waveform
or the trend of the currents and voltage measured.

The analog channels can be set to trigger the recording function when the measured
value falls below or exceeds the set values. The binary signal channels can be set to
start a recording on the rising or the falling edge of the binary signal or both.

By default, the binary channels are set to record external or internal IED signals, for
example the start or trip signals of the IED stages, or external blocking or control
signals. Binary IED signals such as a protection start or trip signal, or an external IED
control signal over a binary input can be set to trigger the recording.

The recorded information is stored in a non-volatile memory and can be uploaded for
subsequent fault analysis.

9.2.2 Application
The disturbance recorder is used for post-fault analysis and for verifying the correct
operation of protection IEDs and circuit breakers. It can record both analog and binary
signal information. The analog inputs are recorded as instantaneous values and
converted to primary peak value units when the IED converts the recordings to the
COMTRADE format.

COMTRADE is the general standard format used in storing

disturbance recordings.

The binary channels are sampled once per task execution of the disturbance recorder.
The task execution interval for the disturbance recorder is the same as for the
protection functions. During the COMTRADE conversion, the digital status values
are repeated so that the sampling frequencies of the analog and binary channels
correspond to each other. This is required by the COMTRADE standard.

208 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 9
Measurement functions

The disturbance recorder follows the 1999 version of the

COMTRADE standard and uses the binary data file format.

REF615 209
Application Manual
210
1MRS756378 D Section 10
Control functions

Section 10 Control functions

10.1 Circuit breaker control CBXCBR

10.1.1 Identification
Table 89: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: CBXCBR

IEC 60617 identification: I<->0 CB
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: I<->0 CB

10.1.2 Functionality
The circuit breaker control function CBXCBR is intended for circuit breaker control
and status information purposes. This function executes commands and evaluates
block conditions and different time supervision conditions. The function performs an
execution command only if all conditions indicate that a switch operation is allowed.
If erroneous conditions occur, the function indicates an appropriate cause value. The
function is designed according to the IEC 61850-7-4 standard with logical nodes
CILO, CSWI and XCBR.

The circuit breaker control function has an operation counter for closing and opening
cycles. The operator can read and write the counter value remotely from an operator
place or via LHMI.

10.1.3 Application
In the field of distribution and sub-transmission automation, reliable control and
status indication of primary switching components both locally and remotely is in a
significant role. They are needed especially in modern remotely controlled
substations.

Control and status indication facilities are implemented in the same package with
CBXCBR. When primary components are controlled in the energizing phase, for
example, the user must ensure that the control commands are executed in a correct
sequence. This can be achieved, for example, with interlocking based on the status
indication of the related primary components. An example of how the interlocking
on substation level can be applied by using the IEC61850 GOOSE messages between
feeders is as follows:

REF615 211
Application Manual
Section 10 1MRS756378 D
Control functions

A070879 V2 EN

Figure 104: Status indication based interlocking via GOOSE messaging

10.2 Disconnector DCSXSWI and earthing switch

ESSXSWI

10.2.1 Identification
Table 90: Function identification

IEC 61850 identification: DCSXSWI ESSXSWI

IEC 60617 identification: I<->0 DC I<->0 ES
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device I<->0 DC I<->0 ES
number:

10.2.2 Functionality
The functions DCSXSWI and ESSXSWI indicate remotely and locally the open,
close and undefined states of the disconnector and earthing switch. The functionality
of both is identical, but each one is allocated for a specific purpose visible in the
function names. For example, the status indication of disconnectors or circuit breaker
truck can be monitored with the DCSXSWI function.

The functions are designed according to the IEC 61850-7-4 standard with the logical
node XSWI.

212 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 10
Control functions

10.2.3 Application
In the field of distribution and sub-transmission automation, the reliable control and
status indication of primary switching components both locally and remotely is in a
significant role. These features are needed especially in modern remote controlled
substations. The application area of DCSXSWI and ESSXSWI functions covers
remote and local status indication of, for example, disconnectors, air-break switches
and earthing switches, which represent the lowest level of power switching devices
without short-circuit breaking capability.

