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 GS 1 – QUESTIONS FOR MAINS 2025

1. What are oceanic currents? Examine the methods via which it affects human
behavior.
2. What constitutes the geological time scale (GTS)? Elucidate the historical
development of the geological time scale.
3. A confrontation between the British and Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, along
the banks of the Hooghly River signified a pivotal event in contemporary Indian
history. Engage in discourse.
4. What is the feasibility of low-carbon renewable energy sources in a progressively
hot and arid environment?
5. The Quit India Movement signified a pivotal moment in India's struggle for
independence. Engage in discourse.
6. What constitutes the Nagara style of temple architecture? Enumerate its attributes.
7. What is a 'Aurora' and what is its mechanism of occurrence?
8. In what manner did the 1857 uprising manifest as a popular movement with peasant
participation in Awadh?
9. Propose extensive tactics and policy measures that governments and stakeholders
can implement to create a safer online environment for children while preserving
their access to digital resources and opportunities.
10. What are the attributes of the ancient educational system? Enumerate the origins of
ancient education.
11. What factors are contributing to the increase in employment in India? Conduct a
critical analysis of the diverse elements contributing to this phenomena.
12. A cyclone is a meteorological phenomenon characterized by a system of winds
rotating inward to an area of low atmospheric pressure. The numerous forms of
cyclones include tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones, and polar cyclones.
Examine the methodology employed in the nomenclature of cyclones.
13. Examine the socio-political reforms instituted by Ahilya Bai Holkar and their
enduring effects on governance and society in 18th-century India.
14. Examine the impact of globalization on the transnational distribution of knowledge
and technology.
15. Examine the importance of Mahatma Gandhi's inaugural Satyagraha in South Africa
and how this occurrence represented a pivotal moment in Gandhi's doctrine of
nonviolent resistance.
16. Examine the importance of Birsa Munda's contributions to the development of
India's socio-political scene in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
17. Heatwaves are classified as localized disasters; yet, their escalating intensity
necessitates a more holistic approach. Engage in discourse.
18. What is the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)? Examine the importance of the
Bayesian Convolutional Neural Network (BCNN) introduced by the Indian National

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 GS 1 – QUESTIONS FOR MAINS 2025

Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) about meteorological events in the
Indian Ocean.
19. Examine the significance of yoga within India's cultural and spiritual heritage. What
is the evolution of yoga from its ancient origins to its status as a globally recognized
practice?
20. Should the school curriculum be revised to incorporate social, scientific, and
technological advancements? Provide feedback.
21. Examine the importance of Amaravathi as a notable Buddhist site in India,
emphasizing its ascendance and subsequent deterioration.
22. In what ways may digital technology improve transparency, accessibility, and
efficiency in the administration of examinations nationwide?
23. “Welfarism does not address India's employment issue; skill development does.”
24. To what extent do you concur with this assertion on India's present socio-economic
environment?
25. What is the process of hurricane formation? Examine the categorization of storms
according to the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.
26. In what manner was urbanization perceived as a consequence of the Industrial
Revolution and modernization? Examine the elements that contributed to the
significant expansion of urbanization in India.
27. Analyze the elements influencing the fluctuations of monsoon precipitation in India.
28. Examine Mahatma Gandhi's influence on the Indian National Movement during the
Non-cooperation Movement.
29. Examine the socio-cultural variations among tribal populations in India. What is the
effect of these diversities on their assimilation into the wider Indian society?
30. Increasing sea levels have compelled nations to transfer their municipalities and
capital cities. Engage in a discussion using illustrative examples.
31. A landslide is a geological phenomenon characterized by the rapid downward
movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope. In India, locations particularly
susceptible to landslides include the Himalayan states, such as Uttarakhand and
Himachal Pradesh, as well as parts of the Western Ghats and northeastern states
like Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh. Examine the determinants that precipitate
landslides.
32. Examine the primary aims and obstacles related to the India AI initiative. How can
the government mitigate the digital divide to fulfill the mission's objectives?
33. Analyze the historical and cultural importance of the Prime Meridian and its use in
world timekeeping.
34. What are Pyrocumulonimbus clouds and what is their formation process? Examine
the reasons behind the increased frequency of these cloud phenomena.
35. Elucidate the principal divisions of oceanic relief, emphasizing the characteristics
and processes that contribute to the formation of each division.

