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GRAMÁTICA INGLESA
MAPAS MENTALES CON ILUSTRACIONES
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VERB
TO BE
SUBJECT + TO BE

I ---> am (‘m)
You, we, they ---> are (‘re)
HOW TO USE?
1 he, she, it ---> is (‘s)
Examples: 1. To describe people or things:
I am 25 years old. He is tall
She is a teacher. 2. To talk about age, feelings, or
They are my friends. 2 states:
We are happy today
3. To talk about locations:
They are in the park.
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
Question: Move "to be"
before the subject (Are you
3 happy?)
Are you okay?
Is she your sister?
Am I late?
NEGATIVE FORM
Negative: Add "not" (You are not
happy.)
4 I am not tired.
She is not here. (She isn't
here.)
They are not ready. (They aren't
ready.)
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NEGATIVE AND
POSITIVE
PAST TENSE
BASIC
PRINCIPLES APPLICATIONS
Structure of Negative Form: Pratical Examples of
Use “was not” or “were Negative Form:
not” I was not (wasn’t) at
Contractions: “wasn’t” the party last night
for singular, “weren’t” They were not
for plural (weren’t) happy with
the results

Pratical Examples of
Structure of Interrogative Interrogative Form:
Form: Were you at the
Use “Was” or “Were”
meeting yesterday?
at the beginning
Subject follows the Was he your friend
verb in school?

Daily
Routine
Usage:

NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

“I wasn’t feeling “Was she at the

well this morning” gym last week?”
“You weren’t at “Were they busy
work yesterday” during the
weekend?”
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SOME
EXAMPLES

Verb “to”be”: affirmative, negative and interrogative forms

AFFIRMATIVE
FORM

Present tense Past Tense

I am a student I was at the

She is happy party
They are He was tired
friends We were
excited

NEGATIVE
FORMS

Present tense Past Tense

I am not a
teacher I was not at home
She is not sad He was not angry
They are not We were not late
here
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INTERROGATIVE
FORMS

Present tense Past Tense

Am I late? Was I wrong?
Is she coming? Was he there?
Are they Were we on
ready? time?

to be
Verb
test
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QUESTIONS

Present Tense (5 Past Tense (5 questions)

questions) 6. She ___ my best friend in high
1. She ___ a doctor. school.
a) am a) was
b) is b) were
c) are c) is
d) be d) am
2. They ___ at home now. 7. They ___ at the park yesterday.
a) is a) was
b) are b) were
c) am
c) is
d) being
d) be
3. I ___ not tired.
8. I ___ not at the party last night.
a) is
a) was
b) are
b) were
c) am
c) am
d) be
d) is
4. ___ he your brother?
9. ___ he at work this morning?
a) Are
b) Is a) Were
c) Am b) Was
d) Be c) Is
5. We ___ happy today. d) Are
a) am 10. We ___ excited about the trip
b) is last year.
c) are a) am
d) be b) were
c) is
d) was
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Future Tense (5 questions)

11. She ___ a great teacher. (future) 14. ___ he at school next
a) will be Monday?
b) is a) Will
c) was
b) Is
d) were
c) Was
12. They ___ at the meeting
d) Were
tomorrow.
15. We ___ in Paris next
a) was
summer.
b) were
a) was
c) will be
b) is
d) is
13. I ___ not busy next week. c) will be
a) will d) were
b) will be
c) am
d) was

Answer Key: Verb "To Be" in Affirmative, Negative, and Interrogative

Forms
Present Tense (5 questions)
1. She is a doctor. → (b) is
2. They are at home now. → (b) are
3. I am not tired. → (c) am
4. Is he your brother? → (b) Is
5. We are happy today. → (c) are
Past Tense (5 questions)
6. She was my best friend in high school. → (a) was
7. They were at the park yesterday. → (b) were
8. I was not at the party last night. → (a) was
9. Was he at work this morning? → (b) Was
10. We were excited about the trip last year. → (b) were
Future Tense (5 questions)
11. She will be a great teacher. → (a) will be
12. They will be at the meeting tomorrow. → (c) will be
13. I will not be busy next week. → (b) will be
14. Will he be at school next Monday? → (a) Will
15. We will be in Paris next summer. → (c) will be
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01
Possessive
adjectiv indicate
ownership of BASIC They modify nouns
relationship PRINCIPLES and agree with the
Fundamental Elements possessor, not the
noun

They agree with the

owner, not the thing
owned: “Her brothers id
tall” (The owner is “she”,
so we use “her”)
“They dog is cut” (The
owners are “they”, so
we use “their”)

POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVES
Pratical exampless Implementation
Guidelines:
exampless of They always
Possessive come before
Adjectives: a noun

My (as in “My book is on the

02
table”)
Your (as in “Your car is parked This is my phone
outside)
His (as in “His dog is very APPLICATIONS
This is mine phone
friendly”)
Her (as in “Her dress is beautiful”) (Incorrect, because
Its (as in “The cat licked its paw”) “mine” is a
Our (as in “Our house is big”) possessive pronoun
Their (as in “Thei project is due
tomorrow”)
not an adjective)
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POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES TEST

1. Choose the correct 2. Fill in the blank with the

possessive adjective: correct word:
___ name is Lucas. I am from This is Anna. ___ dress is red.
Brazil. a) His
a) His b) Their
b) My c) Her
c) Your d) Your
d) Their

3. Choose the right option: 4. Select the correct answer:

We love ___ school. It is very big! John and Mike are brothers. ___
a) our parents are doctors.
b) his a) His
c) her b) My
d) their c) Our
d) Their
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SUBJECT
PRONOUNS

DEFINITION AND USE TYPES OF SUBJECT PRONOUNS

Subject pronous replace nouns in a

SINGULAR: I, you, he, she, it
sentence, indicating who is
performing the action
Commonly used in English to avoid PLURAL: We, you, they
repetition and clarify the subject

SUBJECT
PRONOUNS

PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
Sentennces with Subject Pronouns:
Replace nouns with appropriate
subject pronouns to simplify
I am going to the store sentences
You are studying for the exam Ensure subject pronouns agree in
He enjoys playing soccer number and person with the nouns
She is an excellent teacher they replace
It is raining outside
We will meet at noon
They are watching a movie
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Definition and function:

Object pronouns replace nouns that
BASIC
receive the action of the verb
PRINCIPLES They help avoid repetition and make
sentences clearer

List of Object Pronouns:

me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Each pronoun corresponds to specific
subjects (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)

Sentence Structure:
Object pronouns typically follow the
STRUCTURE
verb in a sentence
AND RULES Example: “She sees him” (Him is the
object pronoun receiving the action)

Agreement with antecedents:

OBJECT Object pronouns must agree in number
PRONOUNS and gender with the nouns they replace
Example: “The teacher called us” (Us
replace the noun form of the group
being addressed)

Practical Examples:
He gave her a gift. (Her replaces the
APPLICATIONS noun for the person receiving the action
of helping)
Can you help me with this? (Me is the
object pronoun receiving the action of
helping)

Implementation Guidelines:
Use object pronouns for clarity when
the noun ir already known
Example: “The dog chased the cat, and
it caught it” (It clarifies which animal is
being referred to)
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Possessive
Pronouns
Basic Principles
Definition and Purpose:
Possessive pronouns indicate
ownership or possession.
They replace nouns to avoid
repetition and clarify relationships.

Structure and Rules

Usage Rules:
Must agree in number and gender with the noun they
replace.
Typically placed after the verb or at the end of a
sentence.
Sentence Construction:
Possessive pronouns can stand alone or precede nouns.
Example sentences:: "The cat is ours."; "Is this backpack
hers?"

Applications
Practical Examples
Demonstrating ownership in conversation: ("That idea is
theirs."; "This sweater is his.")
Implementation Guidelines:
Use in both formal and informal writing.
Ensure clarity by avoiding ambiguity in context.
Example for clarity: "The car is mine, not yours."
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PRONOUNS TEST
Part 1: Subject Pronouns

1. ___ am very happy today. 2. This is John. ___ is my best

a) She friend.
b) I a) Him
c) Me b) He
d) Mine c) His
d) Her

3. My parents are teachers. ___ 4. Sarah and I are going to the

work at a local school. mall. ___ need to buy some
a) We clothes.
b) They a) He
c) Them b) She
d) Their c) We
d) Us
5. Mark is a good student. ___
always does his homework. 6. ___ is your favorite color?
a) He a) Who
b) Him b) What
c) His c) It
d) They d) She

Part 2: Object Pronouns

8. My mother loves my brother

7. Peter is very nice. Everyone
and me. She always helps ___.
likes ___.
a) We
a) He
b) Us
b) Him
c) Them
c) His
d) Our
d) Her
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9. I don’t understand this 10. They invited John to the

question. Can you explain it party, but they didn’t invite
to ___? ___.
a) I a) She
b) Me b) Her
c) My c) Him
d) Mine d) He

11. My friends are great. I 12. She is talking to Michael.

really enjoy spending time Can you see ___ over there?
with ___. a) Him
a) Them b) He
b) They c) His
c) Us d) Her
d) Our

Parte 3: Possessive Pronouns 14. This is not our house. ___ is

13. This is my book. That one the one with the red door.
is ___. a) Their
a) Mine b) Theirs
b) My c) Them
c) Me d) Ours
d) I

15. That’s not your jacket. It’s 16. Tom and Jerry have a car.
___. This one is ___.
a) Her a) Them
b) Hers b) They
c) She c) Theirs
d) His d) Their
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17. I forgot my phone at 18. This laptop belongs to

home, so Lisa let me use ___. Jack. It is ___.
a) Her a) His
b) Hers b) He
c) She c) Him
d) His d) Their

Answers 9. b) Me
1.b) I 10. c) Him
2.b) He 11. a) Them
3.b) They 12. a) Him
4.c) We 13. a) Mine
5.a) He 14. d) Ours
6.b) What 15. b) Hers
7.b) Him 16. c) Theirs
8.b) Us 17. b) Hers
9.b) me 18. a) His
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ARTICLES
DEFINITE AND
INDEFINITE

DEFINITION AND
BASIC TYPES
PRINCIPLES Articles are words that
define a noun as specific or
unspecific.
There are two types of
articles: definite (the) and
indefinite (a, an).

RULES FOR USAGE

Use "the" for specific nouns
known to the reader.
Use "a" before singular nouns
starting with a consonant
sound.
Use "an" before singular nouns
starting with a vowel sound.

APPLICATIONS

PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
OF ARTICLES
"The dog barked loudly." IMPLEMENTATION
(specific dog) GUIDELINES
"I saw a cat in the garden." Remember that "the" is used
(any cat) for unique items (e.g., "the
"She wants an apple." (any sun").
apple) Use indefinite articles for
general references (e.g., "a
teacher" refers to any teacher).
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Articles Test
1. I saw ___ elephant at the 2. Can you pass me ___ apple
zoo. from the basket?
a) a a) a
b) an b) an
c) the c) the
d) no article d) no article

3. We stayed at ___ hotel near 4. I bought ___ new car

the beach. yesterday. It’s really fast!
a) a a) a
b) an b) an
c) the c) the
d) no article d) no article

1.b) an; 2. c) the; 3. a) a; 4. a) a

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SIMPLE PRESENT
TENSE:
AFFIRMATIVE FORM

Fundamental Elements:
Structure: Subject + Base
1 BASIC form of the verb + (s/es for
third person singular)
PRINCIPLES Subject: The doer of the
action (I, you, he, she, it, we,
they)

Formation and Usage:

Regular Verbs: Add 's' or 'es'
2 RULES for third person singular.
Exceptions: Irregular verbs
maintain their base form.
General Use: Describes
habits, routines, or universal
truths.

3 APPLICATIONS
Implementation Guidelines:
Third Person Singular:
Remember to add 's' or 'es'.
Third Person Singular:
Remember to add 's' or 'es'.
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3 APPLICATIONS
Practical Examples

REGULAR VERBS IRREGULAR VERBS

"He plays soccer every
Saturday." "She has a cat."
"They watch television "I go to work by bus."
in the evening."

SIMPLE
PRESENT TENSE:
NEGATIVE FORM

Structure of Negative
Sentences:
1 BASIC Formed using "do not"
(don't) or "does not"
PRINCIPLES (doesn't).
The base form of the main
verb follows "do" or "does".
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1 BASIC Rules for Usage

Use "do not" with subjects I,
PRINCIPLES you, we, they.
Use "does not" with
subjects he, she, it.
No change in the base form
of the verb.

Pratical Examples:
2 Sentences with "do not" (I
APPLICATIONS do not like spinach; They
do not go to the gym.)
Sentences with "does not"
(She does not play soccer;
He does not enjoy horror
movies.)

STRUCTURE OF INTERROGATIVE
SENTENCES
The formula for forming questions:
Do/Does + Subject + Base form of
the verb + (Rest of the sentence)?
"Do" is used with I, you, we, they;
"Does" is used with he, she, it.
SIMPLE PRESENT
TENSE IN THE Basic Principles
INTERROGATIVE
FORM RULES FOR USAGE
Questions typically begin with "Do" or
"Does."
The main verb remains in its base form
regardless of the subject.
Follow-up questions may contain
additional information or clarification.
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EXAMPLES WITH "DO":

Do you like coffee?
Do they play soccer?

PRACTICAL
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES WITH "DOES":
Does she work here?
Does it rain often in this
area?

SIMPLE PRESENT
TENSE IN THE
INTERROGATIVE
FORM
APPLICATIONS

IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
Does she work here? Does it rain often in this
area?
Keep the sentence clear and concise to maintain
focus on the question being asked.
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AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Subject + base form of the Subject + do/does not +

verb + (s/es) for third base form of the verb
person singular.
Example: Example: He
Example: She walks to does not like chocolate.
school. Example: We do not
Example: They play soccer. watch TV.

Simple Present
Tense

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES SUMMARY OF KEY FEATURES

Do/Does + subject +
Express habitual actions or
base form of the verb?
general truths.
Form changes slightly for
Example: Do you enjoy
third person singular.
reading? Simple structure makes it
Example: Does she go easy to form sentences.
to the gym?
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Simple Present Test

1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the

verbs in parentheses.

a. She ______ (wake) up at 7 k. The cat ______ (sleep) on the sofa

a.m. every day. in the afternoon.

b. They ______ (not/play) soccer l. Sarah and Mike ______ (not/watch)

on Mondays. TV in the morning.

c. ______ he ______ (like) to m. ______ you ______ (read) books

watch movies? before bed?

d. My brother ______ (study) n. My friend ______ (have) a big

English at school. house near the beach.

e. We ______ (not/go) to the o. We ______ (not/want) to eat fast

park on rainy days. food every day.

f. ______ your father ______ p. ______ she ______ (know) how to

(work) on weekends? swim?

g. The sun ______ (rise) in the q. The teacher ______ (explain) the
east. lesson very well.

h. He ______ (not/eat) r. They ______ (not/arrive) late for

vegetables very often. school.

i. ______ they ______ (visit) their s. ______ your sister ______ (call) you
grandparents every summer? every day?

j. The cat ______ (sleep) on the t. John ______ (take) the bus to work.
sofa in the afternoon.
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Structure of Present
Continuous
Formed using the verb "to
be" (am/is/are) + present
participle (verb + -ing).
Example: "I am eating."

