Module 1: Introduction
1.1.2 Introduction to
Steel
Construction
Topic Objective
An understanding of
General knowledge of the different ways that Insight into types of
structural steel structural steel is bolts and their
connected installation
Familiarity with
Knowledge of welding common weld
An awareness of types
terminology, weld inspection methods
of bolted joints used
types, and welding and considerations
for structural steel
processes associated with field
welding
Some benefits associated with use of
structural steel for owners are:
BENEFITS OF Steel allows for reduced frame construction time and
STRUCTURAL
the ability to construct in all seasons
Steel makes large spans and bay sizes possible,
STEEL providing more flexibility for owners
Steel is easier to modify and reinforce if architectural
changes are made to a facility over its life.
Steel is lightweight and can reduce foundation costs
Steel is durable, long-lasting and recyclable
Unique Aspects of Steel Construction
Procurement and management of structural steel is similar to other materials, but
there are some unique aspects to steel construction:
Steel is fabricated off-site (below left)
On-site erection is a rapid process (below right)
This gives uses of structural steel some scheduling advantages
Coordination of all parties is essential for achieving potential advantages
Connecting Structural Steel
The primary connection methods for structural steel are bolting and welding.
A structure’s strength depends on the proper use of these connection methods
Connections made in a fabrication shop are called shop connections
Connections made in the field by the steel erector are called field connections
Bolting and welding may be used for shop connections and field connections
Connecting Structural Steel
The fabrication shop will have a desired fastening method suited to its
equipment and fabrication methods.
Field connections are typically bolted.
Welding may be used for field connections where bolting cannot provide the
required strength or is impractical or undesirable.
Welding is better suited to the controlled environment of a fabrication shop.
Components of a Connection
1 2
Connecting Plates and Bolt Rivet
Components of a Connection
3 4
Connecting Angles Weld
Classification of Connections
On the Basis of Connecting Medium.
According to method of installation
According to the type of structural Elements
Classification of Connections
On the Basis of Connecting Medium
1 2
Riveted Connections Welded Connections
Classification of Connections
On the Basis of Connecting Medium
3 4
Bolted Connections Bolted-Welded Connections
Classification of Connections
According to Method of Installation
1 2
Hot Work Cold Work
Classification of Connections
HOT WORK
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
STRUCTURAL RIVET
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Hot Work
Rivet Pre-Heat
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Hot Work
Insertion Die Casting
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Hot Work
Upper Die
Lower Die
Press Head Formation Cooling
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Coefficient of Expansion
During the heating process the rivet expands and
returns to its original length when the heat is released
in the atmosphere.
Coefficient of Expansion
Creating an opposing force between the two plates in
contact, called bearing stress.
While the rivet develops a stress normal to its longitudinal
axis, called tensile stress.
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Coefficient of Expansion
Upper Die
Lower Die
The two internally developed forces resist external forces
applied on the joint's structural element, including a third
force created on the cross-sectional area perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis of the rivet, called shearing stress. In
this case, it is called Single shear.
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Coefficient of Expansion
Tear
Out
Bearing Bearing
Fracture Fracture
Bearing
Bolts in bearing are designed to meet two limit states:
1. Yielding is an inelastic deformation (above left)
2. Fracture is a failure of the joint (above right)
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Coefficient of Expansion
Tear
Out
Bearing Bearing
Fracture Fracture
Bearing
The material the bolt bears against is subject to bearing
or tear out (above right)
Tension connections act similarly to bearing connections
Many times, connections in direct tension are
reconfigured so that the bolts act in shear
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Double Shear
Single Shear Double Shear
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Structural Welding
Another common method for
connecting structural steel is welding
Welding can be performed in the
shop or in the field
Many fabrication shops prefer to weld
rather than bolt
Welding in the field is avoided if
possible due to welding condition
requirements
There are several welding processes,
types, and positions to be considered
in building construction
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Structural Welding
Welding is the process of fusing multiple pieces of metal
together by heating the filler metal to a liquid state
A properly welded joint is stronger than the base metal
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Structural Welding
The American Welding
Society (AWS) is a nonprofit
organization to advance the
science, technology, and
application of welding and
related joining disciplines
AWS develops codes,
recommended practices, and
guides under strict American
National Standards Institute
(ANSI) procedures (AWS
2010a)
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Strength of Structural Welds
(Part of Table J2.5 AISC 2010)
Welds may be loaded in shear, tension, compression, or a combination of these.
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Strength of Structural Welds
(Part of Table J2.5 AISC 2010)
Capacities for welds are given in the AISC Specification Section J2 (2010)
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Strength of Structural Welds
(Part of Table J2.5 AISC 2010)
The strength of a weld is dependent on multiple factors, including: base metal, filler
metal, type of weld, throat and weld size
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Welding Terminologies
Tack Weld (above left)
A temporary weld used to hold parts in place while more extensive, final
welds are made
Continuous Weld
A weld which extends continuously from one end of a joint to the other
Stitch Weld (above right)
A series of welds of a specified length that are spaced a specified
distance from each other
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Welding Terminologies
Full Weld
A deep penetrating weld that can be inspected for structural integrity.