10.3 Interaction between control modules

A typical substation feeder with IED control function consists of a combination of

logical nodes or functions:

A070880 V2 EN

Figure 105: Example overview of interactions between functions in a typical

distribution feeder

REF615 213
Application Manual
Section 10 1MRS756378 D
Control functions

10.4 Auto recloser DARREC

10.4.1 Identification
Table 91: Function identification

IEC 61850 logical node name: DARREC

IEC 60617 identification: O-->I
ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number: 79

10.4.2 Functionality
About 80 to 85 percent of faults in the MV overhead lines are transient and
automatically cleared with a momentary de-energization of the line. The rest of the
faults, 15 to 20 percent, can be cleared by longer interruptions. The de-energization
of the fault location for a selected time period is implemented through automatic
reclosing, during which most of the faults can be cleared.

In case of a permanent fault, the automatic reclosing is followed by final tripping. A

permanent fault must be located and cleared before the fault location can be re-
energized.

The auto-reclose function (AR) can be used with any circuit breaker suitable for auto-
reclosing. The function provides five programmable auto-reclose shots which can
perform one to five successive auto-reclosings of desired type and duration, for
instance one high-speed and one delayed auto-reclosing

When the reclosing is initiated with starting of the protection function, the auto-
reclose function can execute the final trip of the circuit breaker in a short operate time,
provided that the fault still persists when the last selected reclosing has been carried
out.

10.4.3 Application
Modern electric power systems can deliver energy to users very reliably. However,
different kind of faults can occur. Protection relays play an important role in detecting
failures or abnormalities in the system. They detect faults and give commands for
corresponding circuit breakers to isolate the defective element before excessive
damage or a possible power system collapse occurs. A fast isolation also limits the
disturbances caused for the healthy parts of the power system.

The faults can be transient, semi-transient or permanent. Permanent fault, for example
in power cables, means that there is a physical damage in the fault location that must
first be located and repaired before the network voltage can be restored.

In overhead lines, the insulating material between phase conductors is air. The
majority of the faults are flash-over arcing faults caused by lightning, for example.

214 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 10
Control functions

Only a short interruption is needed for extinguishing the arc. These faults are transient
by nature.

A semi-transient fault can be caused for example by a bird or a tree branch falling on
the overhead line. The fault disappears on its own if the fault current burns the branch
or the wind blows it away.

Transient and semi-transient faults can be cleared by momentarily de-energizing the

power line. Using the auto-reclose function minimizes interruptions in the power
system service and brings the power back on-line quickly and effortlessly.

The basic idea of the auto-reclose function is simple. In overhead lines, where the
possibility of self-clearing faults is high, the auto-reclose function tries to restore the
power by reclosing the breaker. This is a method to get the power system back into
normal operation by removing the transient or semi-transient faults. Several trials,
that is, auto-reclose shots are allowed. If none of the trials is successful and the fault
persists, definite final tripping follows.

The auto-reclose function can be used with every circuit breaker that has the ability
for a reclosing sequence. In DARREC auto-reclose function the implementing
method of auto-reclose sequences is patented by ABB

Table 92: Important definitions related to auto-reclosing

auto-reclose shot an operation where after a preset time the breaker is closed from the breaker
tripping caused by protection
auto-reclose a predefined method to do reclose attempts (shots) to restore the power system
sequence
SOTF If the protection detects a fault immediately after an open circuit breaker has been
closed, it indicates that the fault was already there. It can be, for example, a
forgotten earthing after maintenance work. Such closing of the circuit breaker is
known as switch on to fault. Autoreclosing in such conditions is prohibited.
final trip Occurs in case of a permanent fault, when the circuit breaker is opened for the last
time after all programmed auto-reclose operations. Since no auto-reclosing
follows, the circuit breaker remains open. This is called final trip or definite trip.

[Link] Shot initiation

In some applications, the START signal is used for initiating or blocking autoreclose
shots, in other applications the OPERATE command is needed. In its simplest, the
auto-reclose function is initiated after the protection has detected a fault, issued a trip
and opened the breaker. One input is enough for initiating the function.