Basic
Principles

Rules for Usage

Used to describe actions
happening at the moment of
speaking.
Present Indicates ongoing actions or
future plans.
Continuous
Tense:
Affirmative form

Practical Examples
"She is reading a book."
(Action happening now)
"They are playing soccer."
(Action currently in
APPLICATIONS progress)

Implementation Guidelines
Ensure the correct form of "to
be" based on the subject.
Always use the present
participle form of the main verb.
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RULES FOR FORMING

STRUCTURE OF PRESENT NEGATIVE SENTENCES
CONTINUOUS NEGATIVE
SENTENCES
Use "not" after
the auxiliary verb
(am, is, are).
Subject +
"am/is/are" + not BASIC Ensure the main
+ verb(-ing) verb is in the -ing
PRINCIPLES form.
Example: "She is
not studying."

PRESENT
CONTINUOUS TENSE:
NEGATIVE FORM

IMPLEMENTATION
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES GUIDELINES
OF NEGATIVE
SENTENCES Use for ongoing
actions that are
not happening.
"I am not APPLICATIONS
watching TV." Commonly used in
conversations and
"They are not written English.
playing outside."

2
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Rules for
Structure of Forming
Interrogative Questions
Sentences
Identify the correct form
Begins with the auxiliary of "to be" (am/is/are)
verb "are" or "is" depending based on the subject.
on the subject. Use the present participle
Followed by the subject of for the main verb.
the sentence. Invert the subject and the
Concludes with the present auxiliary verb to form a
participle (verb + -ing). question.

1 2

Basic Principles

PRESENT
CONTINUOUS TENSE:
Interrogative form
Applications

3 4
Practical Implementation
Examples Guidelines
Yes/No Questions: "Are Ensure the subject-verb
you studying for the agreement is correct.
exam?"; "Is she running in Use appropriate question
the marathon?" words (who, what, where,
Wh- Questions: "What when, why) for Wh- questions.
are they doing tonight?"; Practice forming questions
"Where is he going after with different subjects and
work?" verbs to grasp the structure.
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Present Continuous Test

1. Look! The baby ___ now. 6. We ___ TV in the living
a) cry room.
b) cries a) watch
c) is crying b) watches
d) crying c) are watching
d) watching
2. They ___ in the park at the
moment. 7. She ___ to music at the
a) are running moment.
b) runs a) aren’t listening
c) run b) don’t listen
d) running c) isn’t listening
d) doesn’t listens
3. My mom ___ dinner right
now. 8. They ___ basketball now.
a) cooking a) doesn’t playing
b) is cooking b) aren’t playing
c) cooks c) isn’t playing
d) cook d) don’t playing

4. I ___ a book about science 9. I ___ to school today

this week. because it's Saturday.
a) read a) am not going
b) am reading b) is not going
c) reading c) aren’t going
d) reads d) doesn’t going

5. Listen! The birds ___ 10. Mark ___ his car today
beautifully. because it’s broken.
a) are singing a) doesn’t driving
b) sings b) aren’t driving
c) sing c) isn’t driving
d) is singing d) don’t drive
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11. We ___ for the bus 15. What ___ they watching
because we have a car. on TV?
a) is not waiting a) do
b) aren’t waiting b) are
c) don’t waiting c) is
d) isn’t waiting d) does

12. My dog ___ now. 16. Where ___ she going?

a) doesn’t sleeping a) are
b) is not sleeping b) do
c) aren’t sleeping c) is
d) isn’t sleeping d) does

13. ___ you doing your 17. Why ___ we waiting for
homework now? him?
a) Are a) are
b) Do b) is
c) Is c) do
d) Does d) does

14. ___ your brother working 18. ___ your parents coming
today? to the party?
a) Does a) Does
b) Are b) Are
c) Is c) Do
d) Do d) Is

1(c), 2(a), 3(b), 4(b), 5(a), 6(c), 7(c), 8(b), 9(a), 10(c), 11(b), 12(d), 13(a), 14(c), 15(b), 16(c), 17(a), 18(b)
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Basic principles
1 Estructure of Simple Past Tense:
Formed by using the base verb + “ed” for regular
verbs
Irregular verbs have unique past forms
Rules for formation:
Regular verbs: Add “ed” to the base form (e.g.,
‘play’ becomes ‘played’)
Irregular Verbs: Memorization is required for
past forms (e.g., ‘go’ becomes ‘went’).

Simple
Past
Tense
Affirmative form

Applications
2
Pratical examples:
Regular verbs (“I walked to the store”)
Irregular verbs (“He wrote a letter yesterday”)
Implementation Guidelines:
Used the simple past tense to describe
completed actions
Ensure the subject-verb agreement is
maintained in all sentences

Simple
Past
Tense
Affirmative form
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Important Rules:
1. Regular verbs add -ed, but some may require spelling
changes:
Stop → Stopped (double the consonant)
Try → Tried (change "y" to "i" before -ed)
2. Irregular verbs must be memorized, as they don’t
follow a pattern.
Buy → Bought, See → Saw, Take → Took

mple Pas t T ens

S Negative form e
i
Basic Principles

Structure of Negative
Sentences: Rules for Formation:

Use "did not" (didn't) Subject + did not +

+ base form of the base verb +
verb. (object/complement)
The auxiliary verb For example: "She did
"did" indicates past
not go to the party."
tense, while "not"
negates the action.
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Applications

Implementation
Guidelines:
Practical Examples
Always use the base
"He did not finish
form of the verb
his homework."
after "did not."
Common subjects
"They did not
include I, you, he, she,
watch the movie."
it, we, and they.

Examples:
✅ I played soccer yesterday. → ❌ I didn't play soccer yesterday.
✅ She went to the mall. → ❌ She didn’t go to the mall.
✅ They studied for the test. → ❌ They didn’t study for the test.
Important Rules:
[Link] "did not" (didn't) for all subjects (I, you, he, she, it, we, they).
[Link] main verb stays in its base form (no -ed or irregular past form).
❌ She didn’t went home. → ✅ She didn’t go home.

STRUCTURE OF RULES FOR FORMATION

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES Always use "did" to start
the question, regardless
Interrogative sentences in of the subject.
the simple past tense The main verb should be
typically follow the in its base form, not
structure: Did + subject + BASIC past form.
base form of the verb? The question mark is
This structure is used for PRINCIPLES used at the end of the
all subjects (I, you, he, she, sentence.
it, we, they).

SIMPLE PAST TENSE:

INTERROGATIVE FORM
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PRACTICAL EXAMPLES IMPLEMENTATION

Did you finish your GUIDELINES
homework? Start with "Did" when
Did she go to the party last forming questions in the
night? simple past.
Did they watch the movie Ensure the subject follows
together? immediately after "did."
Did he play basketball APPLICATIONS Use the base form of the
yesterday? main verb to complete the
sentence structure.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE:

INTERROGATIVE FORM

Simple Past Test

1. She ______ a letter to her 2. They ______ to the cinema
friend. last night.
a) writes a) go
b) wrote b) goes
c) write c) went
d) writing d) going

3. He ______ his car last 4. We ______ a great time at

weekend. the party.
a) washes a) has
b) washing b) had
c) wash c) have
d) washed d) having
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5. The kids ______ in the 6. I ______ an interesting

park for hours. book yesterday.
a) playing a) reads
b) play b) reading
c) played c) read
d) plays d) readed

7. She ______ her homework 8. They ______ to the

last night. meeting.
a) doesn’t do a) didn’t go
b) didn’t do b) don’t go
c) didn’t did c) doesn’t go
d) don’t do d) didn’t went

9. He ______ his phone at 10. We ______ anything about

home. the accident.
a) didn’t left a) didn’t heard
b) doesn’t leave b) doesn’t hear
c) didn’t leave c) didn’t hear
d) don’t leave d) don’t hear

Simple Past Test

11. The teacher ______ the 12. I ______ any messages

test last Friday. from her.
a) didn’t gives a) don’t receive
b) doesn’t give b) didn’t receive
c) don’t give c) doesn’t receive
d) didn’t give d) didn’t received
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13. ______ you see that 14. ______ they visit their
movie last week? grandparents?
a) Does a) Do
b) Did b) Did
c) Do c) Does
d) Have d) Have

15. ______ she finish the 16. ______ we meet them at

book? the restaurant?
a) Did a) Do
b) Has b) Does
c) Does c) Have
d) Do d) Did

17. ______ he call his brother 18. ______ they enjoy the
yesterday? trip?
a) Have a) Do
b) Does b) Did
c) Did c) Does
d) Do d) Have

1(b); 2(c); 3(d); 4(b); 5(c); 6(c); 7(b); 8(a); 9(c); 10(c); 11(d); 12(b); 13(b); 14(b); 15(a); 16(d); 17(c); 18(b)
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Structure of Simple
Future Tense Rules for Usage

Used to express
Formed using "will"
actions that will
+ base form of the
happen in the future.
verb.
Indicates decisions
Example: "I will eat."
made at the moment
of speaking.

Basic Principles

Simple Future
Tense
Applications

Practical Examples Implementation

Guidelines
Daily Activities: "I Ensure the subject is
will go to the clearly defined.
Follow with "will" and the
store."
main verb in its base
Future Plans: "She form.
will travel to Paris Use in context to convey
next year." future intentions or
predictions.
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Simp
le
✅ Examples:
Gram Future "I will call you later."
The mar Tens
Simp
le Fu Explan e- (Spontaneous decision)
desc tu atio
ribe
the fut actio re Tense n "Look at those clouds! It
ure. ns th is us
the a It is t at w ed to is going to rain."
uxilia ypica ill hap
phra ry ve ll pen
se "b rb "w y formed in (Prediction based on
e go i usin
base
form ing t ll" or the g evidence)
of th o " foll
e ma owe "She is going to study
in ve d by
rb. the
medicine at university."
(Planned future action)

NEGATIVE FORM

WILL
Subject + will not (won’t) +
base verb 1
He will not (won’t) finish
his work before 6 PM.
I won't go to the party. BE GOING TO
2 Subject + am/is/are + not + going
to + base verb
They are not going to attend
the party.
We are’nt going to buy a new
car
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INTERROGATIVE FORM
WILL
Will + subject + base verb?
Will you help me with my
3
homework?
Will you marry me? BE GOING TO
Will they arrive on time?
Will your parents allow 4 Am/Is/Are + subject + going to + base
verb?
you to go?
Is she going to visit her
grandparents?
WILL IS USED FOR Are they going to move to another
Promises
5 city?
Am I going to get a promotion?
Offers
Threats
Spontaneous Decisions BE GOING TO IS USED FOR
Predictions (without
evidence) 6 Future Predictions (with evidence)
Planned Actions
Intentions

Words for
future

Common Time Expressions Used with the Simple Future Tense

Tomorrow → "We will meet tomorrow."

Next week/month/year → "She is going to travel next year."

Soon → "They will arrive soon."

In a few minutes/hours/days → "I will call you in a few minutes."

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Simple Future Test

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in
Simple Future (will + base verb).

1. Tomorrow, she ______________ (visit) her grandmother.

2. They ___________ (not / go) to the party next weekend.
3. ______ you ______ (help) me with my homework?
4. We _____________ (buy) a new car next year.
5. He ____________ (not / be) at home this evening.
6. ______ she ________ (call) you later?
7. I _____________ (start) my new job on Monday.
8. They _____________ (not / travel) to Europe this summer.
9. ______ they ______ (watch) the movie tonight?
10. My parents ______ (celebrate) their anniversary next
month.

11. The sun ______ (rise) at 6 a.m. tomorrow.

12. ______ you ______ (join) us for dinner?
13. They ______ (not / move) to a new house this year.
14. She ______ (send) you an email later.
15. ______ he ______ (come) to the meeting?
16. We ______ (not / forget) your birthday.
17. I ______ (travel) to Europe next summer.
18. ______ the company ______ (hire) more employees?
19. You ______ (not / regret) your decision.
20. The concert ______ (start) at 8 p.m.

1 will visit; 2 won’t finish; 3 Will / call; 4 will buy; 5 won’t go; 6 Will / be; 7 won’t tell; 8 will explain; 9
Will / help; 10 won’t allow; 11 will rise; 12 Will / join; 13 won’t move; 14 will send; 15 Will / come;
16 won’t forget; 17 will travel; 18 Will / hire; 19 won’t regret; 20 will start
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PREPOSITIONS
OF TIME
IN: ON:
Months: in January, in August
Years: in 2020, in 1999 Days of the week: on
Decades & centuries: in the Monday, on Friday
90s, in the 21st century Specific dates: on June 10th,
Long periods: in the summer, on my birthday
in the morning, in the future Special days: on New Year's
Eve, on Christmas Day

AT: EXAMPLES:
Exact times: at 5:00 PM, at
I was born in December.
noon, at midnight They moved here in 2015
Festivals/holidays without My exam is on Wednesday.
"day": at Christmas, at Easter We are going on a trip on the 1st of
Specific time expressions: at July.
night, The train arrives at 3:30 PM.
I usually drink tea at night (exact
time)

Special Cases
"At" is used for the weekend in No preposition
British English (at the weekend), No preposition before "this,"
but in American English, we say "next," "last," or "every":
on the weekend. See you next Monday!
"In the morning" but "at night" – we (Not on next Monday)
use "in" for parts of the day except We met last Christmas.
for "night." (Not on last Christmas)
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PREPOSITIONS OF
PLACES

"In" – Inside a Space

"On" – On a Surface
She is in the room. (Inside the
room) The book is on the table.
The keys are in my bag. (Inside (Touching the table)
the bag) There's a picture on the wall.
I live in London. (Inside a city) (Attached to the wall)
The milk is in the fridge. (Inside She is on the bus. (Public
an object) transport or vehicles)
I saw it on TV. (Used for media
platforms)

"At" – A Specific Point "Under" – Below

or Location Something
We are at the door. (Specific
location) The shoes are under the bed.
Let's meet at the bus stop. (Exact (Below the bed)
point) The cat is under the table. (Below
She is at the cinema. (Specific the table)
place) He sat under the tree. (Below the
I study at school. (Refers to the tree for shade)
institution, not inside the building) The paper is under the book.
(Covered by the book)

Comparison Examples
✅ She is in the car. (Inside
the car)
✅ The keys are on the table.
(On the surface)
✅ We are waiting at the
station. (Specific location)
✅ The dog is under the
chair. (Below the chair)
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Prepositions Test

Prepositions: In, On, At - Fill in the Blanks

Instructions: Choose the correct preposition (in, on, at) to
complete each sentence.