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Welding Terminologies
Full Weld
A deep penetrating weld that can be inspected for structural integrity.
Classification of Connections
COLD WORK
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Cold Work
Bolting
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Structural Bolting
There are many bolt types, installation methods, and joint types used in structural steel
construction
When left exposed, bolts may be used to make an architectural expression
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
ASTM Bolt Types
A307 – Machine Bolts
Ft = 45 ksi
Group A – High Strength Bolts
Ft = 90 ksi
ASTM A325, A325M, F1852, A354
Grade BC, A449
Ft = tensile strength from AISC Table J3.2
Group B – High Strength Bolts
Ft = 113 ksi Note: F1852 and F2280 are Tension Control
ASTM A490, A490M, F2280, and Bolts or “Twist-Off” Bolts which require a
A354 Grade BD special tightening tool.
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
ASTM Bolt Types
A307 - LOW CARBON STEEL
Not commonly used
Only used for secondary members
A325 – HIGH-STRENGTH MEDIUM
CARBON STEEL (TOP)
Most common bolts used in building
construction
A490 – HIGH-STRENGTH HEAT
TREATED STEEL (BELOW)
Cost more than A325’s, but are stronger so
fewer bolts may be necessary
Note that the ASTM designation is indicated
on the head of the bolts above.
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
ASTM Bolt Types
ROUND HEAD (OR BUTTON HEAD)
TC BOLTS
are most common, domestically produced TC bolt.
F1852 – HIGH-STRENGTH MEDIUM
CARBON STEEL Round Head
ASTM A325 bolt equivalent; Contains spline
F2280 – HIGH-STRENGTH HEAT
TREATED STEEL
ASTM A490 bolt equivalent; Contains spline Hex Head
Note that the base ASTM designation (A325 or A490) for “Twist-off” or Tension Controlled (TC) bolts is required
to be indicated on the head of the bolts.
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Parts of the Bolt Assembly
The grip is the distance from behind the bolt head to the back of the nut
or washer
It is the sum of the thicknesses of all the parts being joined exclusive of
washers
Source: Engineering Journal “Specifying Bolt Length for High-Strength Bolts” by Carter, 2nd QTR/1996
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Parts of the Bolt Assembly
Thread length is the threaded portion of the bolt
Bolt length is the distance from behind the bolt head to the end of the
bolt
Source: Engineering Journal “Specifying Bolt Length for High-Strength Bolts” by Carter, 2nd QTR/1996
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Bolting and Welding Scheduling Considerations
Bolting is generally a faster operation than welding
Bolting does not have the temperature and weather condition
requirements that are associated with welding
Unexpected weather changes may delay welding operations
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Structural Rivets
Are seldom used these days
Classification of Connections - Hot Work
Structural Rivets
Due to:
Weather constraints
Manpower /labor / equipment cost
Time constraints
Classification of Connections
HOT WORK VS. COLD WORK
Choose the appropriate protetcion
Personal Protective
Equipment
Equipped to protect life and property
COLD WORK HOT WORK
Protection against work hazards Protection against extreme intensity of light,
exposure to burns, and open flames
Module 1: Introduction
1.1.3 Structural Steel
Connections
Topic Objective
To understand the To gain familiarity with
To gain general different types of common bracing
knowledge of connections used in systems used in
structural steel structural steel structural steel
construction. frames.
Topic Outline
Benefits of Steel Structure
Load Resisting Systems
Frame Types
Concentric/Eccentric Braced Frame
Steel Frame Connection Types
Simple Connection
Moment Connection
1.
Benefits of Steel Structure
1. Reduced construction time and no seasonal effects
2. Light weight and reduced foundation cost.
3. Durable, Long Lasting and Recyclable.
4. Easier to modify and reinforce if required.
5. Fabrication off-site is possible.
6. On-site erection is a time saving process.
7. Schedule advantage.
Load Resisting Systems
Forces from Gravity, wind and seismic is imposed on all structures.
2.
Load Resisting Systems
Load Resisting
Systems
The type of lateral load
(Seismic, Wind, Friction,
Thermal) resisting system to
be used in a Structure.
Should be taken care in the
Earlier Planning Stage.
3.
Frame Types
Rigid Frame Types
Damage at Ground Floor Open Ground Floor Mechanism of Ground Floor
The type of lateral load (Seismic, Wind, Friction, Thermal ) resisting system to be used
in a Structure Should be taken care in the Earlier Planning Stage.
Braced Frame Rigid Frame
Rigid frame, utilize the moment connection and this type is preferred where diagonal
or x- bracing should avoid due to access requirement.
Draw back of rigid frame is more cost than braced frame.