The function consists of six individual initiation lines INIT_1, INIT_2 ..

INIT 6 and delayed initiation lines DEL_INIT_x. The user can use as many of the
initiation lines as required. Using only one line makes setting easier, whereas by using
multiple lines, higher functionality can be achieved. Basically, there are no
differences between the initiation lines, except that the lines 2, 3 and 4 have the
delayed initiation DEL_INIT inputs, and lines 1, 5 and 6 do not.

REF615 215
Application Manual
Section 10 1MRS756378 D
Control functions

A070884 V1 EN

Figure 106: Simplified CBB initiation diagram

INIT_1...6 = initiation lines

CBB1...CBB2 = first two cycle building blocks

The operation of a CBB consists of two parts: initiation and execution. In the initiation
part, the status of the initiation lines is compared to the CBB settings. In order to allow
the initiation at any of the initiation line activation, the corresponding switch in the
Init signals CBB_ parameter must be set to TRUE. In order to block the initiation,
the corresponding switch in the Blk signals CBB_ parameter must be set to TRUE.

If any of the initiation lines set with the Init signals CBB_ parameter is active and no
initiation line causes blocking, the CBB requests for execution.

216 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 10
Control functions

A070885 V1 EN

Figure 107: Simplified CBB diagram

Each CBB has individual Init signals CBB_ and Blk signals CBB_ settings. Therefore,
each initiation line can be used for both initiating and blocking any or all auto-reclose
shots.

Other conditions that must be fulfilled before any CBB can be initiated are, for
example, the closed position of the circuit breaker.

[Link] Sequence

The auto reclose sequence is implemented by using CBBs. The highest possible
amount of CBBs is seven. If the user wants to have, for example, a sequence of three
shots, only the first three CBBs are needed. Using building blocks instead of fixed
shots gives enhanced flexibility, allowing multiple and adaptive sequences.

Each CBB is identical. The Shot number CBB_ setting defines at which point in the
auto-reclose sequence the CBB should be performed, that is, whether the particular
CBB is going to be the first, second, third, fourth or fifth shot.

During the initiation of a CBB, the conditions of initiation and blocking are checked.
This is done for all CBBs simultaneously. Each CBB that fulfils the initiation
conditions requests an execution.

The function also keeps track of shots already performed, that is, at which point the
auto-reclose sequence is from shot 1 to lockout. For example, if shots 1 and 2 have
already been performed, only shots 3 to 5 are allowed.

Additionally, the Enable shot jump setting gives two possibilities:

REF615 217
Application Manual
Section 10 1MRS756378 D
Control functions

• Only such CBBs that are set for the next shot in the sequence can be accepted
for execution. For example, if the next shot in the sequence should be shot 2, a
request from CBB set for shot 3 is rejected.
• Any CBB that is set for the next shot or any of the following shots can be accepted
for execution. For example, if the next shot in the sequence should be shot 2, also
CBBs that are set for shots 3, 4 and 5 are accepted. In other words, shot 2 can be
ignored.

In case there are multiple CBBs allowed for execution, the CBB with the smallest
number is chosen. For example, if CBB2 and CBB4 request an execution, CBB2 is
allowed to execute the shot.

The auto-reclose function can perform up to five auto-reclose shots or cycles.

[Link] Configuration examples

A070886 V2 EN

Figure 108: Example connection between protection and auto-reclose functions

in IED configuration

It is possible to create several sequences for a configuration.

Auto-reclose sequences for overcurrent and non-directional earth-fault protection

applications where high speed and delayed auto-reclosings are needed can be as
follows:

218 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 10
Control functions

Example 1.
The sequence is implemented by two shots which have the same reclose time for all
protection functions, namely I>>, I> and I0>. The initiation of the shots is done by
activating the operate signals of the protection functions.