1. She was born ___ July. 2. We have a meeting ___

a) in Monday morning.
b) on a) in
c) at b) on
d) by c) at
d) by

3. The books are ___ the 4. They will arrive ___ 5 p.m.
shelf. a) in
a) in b) on
b) on c) at
c) at d) by
d) over

6. There is a clock ___ the

5. I live ___ New York. wall.
a) in a) in
b) on b) on
c) at c) at
d) near d) above

7. We met ___ the bus stop. 8. She has a meeting ___ the
a) in afternoon.
b) on a) in
c) at b) on
d) beside c) at
d) during
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9. My birthday is ___ 10. They are sitting ___ the

December 5th. table.
a) in a) in
b) on b) on
c) at c) at
d) by d) near

12. The kids are playing ___

11. He works ___ a bank.
the park.
a) in
a) in
b) on
b) on
c) at
c) at
d) under
d) outside

1(a); 2(b); 3(b); 4(c); 5(a); 6(d); 7(c); 8(d); 9(b); 10(c); 11(a); 12(a).

ADJECTIVES
ORDER
EXAMPLES OF
WHAT ARE ADJECTIVES?
ADJECTIVE
Adjectives are words that describe or
modify nouns (people, places, things, Size: big, small, tiny, huge
or ideas). They give more information Color: red, blue, green, yellow
about a noun’s size, color, shape, age, Shape: round, square, oval
origin, material, or other qualities.
Age: young, old, ancient, new
Origin: American, French,
THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES Chinese
Material: wooden, metallic,
1. Opinion → 2. Size → 3. Age → 4. Shape plastic
→ 5. Color → 6. Origin → 7. Material → 8. Opinion: beautiful, ugly,
Purpose → Noun interesting
An elegant long golden evening
dress.
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example:
✅ She bought a beautiful big old round blue Italian wooden
dining table.
Breakdown of the adjective order:
1. Opinion → beautiful
2. Size → big
3. Age → old
4. Shape → round
5. Color → blue
6. Origin → Italian
7. Material → wooden
8. Purpose → dining (table)

Adjectives order test

Instructions:
Choose the correct order of adjectives to complete each
sentence.

1. She bought a ____ dress. 2. We adopted a ____ puppy.

a) red beautiful long a) little adorable brown
b) beautiful long red b) adorable brown little
c) long red beautiful c) brown little adorable
d) red long beautiful d) adorable little brown

4. I found a ____ chair at the

3. He drives a ____ car.
antique store.
a) new amazing Italian
a) wooden old small
b) amazing Italian new
b) small old wooden
c) Italian new amazing
c) old small wooden
d) Italian amazing new
d) old wooden small
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5. They moved into a ____ 6. She has a ____ necklace.

house last year. a) gold elegant tiny
a) big modern luxurious b) elegant tiny gold
b) luxurious modern big c) tiny elegant gold
c) modern big luxurious d) tiny gold elegant
d) big luxurious modern

7. We saw a ____ elephant at 8. He gave me a ____

the zoo. bouquet of roses.
a) huge gray African a) gorgeous fresh pink
b) gray huge African b) fresh pink gorgeous
c) African huge gray c) pink fresh gorgeous
d) gray African huge d) fresh gorgeous pink

1(b); 2(d); 3(c); 4(c); 5(a); 6(c); 7(a); 8(d)

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UNDERSTANDING
MODAL VERBS:
CAN, COULD, MUST, SHOULD,
MAY, MIGHT

Basic Principles
Definition Structure
Modal verbs express Modal verbs are followed
necessity, ability, permission, by the base form of the
or possibility. main verb.
They modify the main verb They do not change
to convey specific meanings. according to the subject.

Can and Could Rules of Usage Must and Should

-"Can" indicates ability or permission. -"Must" denotes necessity or strong

-- Example: She can swim well. obligation. --Example: You must wear
-"Could" refers to past ability or a seatbelt.
-"Should" suggests advice or
polite requests. -- Example: Could you
recommendation. -- Example: You
help me with this? should see a doctor.

May and Might

-"May" indicates permission or a
possibility.-- Example: You may leave
early today.
-"Might" expresses a weaker
possibility or uncertainty.-- Example:
It might rain later.
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Applications

Can: Ability (I can speak French.)

Practical Examples Could: Past ability (When I was

of Usage younger, I could run fast.)

Must: Obligation (You must

finish your homework.)
Should: Advice (You should call
Implementation Guidelines your mother more often.)

May: Permission (May I use

your phone?)
Use modal verbs to convey
Might: Uncertainty (He might
different levels of necessity or
come to the party.)
possibility.
Consider the context to choose
the appropriate modal verb for
clarity and precision.

QUICK
SUMMARY
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Modal Verbs Test

Instructions:
Choose the correct modal verb to complete each sentence.

1. ____ you help me with my 2. When I was younger, I ____

homework? run very fast.
a) May a) Might
b) Must b) Could
c) Can c) Must
d) Should d) Should
3. You ____ wear a seatbelt 4. It’s cold outside. You ____
while driving. It’s the law. take a jacket.
a) Must a) Must
b) Can b) Should
c) Should c) Might
d) May d) Can

5. She ____ be at home now. 6. We ____ go to the park

I saw her car outside. later, but we’re not sure yet.
a) Might a) Can
b) Could b) Must
c) Must c) Might
d) Should d) May

7. You ____ smoke in this 8. ____ I use your phone for a

building. It’s prohibited. moment?
a) Could not a) May
b) Might not b) Must
c) Must not c) Could
d) Should not d) Can
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9. I’m not sure, but she ____ 10. You ____ eat so much
be the new manager. junk food. It’s not healthy.
a) Might a) Might not
b) Can b) Must not
c) Must c) Should not
d) Should d) Could not

1(c); 2(b); 3(a); 4(b); 5(c); 6(c); 7(c); 8(a); 9(a); 10(c)
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RULES

Describes habitual
actions or routines.
Add 's' or 'es' for third
person singular (he, AFFIRMATIVE FORM

she, it). "She plays tennis every

Saturday."
he works in a school
I drive all day

NEGATIVE FORM
SIMPLE They do not (don’t) like
PRESENT broccoli
He doesn’t like coffee
You don´t listen to.

INTERROGATIVE FORM

Do you eat breakfast

in the morning
Does she speak
STRUCTURE: A; N; I FORMS
English?
➡ Subject + base verb Do I play well?
(s/es for he, she, it) +
object.
➡ Subject + do/does +
not + base verb + object.
➡ Do/Does + subject +
base verb + object?
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RULES STRUCTURE
Used for actions currently in the verb "to be" (am/is/are) +
progress verb ending in -ing.
Used for future The form of "to be" changes
arrangements depending on the subject.: I →
Not used for stative verbs am; You/We/They → are;
describing states or beliefs. He/She/It → is

PRESENT CONTINUOUS +

PRACTICAL EXEMPLES AFFIRMATIVE FORM

Present actions: "She is I am studying → I’m

reading a book." studying.
Future plans: "They are She is working now →
meeting us tomorrow." She’s working now.
They are watching tv →
They’re watching tv.

NEGATIVE FORM INTERROGATIVE FORM

➡ Subject + am/is/are + not + ➡ Am/Is/Are + subject +

verb (-ing) + object. verb (-ing) + object?
I am not watching TV. Am I speaking too fast?
She is not (isn’t) driving Is he working today?
now. Are they coming to the
They are not (aren’t) party?
playing football
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Simple Present or Present Continuous test

Instructions: Choose the correct verb form to complete each sentence

1. She ___ to the gym every 2. Look! The baby ___ now.
morning. a) sleep
a) go b) sleeps
b) goes c) is sleeping
c) is going d) sleeping
d) going

3. We usually ___ dinner at 4. Listen! They ___ a song in

7 p.m. the next room.
a) have a) sing
b) has b) sings
c) are having c) are singing
d) having d) singing

5. My brother ___ to school 6. She ___ a book right now.

by bus every day. a) reads
a) go b) is reading
b) goes c) read
c) is going d) reading
d) going
7. They ___ football every 8. Look! It ___ outside.
weekend. a) rain
a) play b) rains
b) plays c) is raining
c) are playing d) raining
d) playing
9. John never ___ late for 10. Right now, she ___ on the
work. phone.
a) is a) talk
b) are b) talks
c) be c) is talking
d) am d) talking
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11. The sun ___ in the east. 12. At the moment, we ___
a) rise to music.
b) rises a) listen
c) is rising b) listens
d) rising c) are listening
d) listening
13. My parents ___ TV every 14. Be quiet! The teacher ___
evening. now.
a) watch a) speak
b) watches b) speaks
c) are watching c) is speaking
d) watching d) speaking
15. He always ___ his
16. Right now, Tom and
homework after school.
Jerry ___ a new project.
a) do
a) work
b) does
b) works
c) is doing
c) are working
d) doing
d) working
17. The train ___ at 6 p.m. 18. I ___ to the store at the
every day. moment.
a) leave a) go
b) leaves b) goes
c) is leaving c) am going
d) leaving d) going

19. He ___ coffee every 20. We ___ English lessons

morning. twice a week.
a) drink a) have
b) drinks b) has
c) is drinking c) are having
d) drinking d) having

1(b); 2(c); 3(a); 4(c); 5(b); 6(b); 7(a); 8(c); 9(a); 10(c); 11(b);12(c); 13(a); 14(c); 15(b); 16(c); 17(b);
18(c); 19(b); 20(d)
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RULES AFFIRMATIVE FORM

Regular verbs form the past Subject + past form of the verb +
by adding -ed to the base (object)
form She visited her
Irregular verbs have unique grandparents last weekend
past forms that must be I went to the park yesterday
memorized.

NEGATIVE FORM
Subject + did not + base form of

SIMPLE the verb + (object).

They did not watch the
PAST movie yesterday
He didn’t sleep last night

DEFINITION INTERROGATIVE FORM

The simple past tense Did + subject + base form of the
describes actions or events verb + (object)?
that occurred at a specific Did you finish your
point in the past. homework?
Did you see that?

RULES STRUCTURE
The past continuous tense Affirmative: Subject +
describes actions that was/were + verb(-ing)
were in progress at a Negative: Subject +
specific time in the past was/were + not + verb(-ing)
am, is -> was Interrogative: Was/Were +
are -> were subject + verb(-ing)?

PAST
CONTINUOUS
OTHER CASES
EXEMPLES
To describe actions interrupted
We were studying for the
by another event::
exam
I was taking a shower when
I was cooking at 6pm
the phone rang
He was not watching TV
Parallel event:
They weren’t sleeping at
While I was cooking, my
midnight.
friend was setting the table
Were you working late?
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Simple Past or Past Continuous Test

Instructions: Choose the correct verb form to complete each
sentence.
1. While I ______ (read) a book, my brother ______ (watch) TV.
a) read / watched
b) was reading / was watching
c) was reading / watched

2. She ______ (fall) asleep while she ______ (study).

a) fell / studied
b) was falling / studied
c) fell / was studying

3. When we ______ (arrive) at the party, everyone ______ (dance).

a) arrived / danced
b) were arriving / was dancing
c) arrived / was dancing

4. I ______ (walk) home when it ______ (start) to rain.

a) was walking / started
b) walked / was starting
c) was walking / was starting

5. He ______ (break) his arm while he ______ (play) football.

a) broke / was playing
b) was breaking / played
c) broke / played

6. We ______ (see) an accident while we ______ (drive) to school.

a) were seeing / were driving
b) saw / were driving
c) saw / drove
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7. I ______ (call) you last night, but you ______ (not answer).
a) was calling / weren't answering
b) called / didn’t answer
c) was calling / didn't answer

8. While the teacher ______ (explain) the lesson, the students

______ (talk).
a) explained / talked
b) was explaining / were talking
c) explained / were talking

9. We ______ (have) dinner when the lights ______ (go) out.

a) were having / went
b) had / were going
c) were having / were going

10. When I ______ (wake) up, it ______ (rain).

a) woke / was raining
b) was waking / rained
c) woke / rained

11. He ______ (run) when he ______ (fall) down.

a) was running / fell
b) ran / was falling
c) was running / was falling

12. While we ______ (wait) for the bus, we ______ (see) an old
friend.
a) waited / saw
b) were waiting / saw
c) waited / were seeing
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13. My mom ______ (cook) when I ______ (get) home.

a) was cooking / got
b) cooked / was getting
c) cooked / got

14. I ______ (drop) my phone while I ______ (run).

a) was dropping / ran
b) dropped / was running
c) was dropping / was running

15. They ______ (talk) when the teacher ______ (enter) the
classroom.
a) were talking / entered
b) talked / was entering
c) were talking / was entering

Answer Key:
1. c) was reading / watched
2. a) fell / studied
3. c) arrived / was dancing
4. a) was walking / started
5. b) was breaking / played
6. c) saw / drove
7. b) called / didn’t answer
8. c) explained / were talking
9. a) were having / went
10. b) was waking / rained
11. a) was running / fell
12. c) waited / were seeing
13. a) was cooking / got
14. b) dropped / was running
15. c) were talking / was entering
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SIMPLE FUTURE
WILL BE+GOING TO
rules
rules
Used for spontaneous decisions made at Used for planned actions or
the moment of speaking. intentions (something already decided
Example: "I'm thirsty." → "I will get you before speaking).
some water." Example: "I’m going to visit my
Used for predictions that are based on grandmother next weekend."
personal opinions or beliefs. Used for predictions based on
Example: "I think it will rain tomorrow." evidence (things we can see or know).
Used for promises, offers, and threats. Example: "Look at those dark
Example: "I will help you with your clouds! It’s going to rain."
homework." (Promise)
Example: "I will call you later." (Promise)

predction will prediction going to

"Will" → When we think something will "Going to" → When we see signs that
happen, but there's no present evidence. something is about to happen.
"I think she will be late." (Just an "She’s running late. She is going to be
opinion) late." (Based on evidence)

Structure structure

Will: Subject + will + base form of the

verb. Going to: Subject + am/is/are + going
She will travel to Paris. to + base form of the verb.
Negative: Subject + will not (won't) + He is going to study law.
base form Negative: Subject + am/is/are + not +
They will not (won't) attend the going to + base form.
meeting. She is not going to watch the movie
Interrogative: Will + subject + base Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + subject +
form? going to + base form?
Will you join us for dinner? Are we going to leave soon?
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Future Tense Test: Will or Going to

Instructions: Choose the correct option (A, B, or C) to complete
the sentences correctly.