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 GS 1 – QUESTIONS FOR MAINS 2025

36. Examine the elements that led to Calcutta (now Kolkata) becoming as a pivotal hub
for revolutionary endeavors throughout the Indian independence movement.
37. Examine the phenomenon of waterspouts, encompassing their genesis, attributes,
and possible consequences.
38. It is imperative to address the issue of freshwater availability for urban India. Engage
in discourse.
39. In what ways are India's skilling initiatives essential for tackling local employment
issues and enhancing global competitiveness?
40. What is the definition of below-normal, normal, and above-normal rainfall? Examine
the factors contributing to irregular rainfall distribution.
41. Examine the importance of the Munich Agreement of 1938 within the framework of
World War II.
42. Examine the progression of the Great Stupa at Sanchi from its inception in the
Ashokan era to its influence on European cultural and architectural advancements.
43. Examine the importance of the Montreal Protocol in mitigating the ozone depletion
problem over Antarctica.
44. Examine Bal Gangadhar Tilak's contribution to the evolution of Ganesh Utsav as a
medium for fostering nationalist feelings during the Indian independence
movement.
45. What constitutes the Indus Water Treaty (IWT)? Examine the reasons for India's
desire to revise the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT).
46. The excessive consumption of limited resources by a fraction of the global
population is diminishing the Safe and Just Space. Clarify the aforementioned
statement within the framework of the study 'A Just World on a Safe Planet.'
47. What were B.R.'s perspectives? Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi regarding the issue
of distinct electorates? Engage in discourse.
48. Conduct a critical analysis of the limitations of technological interventions, such
smog towers and cloud seeding, in mitigating air pollution in metropolitan
environments.
49. Examine the correlation between climate change and the rising prevalence and
severity of flooding incidents globally. Assess the socio-economic consequences of
flooding, especially in at-risk areas.
50. What are the conditions for a language to be classified as a "classical language"?
Examine the importance of India's recent classification of five languages as classical
languages.
51. Conduct a critical analysis of the objectives and importance of Mission Mausam
concerning India's marine heritage and climate change.
52. Examine the role of the Pallavas of Kanchi in the governance of villages in South
India.

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 GS 1 – QUESTIONS FOR MAINS 2025

53. What are ocean currents, and what distinguishes cold ocean currents from warm
ocean currents? Examine their direct or indirect impact on human activities.
54. Examine the attributes and development of cyclones. What is the impact of such
weather occurrences on regional climate patterns and local economies?
55. Conduct a critical assessment of geoengineering as a solution to global warming.
Examine the possible advantages and disadvantages linked to geoengineering
methods.
56. Analyze the relationship between climate change and the increasing occurrence and
intensity of flooding disasters worldwide. Evaluate the socio-economic impacts of
these floods, particularly in regions that are especially susceptible.
57. Examine the several types of vegetation present in India, emphasizing the factors
that affect their distribution.
58. Analyze the difficulties presented by an aging population in South India, focusing
specifically on healthcare, jobs, and social security.
59. Examine the socio-economic and political determinants that contribute to India's
reliance on coal, and evaluate the practicality of shifting to cleaner energy
alternatives while ensuring energy security and sustaining economic growth.
60. The Maratha identity is profoundly connected to the heritage of Chhatrapati Shivaji,
whose impact extends across ages and territories. Examine Shivaji's influence on the
formation of Maratha identity.
61. India's shift to a green economy is essential for combating climate change and
achieving sustainable development. Examine the obstacles India encounters in
executing this change.
62. What is the "Grap Stage IV" classification system? Examine the possible obstacles
and benefits of instituting such a system at the national scale.
63. The principal limitation on women's economic involvement currently is the scarcity
of employment possibilities, rather than societal barriers or resource accessibility.
Engage in discourse.
64. What is the process for the notification of tiger reserves? Examine the importance
of establishing a new tiger reserve within the framework of India's tiger
conservation initiatives. Emphasize the ecological and socio-economic advantages
that these programs provide to local people.
65. The implementation of a global plastic accord is regarded as a crucial milestone in
tackling the worldwide plastic pollution challenge. In what ways might India
enhance the efficacy of this treaty through its national plastic waste management
policies?
66. Examine the archaeological importance of Lothal as a pivotal site within the Indus
Valley Civilization. Examine its contributions to the comprehension of ancient
marine commerce, urban development, and technological progress within the
framework of Harappan civilization.

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 GS 1 – QUESTIONS FOR MAINS 2025