A070887 V1 EN

Figure 109: Auto-reclose sequence with two shots

tHSAR = Time delay of high-speed auto-reclosing, here: First reclose time

tDAR = Time delay of delayed auto-reclosing, here: Second reclose time

tProtection = Operating time for the protection stage to clear the fault

tCB_O = Operating time for opening the circuit breaker

tCB_C = Operating time for closing the circuit breaker

In this case, the sequence needs two CBBs. The reclosing times for shot 1 and shot
2 are different, but each protection function initiates the same sequence. The CBB
sequence is as follows:

A071270 V1 EN

Figure 110: Two shots with three initiation lines

REF615 219
Application Manual
Section 10 1MRS756378 D
Control functions

Table 93: Settings for configuration example 1

Setting name Setting value
Shot number CBB1 1
Init signals CBB1 7 (lines 1,2 and 3 = 1+2+4 = 7)
First reclose time 0.3s (an example)
Shot number CBB2 2
Init signals CBB2 7 (lines 1,2 and 3 = 1+2+4 = 7)
Second reclose time 15.0s (an example)

Example 2
There are two separate sequences implemented with three shots. Shot 1 is
implemented by CBB1 and it is initiated with the high stage of the overcurrent
protection (I>>). Shot 1 is set as a high-speed auto-reclosing with a short time delay.
Shot 2 is implemented with CBB2 and meant to be the first shot of the auto-reclose
sequence initiated by the low stage of the overcurrent protection (I>) and the low
stage of the non-directional earth-fault protection (Io>). It has the same reclose time
in both situations. It is set as a high-speed auto-reclosing for corresponding faults.
The third shot, which is the second shot in the auto-reclose sequence initiated by I>
or Io>, is set as a delayed auto-reclosing and executed after an unsuccessful high-
speed auto-reclosing of a corresponding sequence.

A071272 V1 EN

Figure 111: Auto-reclose sequence with two shots with different shot settings
according to initiation signal

220 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 10
Control functions

tHSAR = Time delay of high-speed auto-reclosing, here: First reclose time

tDAR = Time delay of delayed auto-reclosing, here: Second reclose time

tl>> Operating time for the I>> protection stage to clear the fault

tl> or lo> Operating time for the I> or I0> protection stage to clear the fault

tCB_O = Operating time for opening the circuit breaker

tCB_C = Operating time for closing the circuit breaker

In this case, the number of needed CBBs is three, that is, the first shot's reclosing time
depends on the initiation signal. The CBB sequence is as follows:

A071274 V1 EN

Figure 112: Three shots with three initiation lines

If the sequence is initiated from the INIT_1 line, that is, the overcurrent protection
high stage, the sequence is one shot long. On the other hand, if the sequence is initiated
from the INIT_2 or INIT_3 lines, the sequence is two shots long.

Table 94: Settings for configuration example 2

Setting name Setting value
Shot number CBB1 1
Init signals CBB1 1 (line 1)
First reclose time 0.0s (an example)
Shot number CBB2 1
Init signals CBB2 6 (lines 2 and 3 = 2+4 = 6)
Second reclose time 0.2s (an example)
Shot number CBB3 2
Init signals CBB3 6 (lines 2 and 3 = 2+4 = 6)
Third reclose time 10.0s

[Link] Delayed initiation lines

The auto-reclose function consists of six individual auto-reclose initiation lines

INIT_1...INIT 6 and three delayed initiation lines:

REF615 221
Application Manual
Section 10 1MRS756378 D
Control functions

• DEL_INIT_2
• DEL_INIT_3
• DEL_INIT_4

DEL_INIT_2 and INIT_2 are connected together with an OR-gate, as are inputs
3 and 4. Inputs 1, 5 and 6 do not have any delayed input. From the auto-reclosing
point of view, it does not matter whether INIT_x or DEL_INIT_x line is used for
shot initiation or blocking.

The auto-reclose function can also open the circuit breaker from any of the initiation
lines. It is selected with the Tripping line setting. As a default, all initiation lines
activate the OPEN_CB output.

A070276 V1 EN

Figure 113: Simplified logic diagram of initiation lines

Each delayed initiation line has four different time settings:

Table 95: Settings for delayed initiation lines

Setting name Description and purpose
Str x delay shot 1 Time delay for the DEL_INIT_x line, where x is
the number of the line 2, 3 or 4. Used for shot 1.
Str x delay shot 2 Time delay for the DEL_INIT_x line, used for shot
2.
Str x delay shot 3 Time delay for the DEL_INIT_x line, used for shot
3.
Str x delay shot 4 Time delay for the DEL_INIT_x line, used for
shots 4 and 5. Optionally, can also be used with
SOTF.