1. Look at those dark 2. I think I ______ call Sarah

clouds! It ______ rain soon. later to see how she is.
A) will A) will
B) is going to B) am going to
C) won't C) won't

3. Be careful! You ______ spill 4. She has already decided.

your coffee! She ______ apply for the job
A) will tomorrow.
B) are going to A) will
C) won’t B) is going to
C) won’t
5. I feel dizzy. I think I ______ 6. We haven’t planned
faint. anything yet, but maybe we
A) will ______ go to the beach this
B) am going to weekend.
C) won't A) will
B) are going to
C) won’t
7. Look at that boy running 8. Don’t worry, I ______ help
so fast! He ______ fall down. you with your project.
A) will A) will
B) is going to B) am going to
C) won't C) won’t
9. They ______ visit their 10. I believe one day robots
grandparents next summer. ______ replace humans in
They already bought the some jobs.
tickets. A) will
A) will B) are going to
B) are going to C) won’t
C) won't
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11. She has studied really 12. I just found out! I ______
hard. She ______ pass the be an aunt soon!
test. A) will
A) will B) am going to
B) is going to C) won’t
C) won’t
13. If you don’t hurry, we 14. He has been training a
______ be late for the lot. He ______ win the
meeting. championship.
A) will A) will
B) are going to B) is going to
C) won't C) won’t

15. I ______ grab a sandwich. 16. She looks exhausted.

Do you want one? She ______ go to bed early
A) will tonight.
B) am going to A) will
C) won’t B) is going to
C) won’t

17. I just decided—I ______ 18. The forecast says it

start exercising tomorrow! ______ snow tonight.
A) will A) will
B) am going to B) is going to
C) won’t C) won’t

19. We’re out of milk. I ______ 20. Don’t worry, I ______ carry
buy some on my way home. that heavy bag for you.
A) will A) will
B) am going to B) am going to
C) won’t C) won’t

1(B); 2(A); 3(B); 4(B); 5(C); 6(A); 7(C); 8(A); 9(B); 10(A); 11(B);
12(C); 13(A); 14(B); 15(A); 16(B); 17(C); 18(B); 19(B);20(A)
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RULES One-syllable adjectives:

Add "-er" to the adjective.
Example: small → smaller;
fast → faster
Exception: If the adjective ends
in "-e", just add "-r".
nice → nicer
large → larger

2 syllables Double consonant

If the adjective ends in "-y",
Double the final consonant if
change "-y" to "-i" and add "-er".
the adjective has one vowel +
happy → happier;
one consonant at the end.
easy → easier big → bigger
hot → hotter

comparatives

Using “more” 3 syllables use more

Always use "more" before the
If the adjective does not end in
adjective.
"-y", use "more" before the
beautiful → more beautiful
adjective.
intelligent → more
peaceful → more peaceful
intelligent
modern → more modern
about irregular adjectives

Some adjectives have completely

irregular comparative forms. attention
good → better
bad → worse ✔ Never use "-er" and
far → farther/further "more" together!
little → less
❌ more faster
much/many → more
✅ faster
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She is happier now than last year.

comparatives This test was easier than the previous
exemples one.
I drink less coffee than before.
(little → less)
He has more experience than his
"Farther" vs. "Further" coworker. (much/many → more)
Farther is used for physical
distance (New York is farther
than Boston).
Further is used for figurative "Than" is often used after comparatives
or abstract distance (We to complete the comparison.
need to discuss this further). She is taller than me.
This book is more interesting than
that one
This house is bigger than mine.
Today is hotter than yesterday.

Comparatives Test

Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative form of the

adjective in parentheses.
1. This test is __________ (easy) than the one we did last week.
2. My house is __________ (big) than my friend's house.
3. This book is __________ (interesting) than the one I read
before.
4. Today is __________ (cold) than yesterday.
5. My new job is __________ (stressful) than my previous one.
6. This chair is __________ (comfortable) than that one.
7. His explanation was __________ (clear) than the teacher’s.
8. The blue dress is __________ (expensive) than the red one.
9. He is __________ (strong) than his brother.
10. This city is __________ (crowded) than it was five years ago.
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Answer key
1. easier 6. more comfortable
2. bigger 7. clearer
3. more interesting 8. more expensive
4. colder 9. stronger
5. more stressful 10. more crowded

SUPERLATIVES

2 OR MORE
DEFINITION SYLLABLES
ONE-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES For longer adjectives
They compare three
(two syllables and more),
or more items, add “-est”: tall → tallest
use “the most” before
highlighting the one Double the final
the adjective
with the most of a consonant if the adjective
beautiful → the
particular attribute. has one vowel + one
most beautiful.
consonant at the end.
big → biggest
hot → hottest

ATTENTION EXCEPTION

✔ Never use "-est" and IMPORTANT If the adjective ends in

"-y", change "-y" to "-i"
"most" together!
❌ This is the most ✔ Always use "the" and add "-est".
before the superlative. happy → happiest
fastest car.
✅ This is the ❌ She is most easy → easiest
intelligent in the
fastest car. class.
✅ She is the most
intelligent in the
class.
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Examples in Sentences
✔ This is the easiest question on the test. (easy → easiest)
✔ That was the most difficult challenge of my life. (difficult → the most
difficult)
✔ She is the best player on the team. (good → the best)
✔ This building is the tallest in the city. (tall → tallest)
✔ This is the worst movie I’ve ever seen. (bad → worst)

Superlatives/Comparatives Test
Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1. This test is ______ than 2. Today is ______ day of the

the one we had last week. year so far.
a) more easy a) colder
b) easier b) cold
c) the easiest c) the coldest
d) most easy d) most cold

3. That building is ______ than 4. My car is ______ than yours.

the one next to it. a) expensive
a) tallest b) the most expensive
b) taller c) more expensive
c) the tallest d) expensiver
d) more tall
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5. This movie is ______ than 6. She is ______ student in

the one we watched last the class.
night. a) the smartest
a) interesting b) smarter
b) more interesting c) more smart
c) the most interesting d) the most smarter
d) interestinger

7. That book is ______ than 8. This is ______ hotel in the

the one I read before. city.
a) the most boring a) the best
b) more boring b) better
c) boringer c) more better
d) most boring d) the most good

9. John is ______ than his 10. This is ______ restaurant

brother. in town.
a) stronger a) good
b) strongest b) the best
c) more strong c) better
d) the strongest d) most better

11. My house is ______ than 12. That was ______ joke I've
my friend's house. ever heard!
a) biggest a) funnier
b) the biggest b) the funniest
c) bigger c) funny
d) more big d) most funny

13. This road is ______ than 14. She is ______ than her
the highway. sister.
a) dangerous a) the most beautiful
b) more dangerous b) more beautiful
c) most dangerous c) beautifuler
d) dangerouser d) most beautiful
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15. This is ______ way to 16. The test was ______ than I
solve the problem. expected.
a) the easiest a) difficult
b) easier b) the most difficult
c) most easy c) more difficult
d) more easy d) difficulter

17. The blue dress is ______ 18. The Pacific Ocean is ______
than the red one. than the Atlantic Ocean.
a) prettier a) deepest
b) more pretty b) the deepest
c) the prettiest c) deeper
d) prettiest d) more deep

Answer Key:
1. b) easier 10. b) the best
2. c) the coldest 11. c) bigger
3. b) taller 12. d) most funny
4. c) more expensive 13. b) more dangerous
5. d) interestinger 14. b) more beautiful
6. a) the smartest 15. a) the easiest
7. b) more boring 16. c) more difficult
8. a) the best 17. d) prettiest
9. a) stronger 18. c) deeper
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Noun
These show ownership by adding 's
(apostrophe + "s") or just an apostrophe (')
for plural nouns ending in "s."
Pronouns
Examples:
These replace a noun phrase to show
The dog’s bone (singular noun: "dog" +
possession and do not need an
's)
apostrophe.
The teachers’ lounge (plural noun:
Examples: Mine, yours, his, hers, its,
"teachers" + apostrophe)
ours, theirs
That book is mine.
The choice is yours.

possessives

Adjectives
Attention
These come before a noun to
indicate possession. Possessive Pronouns NEVER Take an
Apostrophe
✅
Examples: My, your, his, her,
its, our, their Correct: His, hers, its, ours,
yours, theirs
❌
This is my house.
They love their car. Incorrect: Her’s, it’s, your’s,
Her hair is very beautiful. their’s
He is in his house. ⚠️ Common Mistake: "It’s" vs. "Its"
It’s = "It is" or "It has"
(contraction) → It’s raining.
Its = Possessive pronoun → The
cat licked its paw
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Subject Pronouns
Used as the subject of a sentence (who
or what is doing the action).
Usually appear before the verb.
✅ Examples: I, you, he, she, we, they.
I love pizza.
She is reading a book.
Demonstrative
They went to the park.
Pronouns
Object Pronouns Used to point to specific
Used as the object of a verb or preposition people, places, or things. They
(receives the action). help indicate whether
Usually appear after the verb or preposition. something is near or far from
✅ Examples: me, you, him, her, us, them the speaker.
This (Singular, Near)
She called me.
We gave the gift to him. ✅ Example: This is my book.
The teacher helped them. That (Singular, Far)
✅ Example: That is her car
These (Plural, Near)
✅ Example: These are my keys
Those (Plural, Far)
PRONOUNS ✅ Example: Those are my
shoes.

Reflexive Pronouns Attention

Used when the subject and object are the ❌ Incorrect:
same person or thing. "He did it hisself."
Often used for emphasis or when ✅
(Incorrect Correct:
someone does something to "He did it himself.")
themselves. "Me hurt myself."
✅ Examples: myself, yourself, himself, ✅
(Incorrect Correct:
herself, ourselves, themselves "I hurt myself.")
I hurt myself while cooking.
She taught herself to play the piano.
They did the project themselves.
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Possessives Test
Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each
sentence.

1. This is not my book. It’s 2. Sarah and Tom have a big

_____. house. _____ house is very
a) me beautiful.
b) mine a) Their
c) my b) Theirs
d) mine c) They
d) Them

3. I love this jacket. It’s 4. That laptop belongs to

_____. Mark. It’s _____.
a) my a) Mark's
b) mine b) Marks'
c) me c) Mark
d) mines d) Markes

5. We have a dog. _____ 6. This is John and this is ____

name is Max. car.
a) Its a) he's
b) It’s b) him
c) His c) his
d) Their d) he

7. These are my parents. 8. Lisa has a blue backpack.

_____ house is near the That backpack is _____.
park. a) she
a) your b) her
b) Theirs c) hers
c) They d) hers'
d) Their
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9. This pen belongs to 10. I don’t have a car, but

David. It’s _____. my brother has one. That
a) Davids car is _____.
b) David’s a) him
c) David’ b) her
d) Davids' c) he
d) his
12. That is not our house.
11. The kids are playing
_____ is the white one on the
with _____ toys.
left.
a) their
a) Our
b) theirs
b) Ours
c) they
c) Us
d) them
d) We

1(d); 2(a); 3(b); 4(a); 5(a); 6(c); 7(d); 8(c); 9(b); 10(d); 11(a); 12(b)

Pronouns Test
Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each
sentence.
1. _____ love to play soccer 2. This jacket is too big for
every weekend. me, but _____ one over there
a) Me might fit.
b) I a) this
c) Mine b) these
d) Myself c) that
d) those

3. She looked at _____ in the 4. _____ is my favorite t-shirt.

mirror before leaving. a) That
a) her b) Those
b) herself c) Them
c) she d) They
d) hers
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5. My brother and I are 6. Lisa is a good student.

going to the mall. Do you _____ always does her
want to come with _____? homework.
a) us a) Her
b) we b) She
c) our c) Hers
d) ourselves d) Herself
7. This is my problem, so I 8. Where is Tom? I need to
will solve it _____. talk to _____.
a) myself a) he
b) me b) you
c) I c) his
d) mine d) him
1(b); 2(c); 3(b); 4(a); 5(a); 6(b); 7(a); 8(d)

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACES
in
Used when something is inside an

01 enclosed space.

on
On – Used when something is on a surface.
02

at

03
At – Used for specific points or places.
Example: We met at the bus stop.

under
Under – Used when something is
04 beneath or below another object.
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behide
Behind – Used when something is at the

05 back of another object.

above
Above – Similar to "over," but often used when

06
something is higher than another object
without direct vertical alignment.

below
Below – The opposite of "above," meaning at a

07 lower level.

nex to
Next to – Used when something is
08 beside or very close to another
object.

between
Between – Used when something is in
09 the middle of two objects.

in front of
In front of – Used when something is ahead

10 of another object.

opposite
Opposite – When something is directly
11 facing another object.
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prepositions of
place

fill in the blanks

between - (2x) under - in front of - (3x) on - above - (2x) near
1- The cat is ...................................... the chair.
2- The pillow is ...................................... the table.
3- The laptop is ...................................... the table.
4- The painting is ...................................... the wall.
5- The lamp is ...................................... the table.
6- The dog is ...................................... the pillow.
7- The ball is ...................................... the chair.
8- The clock is ...................................... the window.
9- The chair is ...................................... the window.
10- The books are ...................................... the laptop and the apple.
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MODAL
VERBS
CAN 1
Can – Expresses ability, permission, or
possibility. COULD
She can swim very well. (ability)
Can I go to the park? (permission)
2 Could – Past ability, polite requests, or
It can be dangerous to walk alone possibility.
at night. (possibility) When I was younger, I could run very
fast. (past ability)
Could you help me with this? (polite
request)
It could rain later. (possibility)

MAY/MIGHT 3
May – Formal permission or possibility.
You may leave early today. (formal MUST
permission)
She may be at home now. (possibility)
4
necessity or
Might – Less certain possibility. Must – Expresses strong
It might snow tomorrow. (possibility) obligation.
in the
You must wear a seatbelt
car. (necessity)
rking
She must be tired after wo
n)
all day. (strong assumptio

SHOULD/OUGHT TO 5
Should – Advice, recommendation, or
expectation.
You should eat more vegetables.
WILL, WOULD
(advice)
6 Will – Expresses future certainty,
Ought to – Similar to "should," used for willingness, or promises.
advice or moral duty. I will call you tomorrow. (future
You ought to apologize for your certainty)
mistake. (advice) Would – Politeness, hypothetical situations,
or past habits.
Would you like some coffee?
(politeness)
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Modal verb Test

Instructions: Choose the correct modal verb to complete each
sentence.