BRACED FRAME
The braced frame is the economical method of resisting wind load in multi-
storey structural frame.
BRACED
FRAME
Bracing creates
triangular
configuration in
the structures.
BRACED
FRAME
Some structures
take the
advantage of both
rigid and braced
at the same time.
BRACED
FRAME
Member or system
that provides stiffness
and strength to limit
the out of plan
movement of another
member at the braced
point. (AISC Spec
2010)
4.
Concentric/Eccentric
Braced Frame
Two types of bracing are defined in AISC (1997) seismic
provision in steel structural building.
CONCENTRIC BRACING ECCENTRIC BRACING
Concentric Bracing Frame
are those in which the centerlines of members that meet at a joint intersect
at a same work point to form a vertical truss system that resist lateral forces.
Concentric Bracing Frame
Commonly used bracing system in steel structure
X-Bracing Chevron
Concentric Bracing Frame
X-BRACING
The connection for X-
bracing is located at the
beam-to-column joint.
Bracing connection may
require a large gusset
plate at the beam-to-
column joint.
Concentric Bracing Frame
CHEVRON BRACING
The members used in chevron
bracing are designed for both
compression and tension
Chevron bracings allows for
doorways or corridors through
the bracing lines in a structure.
“CHEVRON” “V” “DIAGONAL”
Concentric Bracing Frame
CHEVRON BRACING
Chevron bracing members use
two types of connections.
The bracing members are
connected to the beam/girder at
the top and converge to a
common point.
When gusset plate is used, it in
important to consider their size
when laying out any mechanical
equipment passing through
braced bays.
Eccentrically Bracing Frame
E/B with typical brace to beam connection
Link Stiffners
Full depth stiffeners are required at the ends of all links.
Restrained link web can provide stable, ductile, and predictable behavior.
Serves to transfer the link shear
forces to the reacting elements
Restrain the link web against
buckling
Eccentrically Bracing Frame
Eccentrically Braced Frame looks very similar to chevron bracing.
Eccentrically Bracing Frame
Eccentric single diagonal brace can also be use to brace a frame.
5.
Steel Frame
Connection Types
Parts of I-Beam
The specification of structural steel building (AISC 2010) defines two
types of frame connections.
Simple Connection Moment Connection
Simple Connection
Simple Connection:
Connection that transmit
negligible amount of bending
moment between connected
members.
Fin
Connector
Moment Connection
Moment Connection:
Connection that transmit
bending moment between
connected members.
END PLATE
CONNECTION
Moment connection are of two types: FR & PR
1. FULLY RESTRAINED MOMENT CONNECTION
2. PARTIALLY RESTRAINED MOMENT CONNECTION
Fully restrained moment connection FR : transfer moments with
a negligible amount of rotation between connected members.
Partially restrained moment connection PR : transfer moments,
but rotation between connected members is not negligible.
Simple connection (A) has rigidity but is assumed to rotate free.
Connection (B & C) are examples of partially restrained moment
connections.
Connection (D & E) are examples of fully restrained moments.
Connection is assumed to be rotation free.
Vertical forces are primary forces transferred by the connection.
For this Connection a separate resisting system is required to
design.
Commonly used Simple Connection
Single Plate Connection
(Shear Tab)
Single plate Connection ( Shear Tab)
A plate is welded to the supporting
member and bolted to the web of the
supported beam.
Commonly used Simple Connection
Double Angle Connection
The in plane pair of legs are attached to
the web of the supported member and out
of plane pair of legs attached to the
supporting beam web or flange.
Commonly used Simple Connection
Shear End Plate
Connection
A plate is welded perpendicular to the end
of supported web and bolted to supporting
beam.
Commonly used Simple Connection
Seated connection
An angle is mounted with one leg
vertical against the supporting
column & the other leg provides a
“seat” upon which the beam is
mounted ,a stabilizer connection is
provided at top of the web.
Moment Connection
Fully restrained (FR) Connection Partially restrained (PR) Connection
Have sufficient strength to transfer moment Have sufficient strength to transfer
with negligible rotation between connected moments with rotation between connected
members. members.
Commonly used FR connection
Welded Flange Plate Connection Bolted Flange Plate Connection
The top and bottom flange plates connect the flanges of the supported member to the
supporting column.
A single plate is used to transfer the vertical shear force.
Commonly used FR connection
Welded Flange
Connection
Complete joint penetration groove
welds directly top and bottom
flanges of the supported member to
supporting column.
A shear connection at web is used
to transfer the vertical shear force.
Commonly used PR connection
PR Moment
Connection
A double angle simple
connection transfers vertical
shear forces while top and
bottom flange plates resist
moment forces produced by
wind.
Commonly used PR connection
Top and Bottom Angle with Shear
end Plate Connection
Angles are bolted or welded to the top and
bottom flanges of the supported member and
to the supporting column.
A shear end plate on the web is used to
transfer vertical shear forces.
Thank you!
Prepare for an
Activity next meeting!