222 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 10
Control functions

[Link] Shot initiation from protection start signal

In it simplest, all auto-reclose shots are initiated by protection trips. As a result, all
trip times in the sequence are the same. This is why using protection trips may not be
the optimal solution. Using protection start signals instead of protection trips for
initiating shots shortens the trip times.

Example 1
When a two-shot-sequence is used, the start information from the protection function
is routed to the DEL_INIT 2 input and the operate information to the INIT_2 input.
The following conditions have to apply:
• protection operate time = 0.5s
• Str 2 delay shot 1 = 0.05s
• Str 2 delay shot 2 = 60s
• Str 2 delay shot 3 = 60s

Operation in a permanent fault:

1. Protection starts and activates the DEL_INIT 2 input.

2. After 0.05 seconds, the first autoreclose shot is initiated. The function opens the
circuit breaker: the OPEN_CB output activates. The total trip time is the
protection start delay + 0.05 seconds + the time it takes to open the circuit breaker.
3. After the first shot, the circuit breaker is reclosed and the protection starts again.
4. Because the delay of the second shot is 60 seconds, the protection is faster and
trips after the set operation time, activating the INIT 2 input. The second shot
is initiated.
5. After the second shot, the circuit breaker is reclosed and the protection starts
again.
6. Because the delay of the second shot is 60 seconds, the protection is faster and
trips after the set operation time. No further shots are programmed after the final
trip. The function is in lockout and the sequence is considered unsuccessful.

Example 2
The delays can be used also for fast final trip. The conditions are the same as in
Example 1, with the exception of Str 2 delay shot 3 = 0.10 seconds.

The operation in a permanent fault is the same as in Example 1, except that after the
second shot when the protection starts again, Str 2 delay shot 3 elapses before the
protection operate time and the final trip follows. The total trip time is the protection
start delay + 0.10 seconds + the time it takes to open the circuit breaker.

[Link] Fast trip in Switch on to fault

The Str _ delay shot 4 parameter delays can also be used to achieve a fast and
accelerated trip with SOTF. This is done by setting the Fourth delay in SOTF

REF615 223
Application Manual
Section 10 1MRS756378 D
Control functions

parameter to "1" and connecting the protection start information to the corresponding
DEL_INIT_ input.

When the function detects a closing of the circuit breaker, that is, any other closing
except the reclosing done by the function itself, it always prohibits shot initiation for
the time set with the Reclaim time parameter. Furthermore, if the Fourth delay in
SOTF parameter is "1", the Str _ delay shot 4 parameter delays are also activated.

Example 1
The protection operation time is 0.5 seconds, the Fourth delay in SOTF parameter is
set to "1" and the Str 2 delay shot 4 parameter is 0.05 seconds. The protection start
signal is connected to the DEL_INIT_2 input.

If the protection starts after the circuit breaker closes, the fast trip follows after the
set 0.05 seconds. The total trip time is the protection start delay + 0.05 seconds + the
time it takes to open the circuit breaker.

224 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 11
Requirements for measurement transformers

Section 11 Requirements for measurement

transformers

11.1 Current transformers

11.1.1 Current transformer requirements for non-directional

overcurrent protection
For reliable and correct operation of the overcurrent protection, the CT has to be
chosen carefully. The distortion of the secondary current of a saturated CT may
endanger the operation, selectivity, and co-ordination of protection. However, when
the CT is correctly selected, a fast and reliable short circuit protection can be enabled.

The selection of a CT depends not only on the CT specifications but also on the
network fault current magnitude, desired protection objectives, and the actual CT
burden. The protection relay settings should be defined in accordance with the CT
performance as well as other factors.