1. ______ you help me carry 2. You ______ see a doctor if

these bags? you're feeling sick.
(a) Can (a) May
(b) Should (b) Should
(c) Must (c) Might
(d) Could (d) Must

3. I ______ swim when I was 4. ______ you like some

five years old. coffee?
(a) Can (a) May
(b) Could (b) Will
(c) Will (c) Would
(d) Must (d) Could

5. Students ______ not use 6. It ______ rain later, so take

their phones during the an umbrella.
test. (a) Can
(a) Should (b) Might
(b) May (c) Should
(c) Must (d) Could
(d) Might
8. ______ I borrow your pen,
7. You ______ pay attention
please?
to the teacher in class.
(a) Would
(a) Can
(b) Should
(b) Might
(c) May
(c) Must
(d) Could
(d) Should
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9. When we were kids, we 10. I ______ go to the party if

______ play outside for I finish my homework.
hours. (a) Can
(a) Would (b) Would
(b) Will (c) Might
(c) Should (d) Should
(d) Could

11. She ______ be at home 12. If you don't feel well,

now, but I'm not sure. you ______ go to school.
(a) Can (a) Shouldn't
(b) May (b) Might
(c) Must (c) Mustn't
(d) Might (d) Wouldn't

13. ______ you open the 14. He ______ finish his

window? It's very hot in project before the
here. deadline.
(a) Should (a) Can
(b) Would (b) Will
(c) Could (c) Should
(d) Must (d) Must

11. If I were you, I ______ 12. She ______ be really tired

apologize. after working all day.
(a) May (a) Should
(b) Would (b) Must
(c) Must (c) Might
(d) Should (d) Could
1(a); 2(b); 3(b); 4(c); 5(c); 6(b); 7(c); 8(c); 9(a); 10(c); 11(b); 12(a); 13(c); 14(d); 15(b); 16(d)
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02 03
01
STRUCTURE NEGATIVE
HOW TO USE? Subject + have/has + past FORM
participle
The present perfect is a Subject + have/has + NOT +
Use "have" with I, you, we, they
verb tense used to talk past participle
and "has" with he, she, it.:
about actions or events I have not (haven’t)
I have visited Paris.
that happened at an visited Paris.
She has finished her
unspecified time in the She has not (hasn’t)
homework.
past but are still relevant finished her homework.
We have lived here for five
to the present. It connects years. We have not (haven’t)
past actions with the lived here for five
present moment years.

PRESENT

04
perfect
05
INTERROGATIVE TIME EXPRESSIONS FOR
FORM PRESENT PERFECT
Have/Has + subject + past
1. Ever / never (for experiences)
participle?
→ Have you ever been to Italy?
Have you visited
2. Just
Paris?
→ I have just finished my lunch.
Has she finished her
3. Already (in affirmatives)
homework? → She has already seen that movie.
Have they lived here 4. Yet (in negatives/questions)
for five years? → Have you finished your homework
yet?
5. For (duration)
→ I have known him for 10 years.
6. Since (starting point)
→ She has lived here since 2015.
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Present Perfect test

Instructions: Choose the correct verb form to complete each sentence

1. She ______ never ______ to 2. I ______ just ______ my

Paris before. homework.
a) has / been a) have / finish
b) have / be b) has / finished
c) has / be c) had / finished
d) have / been d) have / finished

3. They ______ already ______ 4. My parents ______ never

that movie. ______ sushi.
a) have / seen a) haves / eaten
b) has / saw b) has / eat
c) have / see c) have / ate
d) has / seen d) have / eaten

5. He ______ not ______ his 6. ______ you ever ______

keys yet. skydiving?
a) have / found a) Have / try
b) has / found b) Has / tried
c) has / find c) Have / tried
d) have / find d) Has / try
7. We ______ in this house 8. She ______ just ______ a new
for ten years. car.
a) have / living a) have / bought
b) has / lived b) has / bought
c) have / live c) has / buy
d) have / lived d) have / buy
9. The children ______ 10. ______ she ever ______ a
already ______ their dinner. famous person?
a) have / eaten a) Has / met
b) has / ate b) Have / meet
c) have / eat c) Has / meet
d) has / eaten d) Have / met
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11. I ______ never ______ such 12. He ______ just ______ a

a beautiful sunset before. message to his boss.
a) haven´t / seen a) have / sent
b) has / saw b) has / sent
c) have / see c) has / send
d) have / seen d) have / send

13. They ______ already ______ 14. We ______ not ______ to

their tickets for the that restaurant yet.
concert. a) haves / been
a) have / bought b) has / been
b) has / bought c) have / be
c) have / buy d) have / been
d) has / buy
15. ______ you ever ______ to 16. My brother ______ never
New York? ______ a video game.
a) Have / been a) has / played
b) Has / be b) have / played
c) Have / be c) has / play
d) Has / been d) have / play

17. She ______ just ______ her 18. We ______ never ______ this
hair. before.
a) have / cut a) haves / done
b) has / cut b) has / do
c) has / cuts c) have / did
d) have / cuts d) have / done

1(a); 2(d); 3(a); 4(d); 5(b); 6(c); 7(d); 8(b); 9(a); 10(a); 11(d);
12(b); 13(c); 14(d); 15(a); 16(a); 17(b); 18(d)
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RULES STRUCTURE
It shows that an action
happened before another past
Affirmative Form
event or before a specific time
in the past. 👉 Subject + had + past participle
Often used with the past simple + object
tense to show which action Negative Form
happened first. 👉 Subject + had not (hadn't) +
Common time expressions: past participle + object
before, after, by the time, Interrogative (Question) Form
already, just, when, as soon as. 👉 Had + subject + past participle
+ object?

PAST
EXAMPLES

✅Affirmative:
She had eaten lunch before

PERFECT
the meeting.
❌ Negative:
He hadn't seen that movie
before yesterday.
❓ Interrogative:
Had they left before you
arrived?

TIPS
OTHER
EXAMPLES ✅ Use the past perfect when
two past actions are mentioned,
and you want to show which
She had finished her homework
happened first.
before her parents came home.
(First action: finished homework,
✅ Use it with the past simple
for clarity.
Second action: parents came home)
They had already left when I ✅ Use time expressions like
arrived before, after, by the time, as
She hadn't finished her work by 5 soon as, already, yet.
PM.
Had you studied before the
exam?
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Past Perfect test

Instructions: Choose the correct verb form to complete each sentence

1. By the time we arrived, 2. She ______ never ______

they ______ already ______ sushi before she moved to
dinner. Japan.
a) had / finished a) had / eaten
b) has / finished b) has / eaten
c) had / finish c) had / ate
d) have / finished d) have / eaten

3. When I got to the bus 4. He ______ just ______ the

stop, the bus ______ already report when his boss called
______. him.
a) haves / left a) had / completed
b) has / leave b) has / completed
c) had / leave c) had / complete
d) had / left d) have / completed

5. We ______ never ______ 6. After she ______ the letter,

such a big concert before. she felt relieved
a) have / seen a) had / reads
b) has / saw b) has / readed
c) had / saw c) had / read
d) had / seen d) have / read

7. They ______ already ______ 8. He ______ never ______

their bags when the taxi abroad before his 18th
arrived. birthday.
a) has / packed a) has / traveled
b) had / packed b) had / traveled
c) had / pack c) had / travel
d) have / packed d) have / traveled
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9. By the time I woke up, 10. ______ you ever ______ to

my parents ______ already that museum before last
______. year?
a) had / left a) Had / been
b) has / left b) Have / be
c) had / leave c) Had / be
d) have / left d) Has / been

11. When we arrived at the 12. She ______ just ______

cinema, the movie ______ cooking when the guests
already ______. arrived.
a) hade / started a) had / finishe
b) has / started b) has / finished
c) had / start c) had / finished
d) had / started d) had / finished
14. After they ______ the
13. I ______ never ______ a
house, they went to the
horror movie before that
hotel.
night.
a) has / cleaned
a) has / see
b) had / cleaned
b) had / saw
c) had / clean
c) had / seen
d) have / cleaned
d) had / see

15. The thief ______ already 16. She ______ just ______ work
______ by the time the police when it started to rain.
arrived. a) had / lefted
a) have / escaped b) has / left
b) had / escaped c) had / left
c) had / escape d) have / left
d) has / escaped

1(a); 2(a); 3(d); 4(a); 5(d); 6(c); 7(b); 8(b); 9(a);

10(a); 11(d); 12(d); 13(c); 14(d); 15(b); 16(c).
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FIRST
CONDITIONAL
GRAMMAR
RULES STRUCTURE
The if-clause states the 👉 If + present simple,
condition (present will + base verb
simple). You can also switch the
The main clause states clauses:
the result (future simple
or other modals).
👉 Will + base verb + if +
present simple (no comma
It is used for real or needed)
likely situations.

OTHER
EXAMPLES VARIATIONS
[Link] it rains, we will Instead of "will", you can use
stay at home. other modal verbs (can,
2. She will pass the may, might, must, etc.) or
exam if she studies imperatives.
hard.
3. If you don’t hurry,
✔ If you feel sick, you
should see a doctor.
you will miss the bus.
4. I will call you if I have
✔ If you go to the party,
you might meet new people.
time.
TO REMEMBER
✔ If you are tired, go to
bed early.
🔹 The condition is
possible or likely.
🔹 The main clause
expresses a future result.
🔹 The if-clause cannot
use "will" (❌ If you will
go, I will go too).
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First Conditional Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence

1. If you ______ late, you 2. She ______ angry if you

______ the bus. ______ her secret.
a) arrive / will miss a) is / tell
b) arrives / will miss b) will be / tell
c) arrive / miss c) will be / tells
d) arrived / would miss d) is / will tell

3. If we ______ hard, we ______ 4. You ______ healthier if you

the project on time. ______ more water.
a) work / will finish a) feel / drink
b) work / finish b) will feel / drink
c) works / will finish c) feel / will drink
d) worked / would finish d) felt / drink

5. If he ______ late again, his 6. If they ______ the game,

boss ______ him. they ______ to the finals.
a) is / fire a) win / will go
b) will be / fires b) wins / will go
c) is / will fire c) will win / go
d) will be / fire d) win / go

7. If you ______ this button, 8. I ______ you if I ______ any

the machine ______. news.
a) pressed / will start a) call / will hear
b) press / starts b) will call / hear
c) will press / starts c) call / hear
d) press / will start d) will call / heard
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9. If the weather ______ nice, 10. He ______ to the party if

we ______ a picnic. he ______ an invitation.
a) is / will have a) go / gets
b) is / have b) will go / gets
c) will be / have c) will go / get
d) will be / will have d) goes / will get

11. If you ______ now, you 12. If she ______ too much
______ the traffic. coffee, she ______ sleep well.
a) leave / will avoid a) drinkes / won’t
b) leave / avoid b) drink / won’t
c) will leave / avoid c) drinks / won’t
d) will leave / will avoid d) will drink / won’t

14. If they ______ the rules,

13. You ______ better if you
they ______ the game.
______ early.
a) followed / will win
a) sleep / go
b) follows / win
b) will slept / go
c) follow / will win
c) will sleep / goes
d) follow / win
d) will sleep / go

15. If the phone ______, I 16. If we ______ more money,

______ it. we ______ a new car.
a) rings / answer a) save / buy
b) rings / will answer b) save / will buy
c) will ring / answer c) saves / will buy
d) ring / will answer d) will save / buy

1(a); 2(b); 3(a); 4(b); 5(c); 6(a); 7(d); 8(b); 9(a);

10(b); 11(a); 12(c); 13(d); 14(c); 15(b); 16(b).
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GRAMMAR
SECOND
CONDITIONAL
WHAT IS IT? 2 RULES
1
The if-clause states the imaginary
to
The Second Conditional is used condition (past simple).
l
talk about hypothetical or unrea The main clause states the
.
situations in the present or future possible (but unlikely) result (would
It describes something that is + base verb).
unlikely to happen or imaginary It is used for hypothetical or
situations. unreal situations.

4 EXAMPLES 3 STRUCTURE
If I won the lottery, I would 👉 If + past simple, would +
travel the world. (But I base verb
probably won’t win.) You can also switch the clauses:
If she had more time, she 👉 Would + base verb + if +
would learn Spanish. (But she past simple (no comma needed)
doesn’t have time.)

5 OTHER 6 "WERE" INSTEAD OF "WAS"

VARIATIONS
er In formal English, we often use "were"
Instead of "would", you can use oth
to instead of "was" for all subjects in the if-
modal verbs like could, might, should
clause.
✔
express different meanings.
e ✔ If I were you, I would take the job.
If he trained harder, he could becom
a professional athlete.
✔ If she were taller, she could be a model.
✔ If I had more money, I might buy a
(Note: "If I was you" is common in informa
speech, but "If I were you" is more correc
l
new car. t.)
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Second Conditional Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence

1. If I ______ a million 2. She ______ happier if she

dollars, I ______ a big house. ______ a pet.
a) had / would buy a) is / had
b) have / will buy b) would be / had
c) had / buy c) would be / has
d) has / would buy d) is / have

3. If we ______ in Paris, we 4. You ______ more friends if

______ the Eiffel Tower every you ______ friendlier.
day. a) have / are
a) live / will see b) would have / were
b) lived / would see c) would have / are
c) live / see d) will have / was
d) lives / would see

5. If he ______ more, he ______ 6. If they ______ a boat, they

better grades. ______ to the island.
a) studies / would get a) have / would go
b) study / got b) has / would go
c) studied / would get c) had / went
d) would study / got d) had / would go

7. I ______ more books if I 8. If he ______ more polite,

______ more time. people ______ him more.
a) read / have a) is / liked
b) would read / have b) was / would like
c) would read / had c) were / would like
d) read / had d) were / like
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9. If she ______ to bed 10. If we ______ in space, we

earlier, she ______ so tired. ______ on the moon.
a) went / wouldn’t be a) lived / would walk
b) goes / won’t be b) live / walk
c) went / wouldn’t c) lived / walk
d) go / wouldn’t d) would live / would walk

11. If I ______ a superhero, I 12. They ______ better if they

______ fly. ______ more practice.
a) was / would a) do / had
b) were / would b) would do / has
c) am / will fly c) would do / have
d) were / fly d) would do / had

14. If you ______ to the

13. If he ______ the lottery,
concert, you ______ a great
he ______ a new car.
time.
a) won / would buy
a) go / have
b) wins / will buy
b) went / have
c) win / buys
c) went / would have
d) won / buy
d) go / would have

15. If we ______ in 16. If she ______ more

Antarctica, we ______ very confident, she ______ the job.
cold. a) was / would get
a) lived / would be b) is / will get
b) live / would be c) were / would get
c) lives / would be d) were / get
d) would live / be

1(a); 2(b); 3(b); 4(b); 5(c); 6(d); 7(c); 8(c); 9(a);

10(a); 11(b); 12(d); 13(a); 14(c); 15(a); 16(c).
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PASSIVE VOICE
what is?
when to use?
The passive voice is a sentence When the doer (agent) is
structure in which the object of an unknown or unimportant.
active sentence becomes the When focusing on the action
subject of the passive sentence. or the receiver of the
The doer of the action is either action.
omitted or mentioned later using
In formal or scientific
"by."
writing.

structure passive voice:

Simple present
Subject + form of "be" + past Structure
participle (V3) + (by + agent am / is / are + past participle
[optional]) (V3)
For example:
Examples:
Active: The teacher explains
the lesson. Active: She writes a book.
Passive: The lesson is explained Passive: A book is written by
(by the teacher). her.

Simple past simple future

Structure: Structure:
was / were + past participle (V3) will be + past participle (V3)
Examples: Examples:
Active: She bought a new car. Active: She will complete the
Passive: A new car was bought by project.
her. Passive: The project will be
completed by her.