67. Assess Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj’s contributions to India's maritime history.

Examine his contributions to the establishment of the Maratha Navy, the strategic
importance of his naval strategies, and the enduring effects on India's coastal
defense and naval heritage.
68. Analyze the influence of La Nina on global weather patterns and its implications for
climate prediction. Elucidate the reasons behind the occasional ineffectiveness of
global climate models un accurately forecasting La Nina events.
69. Examine the present circumstances of water supply in India, emphasizing the
challenges posed by declining per capita water resources and its repercussions on
economic growth and social stability. Examine the strategies implemented to resolve
the issue.
70. Evaluate the significance of Project Dolphin in the conservation of the Ganges river
dolphin. Examine the challenges faced during its implementation and provide
strategies to enhance its effectiveness.
71. Examine Zakir Hussain's endeavors to elevate the tabla from a conventional
accompaniment to a distinguished instrument in the realm of global music. Analyze
his collaborations and their impact on the fusion of Indian classical music with other
genres.
72. The Ken-Betwa Link Project represents a significant advancement in India's
initiatives to interconnect rivers and mitigate water scarcity in the Bundelkhand
region. Engage in discourse.
73. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami underscored the necessity for robust early warning
systems in disaster-prone regions. Engage in discourse.
74. The 1924 Belgaum Session of the Indian National Congress, chaired by Mahatma
Gandhi, marked a pivotal juncture in India's struggle for independence. Examine the
session's key results and their implications for India's independence movement.
75. Examine the challenges posed by bird strikes to aircraft operations and the risk
mitigation strategies that might be employed.
76. Analyze the geological factors that lead to the elevated seismic activity in the
Himalayan region and assess the impact of these seismic events on the surrounding
environment and human communities.
77. Examine the historical context and importance of the six principal tabla gharanas in
Hindustani classical music. Elucidate the contributions of the tabla gharanas to
Hindustani classical music.
78. Examine Savitribai Phule's contributions to women's education and societal reform
in nineteenth-century India. In what manner did her activities facilitate women's
empowerment nationwide?
79. Examine the characteristic attributes and anticipated societal impacts of Generation
Beta, encompassing those born from 2025 to 2039. In what ways might their

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 GS 1 – QUESTIONS FOR MAINS 2025

upbringing in a technologically advanced and diverse environment shape their

attitudes and behaviors?
80. Analyze the principal obstacles that have impeded the interpretation of the
Harappan writing system. Examine the importance of the conciseness of
inscriptions, the lack of multilingual texts, and the unidentified foundational
language in this context.
81. Examine the impact of the polar vortex on winter weather patterns. Examine the
difficulties that these severe weather phenomena present to infrastructure and
public safety.
82. What are deep-focus earthquakes, and how do they differ from shallow-focus
earthquakes regarding their impact and origin?
83. The Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem is essential for climate resilience and
biodiversity preservation. Examine the conclusions of the recent study titled “Global
Mangrove Alliance Report on the Sundarbans.”
84. Marine heatwaves provide an escalating threat to global marine ecosystems and
coastal economies. Analyze the origins and consequences of marine heatwaves.
What measures can be implemented to mitigate their impact?
85. The western coast of India near Mumbai has experienced abnormally elevated
temperatures, prompting apprehensions regarding shifting climate patterns.
Examine the elements that contribute to this anomaly.
86. Examine the diverse contributions of Sarojini Naidu to India's independence
movement and the advancement of women's rights.
87. Examine the importance of Sangam literature in reconstructing the history, society,
and culture of ancient Tamil civilization. In what ways has its rediscovery enhanced
Tamil historiography and archaeology?
88. Examine the historical importance of the Tea Horse Road in promoting trade and
cultural interactions among China, Tibet, and India.
89. What constitutes land subsidence? What are the factors contributing to land
subsidence? Provide illustrations.
90. Examine the importance of glaciers in moderating Earth's climate and supplying
freshwater resources. Analyze the possible effects of glacier retreat on global
ecosystems.
91. What are the diverse significances of rivers in India's socio-economic and cultural
landscape? Examine the phases of river landform evolution and evaluate the
contemporary challenges confronting these essential water bodies.
92. Examine Chandra Shekhar Azad's role in the Indian independence movement,
emphasizing his leadership in the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
(HSRA) and his contributions to revolutionary actions against British colonial
authority.

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 GS 1 – QUESTIONS FOR MAINS 2025

93. Examine the parameters employed by the India Meteorological Department (IMD)
to characterize and announce a heatwave. How do these criteria differ across various
regions in India, and what are the consequences of these differences for public
health and safety?
94. Examine how India's water diplomacy reconciles regional collaboration with its
national and strategic priorities.
95. Examine the importance of equinoxes and solstices concerning Earth's axial tilt and
its orbit around the Sun. Analyze the cultural and historical significance of the vernal
equinox across different societies.
96. Examine the effects of pre-sleep screen exposure on sleep quality and general health.
Propose strategies to alleviate its detrimental impacts.
97. Examine the importance of the Sarhul festival within the socio-cultural and political
contexts of the tribal communities in Jharkhand and the Chhotanagpur region. In
what manner does this festival embody the community's connection to nature and
their historical experiences?
98. Analyze the importance of Anuradhapura as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In what
ways does its preservation enhance our comprehension of ancient Buddhist
civilizations?
99. Critically analyze the assertion, “Ambedkar was a thinker ahead of his time, while
much of the politics conducted in his name is outdated,” within the framework of
modern Indian society.
100. Examine the significance of legal migration channels in facilitating India's
utilization of its demographic dividend. What institutional frameworks are essential
to underpin this strategy?
101. Examine the strategic and tactical elements that contributed to Nadir Shah's
significant triumph over the Mughal forces at the Battle of Karnal in 1739. In what
ways did this battle illustrate the military deficiencies of the Mughal Empire?

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