[Link] Current transformer accuracy class and accuracy limit factor

The rated accuracy limit factor (Fn) is the ratio of the rated accuracy limit primary
current to the rated primary current. For example, a protective current transformer of
type 5P10 has the accuracy class 5P and the accuracy limit factor 10. For protective
current transformers, the accuracy class is designed by the highest permissible
percentage composite error at the rated accuracy limit primary current prescribed for
the accuracy class concerned, followed by the letter "P" (meaning protection).

Table 96: Limits of errors according to IEC 60044-1 for protective current transformers

Accuracy class Current error at Phase displacement at rated primary Composite error
rated primary current at rated accuracy
current (%) limit primary
minutes centiradians current (%)
5P ±1 ±60 ±1.8 5
10P ±3 - - 10

The accuracy classes 5P and 10P are both suitable for non-directional overcurrent
protection. The 5P class provides a better accuracy. This should be noted also if there
are accuracy requirements for the metering functions (current metering, power
metering, and so on) of the relay.

REF615 225
Application Manual
Section 11 1MRS756378 D
Requirements for measurement transformers

The CT accuracy primary limit current describes the highest fault current magnitude
at which the CT fulfils the specified accuracy. Beyond this level, the secondary current
of the CT is distorted and it might have severe effects on the performance of the
protection relay.

In practise, the actual accuracy limit factor (Fa) differs from the rated accuracy limit
factor (Fn) and is proportional to the ratio of the rated CT burden and the actual CT
burden.

The actual accuracy limit factor is calculated using the formula:

Sin + Sn
Fa ≈ Fn ×
Sin + S
A071141 V1 EN

Fn the accuracy limit factor with the nominal external burden Sn

Sin the internal secondary burden of the CT

S the actual external burden

[Link] Non-directional overcurrent protection

The current transformer selection

Non-directional overcurrent protection does not set high requirements on the accuracy
class or on the actual accuracy limit factor (Fa) of the CTs. It is, however,
recommended to select a CT with Fa of at least 20.

The nominal primary current I1n should be chosen in such a way that the thermal and
dynamic strength of the current measuring input of the relay is not exceeded. This is
always fulfilled when

I1n > Ikmax / 100,

Ikmax is the highest fault current.

The saturation of the CT protects the measuring circuit and the current input of the
relay. For that reason, in practice, even a few times smaller nominal primary current
can be used than given by the formula.

Recommended start current settings

If Ikmin is the lowest primary current at which the highest set overcurrent stage of the
relay is to operate, then the start current should be set using the formula:

Current start value < 0.7 x (Ikmin / I1n)

I1n is the nominal primary current of the CT.

226 REF615
Application Manual
1MRS756378 D Section 11
Requirements for measurement transformers

The factor 0.7 takes into account the protection relay inaccuracy, current transformer
errors, and imperfections of the short circuit calculations.

The adequate performance of the CT should be checked when the setting of the high
set stage O/C protection is defined. The operate time delay caused by the CT
saturation is typically small enough when the relay setting is noticeably lower than
Fa.

When defining the setting values for the low set stages, the saturation of the CT does
not need to be taken into account and the start current setting is simply according to
the formula.

Delay in operation caused by saturation of current transformers

The saturation of CT may cause a delayed relay operation. To ensure the time
selectivity, the delay must be taken into account when setting the operate times of
successive relays.

With definite time mode of operation, the saturation of CT may cause a delay that is
as long as the time the constant of the DC component of the fault current, when the
current is only slightly higher than the starting current. This depends on the accuracy
limit factor of the CT, on the remanence flux of the core of the CT, and on the operate
time setting.

With inverse time mode of operation, the delay should always be considered as being
as long as the time constant of the DC component.

With inverse time mode of operation and when the high-set stages are not used, the
AC component of the fault current should not saturate the CT less than 20 times the
starting current. Otherwise, the inverse operation time can be further prolonged.
Therefore, the accuracy limit factor Fa should be chosen using the formula:

Fa > 20*Current start value / I1n

The Current start value is the primary pickup current setting of the relay.