Examples in Different Contexts

Scientific: The experiment was conducted successfully.
News report: A new policy has been introduced by the
government.
Unknown agent: The window was broken last night.
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Passive voice Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence

1. The book ______ by J.K. 2. A new mall ______ in our

Rowling. city last year.
a) were written a) builds
b) wrote b) were built
c) was written c) was build
d) is writing d) was built

3. The cake ______ by my 4. The song ______ by millions

grandmother yesterday. of people.
a) made a) is listened
b) was made b) listen
c) is making c) has listening
d) has made d) was listen

5. English ______ in many 6. The movie ______ in 2010.

countries. a) was released
a) is spoke b) is releasing
b) speak c) has released
c) is spoken d) release
d) has speaking

7. The project ______ by the 8. The windows ______ by the

students last month. janitor every morning.
a) completed a) are cleaner
b) was completed b) cleaned
c) is completed c) was cleaning
d) will completed d) are cleaned
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9. The letter ______ yet. 10. A new school ______ next

a) isn’t delivered year.
b) have been delivered a) builds
c) hasn’t been delivered b) will be built
d) doesn’t deliver c) was built
d) has built

11. The stolen car ______ by 12. This house ______ in 1890.
the police yesterday. a) built
a) was found b) were built
b) finds c) is building
c) found d) was built
d) has find

14. The package ______

13. The invitations ______
tomorrow.
last week.
a) will be delivered
a) was sent
b) delivered
b) is sent
c) was delivering
c) were sent
d) has delivered
d) has send

15. His speech ______ by 16. This song ______ by The

many people. Beatles.
a) was hear a) wrote
b) hears b) was written
c) has hear c) was writing
d) was heard d) has write

1(c); 2(d); 3(b); 4(a); 5(c); 6(a); 7(b); 8(d); 9(c);

10(b); 11(a); 12(d); 13(c); 14(a); 15(d); 16(b).
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What is it?
RULES Reported speech (also called indirect
speech) is when you tell someone
what another person said, but
without using their exact words.
Instead of quoting them directly, you
report what they said, often making
changes to pronouns, verb tenses,
Change of and time expressions.
Tense
Pronouns
Backshifting
Pronouns often change to fit the If the reporting verb is in the past
new speaker’s perspective. (said, told, asked), the verb in the
Direct speech: She said, "I love reported speech usually moves back
this book." one tense.
Reported speech: She said that Direct: "He is playing."
she loved that book. Reported: He said he was playing.
D: "They have finished."
R: They said they had finished.

Reported/indirect
Time and Place speech Reporting
Words Change Questions
"Direct: I will do it tomorrow." for yes/no questions
reported: He said he would do
If reporting a yes/no question, use
it the next day.
if or whether.
Yesterday ---> the day before
Direct: "Are you coming?"
Now ---> then
Reported: She asked if I was
Here ---> there
coming.
Examples in use
Direct: "I love chocolate," she said.
Reported: She said that she loved chocolate. for wh questions
Direct: "We are watching a movie now," they
said. If reporting a WH- question,
Reported: They said that they were watching the question word remains, but
a movie then. the sentence structure changes:
Direct: "Did you see the match?" he asked. Direct: "Where do you
Reported: He asked if I had seen the match. live?"Reported: She asked where
Direct: "Don't touch that!" the teacher said. I lived.
Reported: The teacher told us not to touch that.
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Reported/Indirect Speech Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence

1. She said, "I am tired." → 2. He said, "I will call you

She said she ______ tired. tomorrow." → He said he
a) has been ______ me the next day.
b) were a) will call
c) is b) would call
d) was c) calls
d) has called

3. They said, "We are going 4. She said, "I have finished
to the park." → They said my work." → She said she
they ______ to the park. ______ her work.
a) were going a) finished
b) are going b) had finished
c) was going c) have finished
d) went d) has finished

5. He said, "I can swim 6. "We saw a great movie,"

fast." → He said he ______ they said. → They said they
swim fast. ______ a great movie.
a) could a) will see
b) can b) saw
c) will c) see
d) has d) had seen
7. "I don’t like coffee," she 8. He said, "I must leave
said. → She said she ______ now." → He said he ______
like coffee. leave then.
a) doesn’t a) must
b) didn’t b) has to
c) don’t c) had to
d) hasn’t d) will
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9. "We were studying all 10. "I am writing a letter,"

night," they said. → They she said. → She said she
said they ______ all night. ______ a letter.
a) are studying a) is writing
b) studied b) wrote
c) had been studying c) has written
d) study d) was writing

11. "I will visit you soon," 12. "We have been waiting
he said. → He said he ______ for an hour," they said. →
me soon. They said they ______ for an
a) would visit hour.
b) will visit a) waited
c) visits b) had been waiting
d) is visiting c) were waiting
d) are waiting

13. "I saw her yesterday," 14. "I will help you," she said.
he said. → He said he ______ → She said she ______ me.
her the day before. a) will help
a) saw b) would to help
b) has seen c) helps
c) had seen d) would help
d) sees
15. "He is studying now," 16. "We didn’t go to the
they said. → They said he party," they said. → They
______ at that moment. said they ______ to the party.
a) was studying a) hasn’t gone
b) is studying b) didn’t go
c) studied c) hadn’t gone
d) has studied d) don’t go

1(d); 2(b); 3(a); 4(b); 5(a); 6(d); 7(b); 8(c); 9(c);

10(d); 11(a); 12(b); 13(c); 14(d); 15(a); 16(c).
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WHAT IS IT?
A relative clause is a part of a sentence
that gives extra information about a noun.
It usually starts with a relative pronoun
(such as who, whom, whose, which, that) or
a relative adverb (where, when, why).
The book that you gave me is very
USING COMMA OR NOT? interesting.
(that you gave me = relative clause, giving
If you can remove the clause and the extra information about "the book")
sentence still makes sense, it's non-defining
(use commas). If removing it changes the
✅ meaning, it's defining (no commas).
The teacher who teaches English is very RULES AND TIPS
✅ nice. (Defining)
My car, which I bought last year, is very
🔹 Use "who" for things.
people and "which" for
fast. (Non-defining) ❌✅The boy which is my friend is kind.
🔹 Use "that" only
The boy who is my friend is kind.
in defining clauses (not

✅❌ MyMy house,
with commas).
house, that is big, has a pool.
which is big, has a pool.

RELATIVE
CLAUSES
WHOM AND WHOSE
"Whom" is formal and used as an object, but
✅
"who" is more common.
The woman whom I called was very nice.
✅
(formal)
The woman who I called was very nice.
(common)
❌
Use "whose" for possession.
The man who his car is blue is my
DEFINING
✅
friend.
The man whose car is blue is my friend. A. Defining (Restrictive) Relative Clauses
These clauses are essential to the
meaning of the sentence.
No commas are used.
Example:
The girl who won the race is my sister.
NON-DEFINING (The clause "who won the race" is
B. Non-Defining (Non-Restrictive) Relative Clauses necessary to identify "the girl.")
These clauses give extra (non-essential)
information.
They use commas to separate them from the rest
of the sentence.
Example:
My brother, who lives in Canada, is coming to
visit.
(The clause "who lives in Canada" is extra
information. If we remove it, the sentence still makes
sense.)
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Relative pronouns and when to use

Relative Clauses Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each
sentence.
1. The man ______ lives next 2. This is the book ______ I
door is very friendly. told you about.
a) who a) who
b) which b) whose
c) whose c) that
d) where d) where

3. That’s the girl ______ 4. The car ______ was parked

brother is a famous singer. outside belongs to my
a) who uncle.
b) whose a) which
c) whom b) who
d) which c) where
d) whose
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5. Do you know the person 6. This is the museum ______

______ called me yesterday? we saw the ancient
a) when artifacts.
b) whom a) who
c) which b) which
d) who c) where
d) whose

7. The teacher ______ I 8. She is the woman ______

respect the most is dog ran away.
retiring. a) which
a) whom b) whose
b) which c) where
c) why d) whom
d) whose

10. The movie ______ we

9. That’s the house ______ I
watched last night was
grew up.
amazing.
a) which
a) which
b) whose
b) whom
c) whom
c) whose
d) where
d) where

11. My best friend, ______ 12. The scientist ______

lives in Canada, is coming discovered this cure won a
to visit me. Nobel Prize.
a) where a) whom
b) whom b) who
c) who c) which
d) whose d) where

1(a); 2(c); 3(b); 4(a); 5(d); 6(c); 7(a); 8(b); 9(d); 10(a); 11(c); 12(b)
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USED TO /WOULD
FOR HABITS: USE EITHER "USED TO" OR "WOULD."
FOR STATES: USE ONLY "USED TO."

USED TO WOULD
Function: Describes past Function: Describes past
habits, repeated actions, or habits or repeated actions
states that are no longer (not states).
true.
01 02 Form: Would + base verb
Form: Used to + base verb Usage: Works only for actions
Usage: Works for both that happened repeatedly in
actions and states. the past.

EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
I used to play soccer every Every summer, we would visit
weekend. (past habit) our grandparents. (past
She used to live in London. repeated action)
(past state) 03 04 After dinner, he would always
We used to go to the beach read a book. (past habit)
every summer. (past She would wake up early and
repeated action) go jogging. (past routine)

TIPS TIPS
Cannot be used for present Cannot describe past states
❌
habits → I use to exercise ❌
→ She would live in London.
every day. (Incorrect) (Incorrect)
Use "did" in 05 06 Often used in storytelling to
questions/negatives → create a nostalgic effect →
Did you use to have a dog? When I was a child, my dad
I didn’t use to like coffee. would take me to the park
every Sunday.
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Used to
Would
Can express both
actions & states → Interchangeable with
"Used to" can describe "used to" for past habits,
where someone lived, but "used to" is more
what they believed, or common.
how they felt (states),
which "would" cannot.

Used to or would Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each
sentence.
1. When I was a child, I 2. He ______ go fishing every
______ play outside all day. weekend when he lived by
a) used to the lake.
b) would to a) using to
c) was used to b) was used to
d) use to c) use to
d) would

3. My grandfather ______ tell 4. She ______ wake up early,

us stories about the war. but now she prefers to
a) used to sleep in.
b) would a) used to
c) was used to b) would to
d) using to c) was used to
d) using to
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5. I ______ have a pet rabbit 6. We ______ always go to my

when I was younger. grandmother’s house on
a) would to Sundays.
b) would a) used to
c) used to b) would
d) use to c) was used to
d) use to

7. He ______ be very shy, but 8. When we were kids, we

now he’s more confident. ______ climb trees in the
a) used to park.
b) would a) use to
c) using to b) would
d) was used to c) was used to
d) using to

9. They ______ live in New 10. When I was younger, I

York before moving to ______ stay up late watching
California. TV.
a) uses to a) used to
b) would b) would to
c) was used to c) use to
d) used to d) would

11. He ______ love playing 12. She ______ go jogging

football when he was in every morning before work.
high school. a) used to
a) used to b) would
b) would to c) was used to
c) would d) use to
d) use to

1(a); 2(d); 3(b); 4(a); 5(d); 6(c); 7(b); 8(a); 9(b); 10(d); 11(c); 12(b)
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RULES
It is used for actions that started in the
past and continue until now (often with time
expressions like for, since)
It is used to describe recently completed
actions with present effects.
It is often used to emphasize duration.
AFFIRMATIVe:E FORM .
structur )+
as /h av e + b e en + verb (-ing
Subject + h ment
object/comple this book for
two
e en r ea d ing
"I have b USA
hours."
o k ing since mornin
g." "She has been GE
s be en c o studying for th
"She ha hours." ree
"I'm tired beca
use I have bee
He has been wo n running."
rking here fo
years." r five

PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
NEGATIVE FtuOrReM
struc
verb (-
c t + has / ha v e + not + been +
Subje omplement
ing) + object/c
fe e lin g well lately." INTERROGATIVE FOR
"I haven 't b ee n
en sle eping enough."
M
"He ha s n 't be structure
Has/Have + su
bject + been +
object/comple verb (-ing) +
"Have you been ment?
waiting for a lo
"Has she been ng time?"
studying hard
?"
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TIPS
Use "for" with a period of time: for two hours,
for a week, for five years
"He has been living here for three years."
Use "since" with a point in time: since Monday,
since 2010, since morning
"They have been playing football since 2 PM."

ATTENTION
Do not use stative verbs (like love, know,
believe, want, etc.) in this tense
❌ I have been knowing her for years.
(Incorrect)
✅ I have known her for years. (Use
Present Perfect instead)

Present Perfect Continuous Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each
sentence.
1. She ______ in the library 2. We ______ for the bus since
for two hours. 8 a.m.
a) is studying a) are waiting
b) has studied b) waited
c) has been studying c) wait
d) studied d) have been waiting

3. He ______ the guitar 4. They ______ about moving

lately. abroad for a while.
a) plays a) have been thinking
b) has been playing b) think
c) is playing c) thought
d) played d) are thinking
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5. I ______ to contact her all 6. The kids ______ too much

week. time on video games
a) tried recently.
b) am trying a) spend
c) try b) have been spending
d) have been trying c) are spending
d) spent
7. What ______ all day? 8. He ______ at that company
a) have you been doing for over ten years.
b) are you doing a) has worked
c) did you do b) works
d) do you do c) is working
d) has been working

9. I ______ so hard this 10. She ______ well lately

month. I really need a because of stress.
break. a) doesn’t sleep
a) work b) hasn’t been sleeping
b) worked c) didn’t sleep
c) have been working d) isn’t sleeping
d) had worked

11. They ______ soccer every 12. We ______ to fix this

weekend. computer since morning.
a) have been playing a) are trying
b) played b) tried
c) play c) have been trying
d) are playing d) try

1(c); 2(d); 3(b); 4(a); 5(d); 6(b); 7(a); 8(d); 9(c); 10(b); 11(a); 12(c);
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STRUCTURE
Affirmative:
RULES Subject + had been + verb (-
ing) + object/adverbial WH E N TO US E I T ?
[Link] is used to emphasize the For an action that
phrase
duration of an action that continued for a period of
Negative:
started before another time in the past before
Subject + had not (hadn't)
action in the past. another action
been + verb (-ing) +
[Link] is also used to describe an Example: She had been
object/complement
action that had been living in New York for
Interrogative:
happening before a specific three years before she
Had + subject + been + verb moved to California.
time in the past.
(-ing) + object/complement? To explain a reason for
[Link] often answers "how long"
something in the past
something had been
Example: He was tired
happening.
because he had been
[Link] can indicate a cause-and- working all day.
effect relationship

ST PERFEC
PA TINUO T
O N US
C
T PER FECT CONTINUO
PAS VS US E XAMP L E S
F E C T S IMP L She had been studying for hours
P AST PER E ✅
before the test.
Past Perfect Continuous focuses They had been playing football
on the duration or ongoing nature ✅
when it started raining.
of the action.
She had been working at the He hadn't been sleeping well
company for five years before before the trip.
she got promoted.
We hadn't been working on
(Emphasizes the length of time
the project for long when the
she worked.)
Past Perfect Simple focuses on manager checked in.
the completion of the action.
She had worked at the Had she been waiting for a
company before she got long time before he arrived?
promoted. Had you been feeling sick
(Focuses on the fact that she before you went to the
worked there, not how long.) doctor?
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Past Perfect test

Instructions: Choose the correct verb form to complete each sentence

1. She ______ for that 2. I ______ for hours before

company before she they finally arrived.
moved abroad. a) waited
a) worked b) had been waiting
b) had worked c) was waiting
c) had been working d) have been waiting
d) was working

3. They ______ TV for three 4. He ______ all morning

hours when the power before he finally finished
went out. the essay.
a) have been watching a) had been writing
b) had been watching b) wrote
c) were watching c) writes
d) watched d) has been writing

5. We ______ the house for 6. She ______ before the

months before we found a teacher walked in.
buyer. a) had been talking
a) have been renovating b) was talking
b) renovate c) talked
c) renovated d) is talking
d) had been renovating
7. The team ______ hard 8. I ______ for the exam all
before the tournament week, so I felt confident.
started. a) studied
a) trained b) had been studying
b) has trained c) study
c) had been training d) was studying
d) was training
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9. They ______ to call us 10. He ______ too much

before we arrived. before he got sick.
a) had been trying a) ate
b) tried b) had eaten
c) try c) has been eating
d) are trying d) had been eating

11. We ______ each other for 12. You ______ a lot before
years before we got you found your dream job.
married. a) applied
a) had been dating b) had applied
b) dated c) had been applying
c) date d) were applying
d) were dating

13. My phone ______ up all 14. She ______ lessons for two
day before I turned it off. years when she passed the
a) rang test.
b) had rung a) took
c) rings b) has been taking
d) had been ringing c) had been taking
d) was taking

15. They ______ for a long 16. He ______ with us before

time before the storm hit. he got promoted.
a) had been hiking a) has worked
b) have been hiking b) had been working
c) hiked c) worked
d) hike d) is working

1(c); 2(b); 3(b); 4(a); 5(d); 6(a); 7(c); 8(b); 9(a);

10(d); 11(a); 12(c); 13(c); 14(c); 15(b); 16(a).
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1 RULES
1. Used for actions happening at a
specific time in the future
2. Describes planned or scheduled
events in the future
3. Expresses polite inquiries about
someone's plans
4. Can be used to predict events that
will naturally happen 2 AFFIRMATIVE
FORM
Subject + will be + verb (-ing) + rest
3 of the sentence
NEGATIVE FORM She will be studying for her exams
tomorrow evening.
Subject + will not (won’t) be + verb (- They will be playing football at this
ing) + rest of the sentence time next week.
I won’t be watching TV at 8 PM.

Future
He will not be working late tonight.

4 QUESTION FORM
Continuous
Will + subject + be + verb (-ing) +
rest of the sentence?
6 MORE EXAMPLES
Will she be attending the Planned future events:
meeting tomorrow? We will be visiting our
Will you be waiting for me at grandparents this weekend.
the station? Polite inquiries:
Will you be using the car
later?

5 EXAMPLES IN CONTEXT
Specific time in the future:
At 9 PM, I will be watching my
favorite show.
Predictions about the future:
In 2050, people will be living on
Mars.
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Future Continuous Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence

1. This time tomorrow, I 2. She ______ at 7 p.m., so

______ on the beach. don’t be late.
a) will relax a) will be arriving
b) am relaxing b) arrives
c) will be relaxing c) is arriving
d) relaxed d) will arrive

3. We ______ dinner when 4. They ______ the project

you come. during the next few weeks.
a) have a) will be working on
b) will be having b) work on
c) had c) worked on
d) will have d) will work on

5. He ______ TV all night 6. I ______ in the office while

again, I’m sure. you’re on vacation.
a) watches a) will be staying
b) will watch b) stay
c) will be watching c) stayed
d) is watching d) stays

7. What ______ at 10 a.m. 8. She ______ the piano

tomorrow? during the concert.
a) you will do a) will be playing
b) will you be doing b) plays
c) will you do c) play
d) do you do d) played
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9. Don’t call him now. He 10. I ______ when you arrive,

______ a meeting. but come in anyway.
a) has a) sleep
b) will be having b) will sleep
c) is having c) will be sleeping
d) had d) am sleeping

11. We ______ all day to meet 12. At midnight, they ______

the deadline. through the city.
a) will be working a) drive
b) are working b) drove
c) work c) will be driving
d) have been working d) are driving

14. You ______ for the test,

13. She ______ dinner by the
right?
time we get there.
a) will study
a) will make
b) are studying
b) will be making
c) will be studying
c) is making
d) study
d) makes

15. This time next week, I 16. The sun ______ when we
______ in New York. arrive at the beach.
a) will be staying a) shines
b) stayed b) is shining
c) stay c) will be shining
d) am staying d) will shine

1(c); 2(a); 3(b); 4(a); 5(c); 6(a); 7(b); 8(a); 9(b);

10(c); 11(a); 12(c); 13(b); 14(c); 15(a); 16(c).
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IT?
HEN TO USE AFFIRMATIVE
W
l be NEGATI
a n a c tion wil STRUCTURE: VE
tha t e in
✔ To show
ted bef
or e a s p e cific tim
Subject + will have + past STRUCT
URE
comple participle (V3) + time Subject
ure. l have + will no
the fut s cie n t ists wil h a ve + p t (won’t
)
5, ets. reference
By 202 ew plan
ast part
ic
e re d n
ill be (V3) + t iple
discov a ction w By next year, she will ime refe
e an ure r e n ce
✔
To indic
at
ted bef
o re an o ther fut have completed her By 8 PM
have fin
, they w
on’t
comple degree. ished th
dinner e
event. h a v e c ooked She will have written the project.
l
She wil rive. book by next year. They wo
they ar past
befor e
p tio n s about n’t have
e assum t of vie
w. arrived
✔
To mak
from a
futur e p o in
home b
y midnigh
before
t.
actions a c he d
have re
He will
now.

FUTURE
PERFECT

INTERR
OGATI
VE
STRUC TIPS
Will + s TURE
ubject ion
+ h a ve en an ac t
past p
articip
time re
le (V3)
+
+ COMMON Use it✅c
o
o
n
m
ly w h
pleted be
f o re
TIME will b e e.
Will yo
f e re n c
e? t u r e e v e nt or tim
u
u h a ve EXPRESSION another f e it with Fu
t u re
submit
by Frid
ted the
report
✅
Don’t c
( w
o
h
n
ic
f u s
h talks ab
out
a y? By (next week, tomorrow, Simp le
Will he l f u t u r e actions). k
a
h my wor
have fin 2030, 5 PM, etc.) gener
ished w il l f in is
the pro Before (you arrive, the Wrong: I
ject by
Friday? deadline, the meeting by 5 PM.
❌ ished
ill have fin
starts, etc.) Cor r e c t : I w
by 5 PM.
✅
By the time (he comes, my work
they leave, we finish, etc.)
In (two years, a few hours,
a month, etc.)
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Future Perfect Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence

1. By next month, she ______ 2. I ______ the report before

the course. the meeting starts.
a) finishes a) will have completed
b) will have finished b) completed
c) finished c) complete
d) will finish d) will be completing

3. They ______ the house by 4. He ______ all the chapters

the end of the year. by tonight.
a) will build a) reads
b) build b) will have read
c) will have built c) read
d) have built d) is reading

5. We ______ dinner by the 6. By 2026, she ______ in that

time you arrive. company for 10 years.
a) had a) worked
b) have had b) has worked
c) will have had c) works
d) will be having d) will have worked

7. They ______ the renovation 8. You ______ all your tasks

before summer. by 5 p.m.
a) finish a) will have done
b) will have finished b) do
c) will be finishing c) did
d) finished d) are doing
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9. He ______ his degree by 10. I ______ all the emails by

the time he turns 23. lunchtime.
a) will get a) answer
b) will have gotten b) will answer
c) gets c) will have answered
d) is getting d) have answered

11. By the time you get 12. We ______ everything

home, I ______ the cake. before the guests arrive.
a) will bake a) will have prepared
b) will be baking b) prepare
c) bake c) prepared
d) will have baked d) will be preparing

14. They ______ the

13. She ______ the test
documents by Friday.
results by next week.
a) signed
a) gets
b) will sign
b) will get
c) sign
c) will have received
d) will have signed
d) receives

15. I ______ my homework 16. By noon, he ______ his

before going out. presentation.
a) do a) will have given
b) will have done b) gives
c) have done c) will give
d) will be doing d) gave

1(b); 2(a); 3(c); 4(b); 5(c); 6(d); 7(b); 8(a); 9(b);

10(c); 11(d); 12(a); 13(c); 14(b); 15(b); 16(a).
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when use it? structure

If + past perfect, would have + past
You're talking about a past situation participle
that didn’t happen. Example:
You're imagining a different If I had studied, I would have passed the
outcome. exam.
🧠 It expresses regret, hindsight, or a Parts Explained:
"If" clause = past perfect
missed opportunity.
Example with Regret: had + past participle
If I had apologized, she wouldn’t have e.g., If she had left earlier...
been so upset. Main clause = would have + past participle
e.g., ...she would have caught the train.

THIRD
CONDITIONAL

examples tips
If we had booked the tickets 1. Only use it for past situations — not for
earlier, we would have gotten present or future.
better seats. 2. Watch out for irregular past participles (e.g.,
He would have won the race if he go → gone, see → seen).
had trained harder. 3. You can switch the order:
They wouldn't have missed the If I had studied, I would have passed.
party if they had left on time. I would have passed if I had studied.
If I had known about the meeting, ❌
4. If I would have seen him, I would have
I would have joined. said hi.
5.✅ If I had seen him, I would have said hi.
6. (You should not use would have in the "if"
part — use had.)
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Third Conditional Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence

1. If I ______ harder, I would 2. She would have gone to

have passed the test. the party if she ______ an
a) study invitation.
b) studied a) had received
c) had studied b) received
d) would study c) receives
d) would have received
3. If they had left earlier, 4. He ______ the job if he had
they ______ the train. applied on time.
a) would have caught a) got
b) catch b) would get
c) would catch c) would have gotten
d) caught d) had gotten

5. If you ______ me, I would 6. We wouldn't have missed

have helped you. the flight if we ______ a taxi.
a) told a) take
b) had told b) was taken
c) tell c) took
d) would have told d) had taken

7. If she had known the 8. I ______ you if I had had

truth, she ______ so upset. your number.
a) wouldn’t have been a) will call
b) won’t be b)called
c) isn’t c) call
d) wasn’t d) would have called
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9. If they ______ more 10. He would have joined us

carefully, they wouldn't if he ______ about the
have made a mistake. meeting.
a) listen a) had known
b) listened b) would know
c) had listened c) knows
d) would listen d) knew

11. If I ______ more time, I 12. They wouldn't have lost

would have finished the if they ______ better.
project. a) played
a) have b) play
b) had had c) had played
c) had d) would play
d) would have

13. If we had left earlier, 14. You ______ the answer if

we ______ the beginning of you had paid attention.
the movie. a) would know
a) wouldn’t miss b) know
b) wouldn’t have missed c) knew
c) didn’t miss d) would have known
d) hadn’t missed

15. If he ______ the 16. We would have visited

instructions, he wouldn’t you if we ______ in town.
have broken it. a) had been
a) follows b) are
b) followed c) were
c) had followed d) would be
d) would follow

1(c); 2(a); 3(a); 4(c); 5(b); 6(d); 7(a); 8(d); 9(c);

10(a); 11(b); 12(c); 13(b); 14(d); 15(c); 16(a).
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WHAT IS THIS?
E
WHEN TO US
A mixed conditional is a conditional
sentence that "mixes" two different
THIS? time references:
One part refers to the past
The other part refers to the
re when you're
Use this structuining: present (or future)
imag Structure:
t event
A different pas caused a If + past perfect, would + base verb
That would have nt situation = Used when you want to talk
different prese n regrets or about how a past condition
ect o
It's used to refl situations that affects the present result.
explain currentrent if the past EXAMPLES
would be diffe other way.
had gone an If I had studied
would be a doc medicine, I
→ (But I didn’t tor now.
medicine, so no st ud y
doctor.) w I’m not a
If she had take
offer, she woul n the job
New York now. d live in
→ (She didn’t
and now she livtake the job,

MIXED
else.) es somewhere

CONDITIONAL
IPS TO REMEMBER
T
e a "cause-
Think of this liktime" sentence.
effect across ast) → Effect
Cause (in the p)
(in the present MORE EXAM
It’s useful for: ret or
PLES
Expressing regtuations If we had left e
hypothetical sicurrent wouldn’t be stucarlier, we
Talking about of past actions → (We left late k in traffic.
, so now we’re in
consequences traffic.)
If he had saved
would own a ho his money, he
→ (He didn’t sa use by now.
can’t afford a ho ve , and now he
DON’T CONFUSE use.)
IT WITH:
Third conditional: If + past
perfect, would have + past
participle (past-past)
Second conditional: If +
past simple, would + base
verb (present-present
unreal)
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Mixed Conditional Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence

1. If I had taken that job, I 2. She ______ better English if

______ in New York now. she had studied harder at
a) would live school.
b) would be living a) speaks
c) live b) will speak
d) lived c) spoke
d) would speak

3. If he hadn’t missed the 4. They ______ this problem if

train, he ______ at the they had listened to our
meeting now. warning.
a) would be a) don’t have
b) was b) wouldn’t have
c) is c) wouldn’t have had
d) would have been d) wouldn’t has

5. If I had gone to medical 6. You wouldn’t need help

school, I ______ a doctor now if you ______ your work
now. earlier.
a) am a) had done
b) was b) do
c) would be c) would have done
d) will be d) did
7. If she had taken the 8. He ______ at home if he
medication, she ______ hadn’t lost his job.
better now. a) is
a) feels b) would still be
b) is feeling c) was
c) would feel d) will be
d) felt
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9. If we had booked earlier, 10. They would be more

we ______ tickets for the successful if they ______ the
concert now. right decision last year.
a) will have a) had made
b) would have had b) made
c) would c) would make
d) would have d) make

11. If I had learned to drive, 12. You wouldn’t be so tired

I ______ a car now. if you ______ to bed earlier
a) would have last night.
b) have a) go
c) would own b) went
d) owned c) gone
d) had gone

13. If she hadn’t wasted 14. He ______ in college if he

time, she ______ a job right had passed the entrance
now. exam.
a) has a) would be
b) would have b) is
c) would be having c) was
d) had d) would have been

15. If we had saved more 16. I wouldn’t be single now

money, we ______ a house if I ______ that person.
by now. a) had married
a) bought b) married
b) would own c) had dated
c) own d) date
d) will own

1(a); 2(d); 3(a); 4(b); 5(c); 6(a); 7(c); 8(c); 9(d);

10(a); 11(c); 12(d); 13(b); 14(a); 15(b); 16(c).
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ADVANCED

PASSIVE
VOICE
PRESENT PERFECT
⚙️ Rule:
Used when the action started in the
past and has relevance to the present, EXAMPLES
and again, we want to focus on the
receiver or result of the action. 📌
Example (active):
✅ Structure: She has written three reports
this week.
Subject + has/have been + past
participle (V3) ✅
Passive:
Three reports have been written
(by her) this week.