[Link] Example for non-directional overcurrent protection

The following figure describes a typical medium voltage feeder. The protection is
implemented as three-stage definite time non-directional overcurrent protection

REF615 227
Application Manual
Section 11 1MRS756378 D
Requirements for measurement transformers

A071142 V1 EN

Figure 114: Example of three-stage overcurrent protection

The maximum three-phase fault current is 41.7 kA and the minimum three-phase
short circuit current is 22.8 kA. The actual accuracy limit factor of the CT is calculated
to be 59.

The start current setting for low-set stage (3I>) is selected to be about twice the
nominal current of the cable. The operate time is selected so that it is selective with
the next relay (not visible in the figure above). The settings for the high-set stage and
instantaneous stage are defined also so that grading is ensured with the downstream
protection. In addition, the start current settings have to be defined so that the relay
operates with the minimum fault current and it does not operate with the maximum
load current. The settings for all three stages are as in the figure above.

For the application point of view, the suitable setting for instantaneous stage (I>>>)
in this example is 3 500 A (5.83 x I2n). For the CT characteristics point of view, the
criteria given by the current transformer selection formula is fulfilled and also the
relay setting is considerably below the Fa. In this application, the CT rated burden
could have been selected much lower than 10 VA for economical reasons.

228 REF615
Application Manual
 Section 12
Glossary

Section 12 Glossary

100BASE-FX A physical media defined in the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet

standard for local area networks (LANs). 100BASE-FX
uses fibre-optic cabling.
100BASE-TX A physical media defined in the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
standard for local area networks (LANs). 100BASE-TX
uses twisted-pair cabling category 5 or higher with RJ-45
connectors.
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
BI Binary input
BI/O Binary input/output
BO Binary output
CB Circuit breaker
CBB Cycle building block
CPU Central processing unit
CT Current transformer
DNP 3.0 A distributed network protocol originally developed by
Westronic. The DNP3 Users Group has the ownership of
the protocol and assumes responsibility for its evolution.
DT Definite time
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EMC Electromagnetic compatibility
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
GOOSE Generic Object Oriented Substation Event
HMI Human-machine interface
HW Hardware
IDMT Inverse definite minimum time
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEC 60870-5-103 Communication standard for protective equipment. A
serial master/slave protocol for point-to-point
communication.
IEC 61850 International standard for substation communication and
modelling.

REF615 229
Application Manual
Section 12
Glossary

IEC 61850-8-1 A communication protocol based on the IEC 61850

standard series and a standard for substation modelling.
IED Intelligent Electronic Device
IP address Internet protocol address is a set of four numbers between
0 and 255, separated by periods. Each server connected
to the Internet is assigned a unique IP address that
specifies a location for the TCP/IP protocol.
LAN Local area network
LC Connector type for glass fibre cable.
LCD Liquid crystal display
LED Light-emitting diode
LHMI Local Human-Machine Interface
Modbus A serial communication protocol developed by the
Modicon company in 1979. Originally used for
communication in PLCs and RTU devices.
Modbus TCP/IP Modbus RTU protocol which uses TCP/IP and Ethernet to
carry data between devices.
MV Medium voltage
PCM600 Protection and Control IED Manager
PO Power output
PST Parameter Setting Tool in PCM600
RAM Random access memory
RCA characteristic angle (also MTA or base angle)
REF615 Feeder protection and control IED
RJ-45 Galvanic connector type.
ROM Read-only memory
RS-232 Serial interface standard.
RS-485 Serial link according to EIA standard RS485.
RTC Real Time Clock
RTU Remote Terminal Unit
SCL Substation Configuration Language
SMT Signal Matrix Tool in PCM600
SNTP Simple Network Time Protocol
SO Signal output
SOTF Switch on to fault
SW Software

230 REF615
Application Manual
 Section 12
Glossary

TCS Trip-circuit supervision

VT Voltage transformer
WAN Wide area network
WHMI Web Human-Machine Interface

REF615 231
Application Manual
232
233
 © Copyright 2009 ABB. All rights reserved.
1MRS756378 D

ABB Oy
Distribution Automation
P.O. Box 699
FI-65101 VAASA, Finland
Phone +358 10 22 11
Fax +358 10 22 41094
[Link]/substationautomation