PAST PERFECT
⚙️
Rule:
We use the past perfect passive when
an action was completed before EXAMPLES
another past action/time, and we
want to focus on the receiver of the
📌
Example (active):
They had repaired the car before
action, not who did it.
✅ Structure:
I arrived.
✅
Passive:
Subject + had been + past participle The car had been repaired before
(V3) I arrived.

FUTURE PERFECT
⚙️ Rule: EXAMPLES
Used when something will be
completed by a certain time in the
future, and you want the focus to be on
📌 Example (active):
They will have completed the
the action or the receiver, not the doer.
✅ Structure:
project by next week.
✅
Passive:
Subject + will have been + past
The project will have been
participle (V3)
completed by next week (by
them).
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Advanced Passive Voice Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence

1. The documents ______ by 2. All the letters ______

the manager before the before she arrived. (past
meeting. (past perfect) perfect)
a) are signed a) had been written
b) have been signed b) were written
c) had been signed c) have been written
d) will be signed d) are being written

3. The project ______ by next 4. The cake ______ before we

week. (future perfect) got there. (past perfect)
a) was completed a) was eaten
b) is completed b) has been eaten
c) has been completed c) had been eaten
d) will have been completed d) will be eaten

5. The room ______ by the 6. The files ______ already

time the guests arrive. ______ when the boss called.
(future perfect) (past perfect)
a) will have been cleaned a) were / emailed
b) has been cleaned b) had / been emailed
c) was cleaned c) are / been emailed
d) is being cleaned d) have / been emailed

7. A new road ______ by 8. The dishes ______ by the

2026. (future perfect) time we got home. (past
a) will have been built perfect)
b) was built a) have been washed
c) has been built b) had been washed
d) is being built c) are washed
d) were washing

1(c); 2(a); 3(d); 4(c); 5(a); 6(b); 7(a); 8(b)

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MODALVERBBSS
PASSIVE VOICE
01 02
STRUCTURE: RULES
Used when you're using
Subject + modal verb + be + modals like can, could, may,
past participle (V3) might, must, should, would,
(for perfect forms: modal + shall, will, and you still want
have been + past participle) the focus on the receiver of
the action.

04 WITH CAN: 03 SHOULD

(ADVICE/DUTY)
Can (present ability/possibility)
Active: People can hear the Active: They should clean
music from the street. the room.
Passive: The music can be Passive: The room should
heard from the street. be cleaned.

05 MUST HAVE (CERTAINTY 06 OTHER EXAMPLES

ABOUT THE PAST) [Link] vase might have been
Active: She must have broken by someone.
forgotten the meeting. [Link] window must be
Passive: The meeting must repaired immediately.
have been forgotten (by [Link] documents should have
her). been signed yesterday.
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To understand it better

Modal Verb Passive Voice Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each
sentence.
1. The documents ______ by 2. The guests ______ before
now. (present perfect we arrived. (past perfect
modal) modal)
a) should be signed a) must be seated
b) should have been signed b) must been seated
c) had been signed c) should be seated
d) are being signed d) must have been seated

3. The car ______ by the end 4. The assignment ______ by

of the day. (future perfect now. (present perfect
modal) modal)
a) might be fixed a) must be completed
b) is being fixed b) is being completed
c) will have been fixed c) must have been completed
d) was fixed d) will be completed
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5. That issue ______ earlier. 6. The package ______

(past perfect modal) yesterday, but it wasn’t.
a) should have been resolved (past perfect modal)
b) should resolve a) can be delivered
c) is resolved b) could have been delivered
d) should be resolving c) had been delivered
d) was delivering

7. The cake ______ before 8. The room ______ by now.

the guests arrive. (future (present perfect modal)
perfect modal) a) should clean
a) must be baked b) should be cleaned
b) was baked c) should have been cleaned
c) is baking d) should have cleaned
d) must have been baked

9. The reports ______ before 10. The letter ______ this

the deadline. (future morning. (past perfect
perfect modal) modal)
a) could have been a) may be sent
submitted b) may have been sent
b) were submitted c) may have sent
c) can be d) may send
d) will have been submitted

11. The documents ______ 12. The plan ______ by the

before noon. (future time we arrived. (past
perfect modal) perfect modal)
a) will have been printed a) must be discussed
b) are printing b) must have been discussed
c) had been printed c) must discuss
d) were printing d) was discussing

1(b); 2(d); 3(c); 4(c); 5(a); 6(b); 7(d); 8(c); 9(a); 10(b); 11(a); 12(b)
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HOW TO USE IT?

Must (almost sure something is
true)
Can't / Couldn't (almost sure
something is not true)
May / Might / Could (possibility
— not sure)

IN THE PRESENT EXAMPLES

must(Sure it’s true):
Structure: She must be at work — her car is
Modal + base verb outside.
Example: She must be tired. can't / couldn't(Sure it isn’t true):
Meaning: I'm almost sure she’s tired He can't be 50 — he looks much
now. younger!
might / may / could(Possibility):
They might be at the café now.

MODAL VERBS
OF
DEDUCTION
IN THE PAST EXAMPLES
must have(Sure it’s true):
Structure: She must have left already — her coat
Modal + have + past participle is gone.
Example: She must have been tired. can't / couldn't have(Sure it isn’t true):
Meaning: I'm almost sure she was He can't have taken the money — he
tired earlier. wasn’t here.
might / may / could have(Possibility):
They might have missed the train.
DON’T CONFUSE WITH
OBLIGATION OR ABILITY
🟡
Deduction:
“He must be the new teacher.” (I
deduce this.)
🔴
Obligation:
“He must do his homework.” (He’s
required to.)
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Modal Verb of Deduction Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence

1. She ______ be at home. 2. He ______ know the

The lights are on and her answer. He's the expert
car is outside. here!
a) might have a) might have
b) must b) can't
c) can't c) must
d) should have d) could have

3. They ______ finished the 4. This ______ be the right

project already. They way. The GPS says we’re off
started just this morning. route.
a) must have a) can’t
b) can't have b) might
c) should have c) must
d) might d) should
5. She’s not answering her 6. That noise ______ been a
phone. She ______ be in a cat. It sounded way too
meeting. loud!
a) can’t have a) must
b) should b) should
c) must have c) can't have
d) might d) might

7. He ______ left early. His 8. She ______ been tired after

coat is still here. that long hike.
a) might a) must have
b) must b) can’t
c) can't have c) might
d) could d) should
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9. You ______ be hungry 10. They ______ forgotten the

already. You just ate! meeting. They’re never late.
a) might have a) might
b) can’t b) should have
c) should c) must
d) must have d) can’t have

11. He’s yawning nonstop. 12. She ______ be the new

He ______ slept well last manager. Everyone keeps
night. asking her questions.
a) might a) must
b) must b) might have
c) can’t have c) can’t
d) could d) should

13. I saw him leave already. 14. You ______ heard the
He ______ be in his office news! It’s all over social
now. media.
a) might a) should
b) can’t b) can’t
c) must have c) might
d) should have d) must have

15. They ______ gone out. 16. He ______ be nervous. It’s

Their bikes are gone. his first performance.
a) must have a) can’t
b) might b) must have
c) can’t c) might
d) should have d) can

1(b); 2(c); 3(b); 4(a); 5(d); 6(c); 7(c); 8(a); 9(b);

10(d); 11(c); 12(a); 13(b); 14(d); 15(a); 16(c).
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VERB TENSE
CHANGING MODAL VERB
Direct Speech - Reported Speech CHANGING
STRUCTURE am / is ⟶ was Modal Verb
(Direct) - Reported Speech
are⟶ were
Subject + reporting verb do / does⟶ did can ⟶ could
(said, told, asked…) + (that) have / has⟶ had may ⟶ might
+ reported clause will⟶ would shall ⟶ should
Example: can⟶ could will ⟶ would
Direct: He said, “I will go may⟶ might must (necessity) ⟶ had to
tomorrow.” must (obligation)⟶ had to must (deduction) ⟶ must
Reported: He said (that) (unchanged)
he would go the next might / could / should / would
day. ⟶ usually unchanged

ADVANCED
REPORTED SPEECH
EXAMPLES
ATTENTION 1. Direct: “We might leave early,” she said.
👂 Match reporting verbs to Reported: She said they might leave early.
2. Direct: “You must be tired,” he said.
context:
Say (that): general TIME EXPRESSIONS Reported: He said I must be tired.
(deduction — no change)
Tell + object + (that): needs a Direct Speech - Reported Speech 3. Direct: “You must finish the work,” she
person
✅ He told me that he was
today ⟶ that day
tomorrow ⟶ the next day
told me.
Reported: She told me I had to finish the
tired. work.
❌ He told that he was
yesterday ⟶ the day before
now ⟶ then 4. Direct: “I shall return,” he said.
Reported: He said he should return.
tired. this ⟶ that
Ask / advise / suggest / warn (Note: “shall” is formal or British; usually
these ⟶ those replaced with “will/would”)
/ promise / offer etc. are ago ⟶ before
also used for more specific next (week) ⟶ the following
reporting. (week)
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Advanced Reported Speech Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence

1. “I can help you,” she said. 2. “You must wear a seatbelt,”

She said she ______ help me. the officer said.
a) will The officer said we ______
b) could wear a seatbelt.
c) may a) must have
d) must b) might
c) could
d) had to

3. “I will call you later,” he 4. “We may go to the

said. concert,” they said.
He said he ______ me later. They said they ______ to the
a) would call concert.
b) might call a) should go
c) could call b) might go
d) must call c) had gone
d) will go

5. “You should study more,” 6. “I might be late,” she

the teacher told me. said.
The teacher told me I ______ She said she ______ late.
more. a) might be
a) should study b) must be
b) must have studied c) would be
c) could have studied d) had been
d) would study
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7. “I could run faster when 8. “We must finish this

I was younger,” he said. today,” they said.
He said he ______ faster They said they ______ that
when he was younger. day.
a) would run a) must finish
b) can run b) could finish
c) must run c) had to finish
d) could run d) might have finished

9. “I may be wrong,” he 10. “You will need a visa,”

said. she said.
He said he ______ wrong. She said I ______ a visa.
a) must be a) would need
b) might be b) might need
c) should be c) must need
d) had to be d) should need

11. “She must be tired,” he 12. “I can meet you at 3,” he

said. said.
He said she ______ tired. He said he ______ me at 3.
a) had to be a) will meet
b) must be b) may meet
c) might be c) could meet
d) should be d) must meet

13. “You may sit down,” the 14. “You mustn’t touch
teacher said. anything,” she said.
The teacher said we ______ She said we ______ anything.
down. a) shouldn’t touch
a) might sit b) had to touch
b) could sit c) couldn’t touch
c) would sit d) mustn’t touch
d) should sit
1(b); 2(a); 3(a); 4(b); 5(a); 6(c); 7(d); 8(c); 9(b); 10(a); 11(b); 12(c); 13(a); 14(d)
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INVERSION FOR
EMPHASIS
❌ Never I have
seen such a
thing.

WHAT IS IT? ✅ Never have I

seen such a
Inversion flips the order, usually placing part thing.
of the verb or an adverbial phrase before
the subject, often to emphasize something
or to sound more formal/literary.
Never have I seen such a beautiful 1
place. IN NEGATIVE ADVERBIALS
Not only did he study, but he also
worked. Structure:
Negative/Restrictive Phrase +
Auxiliary/modal verb + Subject + Main verb
2 Examples:
"SO" AND "SUCH" Never have I seen such a beautiful
sunset.
Structure:
Rarely do we get a chance to speak
1. So + adjective + auxiliary + subject +
freely.
main verb
2. Such + be + subject + that...
Examples:
3
1. So beautiful was the performance that ONLY PHRASES
everyone applauded. Phrases with "only" followed by a
2. Such was her determination that time/condition/way often use
nothing could stop her. inversion.
4 Examples:
USE AN AUXILIARY OR Only after the show did I realize its
MODAL VERB meaning.
Only when she left did I understand
Inversion requires helping verbs like: her pain.
do, did, have, had, should, would, can, will
If there’s no auxiliary in the original 5
sentence, add one for the inversion. COMMON FIXED
Original: She understands the rule. EXPRESSIONS
Inverted: Rarely does she understand the Little did I know...
rule. Not only... but also...

6
No sooner... than...
Under no circumstances...
Practice it: Only then...
She had never been so Look out for words like:
angry. Never, Rarely, Hardly, No sooner, Not
→ Never had she been so only, Under no circumstances, Only
angry. when,
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Inversion for emphasis Test

Instructions: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence

1. ______ have I been so 2. Not only ______ the keys,

embarrassed in my life. but she also lost her phone.
a) Only a) did she lose
b) Never b) she lose
c) Always c) has she lost
d) Seldom d) she has lost

3. Rarely ______ such a 4. ______ had we started

breathtaking view. eating when the fire alarm
a) I saw went off.
b) do I see a) No sooner
c) have I seen b) Hardly
d) I have seen c) Rarely
d) Never

5. Only after the show 6. Seldom ______ so much

ended ______ how much I noise coming from that
enjoyed it. room.
a) I realized a) I hear
b) I had realized b) I heard
c) was I realize c) do I hear
d) did I realize d) have I heard

7. Not until he apologized 8. No sooner had I arrived

______ to her again. ______ he started yelling.
a) she spoke a) when
b) did she speak b) then
c) spoke she c) then
d) has she spoken d) after
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9. Under no circumstances 10. ______ did she realize the

______ your password to truth.
anyone. a) Later
a) you should give b) Only then
b) you give c) After
c) should you give d) That moment
d) you would give

11. Only by working hard 12. At no time ______ the

______ success. employees warned about
a) you will achieve the risks.
b) do you achieve a) the manager
c) you achieve b) were the manager
d) can you achieve c) were the employees
d) have the employees

13. Nowhere ______ peace 14. Not for a second ______

like in this remote village. she doubted his loyalty.
a) we can find a) did
b) can find we b) has
c) can we find c) was
d) we found d) had

15. Little ______ how much 16. ______ had we settled in

his words hurt me. when the storm began.
a) he knows a) No sooner
b) did he know b) Rarely
c) had he known c) Never
d) does he d) Not until

1(b); 2(a); 3(c); 4(b); 5(d); 6(d); 7(b); 8(a); 9(c);

10(b); 11(d); 12(c); 13(c); 14(a); 15(b); 16(a).