By : Ali Riyadh Hameed ([Link].
Medical Microbiology )
Email : [Link]@[Link]
Mycology:- is the study of fungi which include yeast , mold , mushroom.
. َٚ اٌّششٚ ٓاٌؼفٚ شح١ّ تشًّ اٌخٟبد اٌت٠ دساسخ اٌفطشٛ٘ - :علن الفطزياث
yeast mold mushroom
o A fungus( plural: fungi or funguses) is described as an organism that feeds on
organic matter and reproduces through spores
اؽٛاسطخ االثٛتىبثش ث٠ٚ خ٠ٛاد اٌؼعٌّٛ اٍٝ ػٜتغز٠ ٞ اٌزٟصف ثأٔٗ وبئٓ حٛ٠ ) الفطزياث:غخ اٌدّغ١اٌفطش (ص
They are normally single-celled or multi-celled and they tend to lack chlorophyll
ً١فٚسٍٛد اٌىٛخٚ َ ػذًٌٝ إ١ّتٚ ب٠ ِتؼذدح اٌخالٚخ أ١ٍخ اٌخ٠ْ أحبدٛػبدح ِب تى
It is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms
such as (yeasts and molds ), as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
َٚ اٌّششٌٝ ثبالظبفخ ا، )ٓاٌؼفٚ مخ ِثً (اٌخّبئش١خ اٌذل١ تشًّ اٌىبئٕبد اٌحٟاح اٌتٌٕٛخ ا١م١ هجوىعت كبيزة ِٓ اٌىبئٕبد حمٟ فشد فٟ٘
فٌٛاٌّأ
. حيث تىجد أصٌاف كثيزة التي تشبه الوظلت في شكلها.هى فطز هثوز الذي يٌوى فىق األرض: = الوشزوم او عيش الغزاب أو العزهىىMushroom
These organisms are classified as a kingdom Fungi, which is separate from plants,
animals, protists and bacteria
ب٠ش١اٌجىتٚ بد١ٌٚاألٚ أبدٛ١اٌحٚ بد ِٕفصٍخ ػٓ إٌجبتبد٠خ وٍّّىخ اٌفطش١تصٕف ٘زٖ اٌىبئٕبد اٌح
Fungi is eukaryotic, heterotrophic* organism devoid of chlorophyll that obtains its
nutrients by absorption, and reproduces by spores.
ٓتىبثش ػ٠ٚ ، ك االِتصبص٠بتٗ ػٓ غش٠ ِغزٍٝ تحصً ػًٞ اٌز١فٚسٍٛخ ِٓ اٌى١ٌخ* خب٠خ اٌتغز٠ش١ غ، احٌٕٛخ ا١م١خ حم١ وبئٕبد حٟ٘ بد٠اٌفطش
.اؽٛك االث٠غش
Characterizing of fungi هويزاث الفطزياث
1-fungal cells have cell walls that contain chitin, unlike the cell walls of plants and some protists,
، بد١ٌٚثؼط األٚ خ١خ إٌجبت٠ٍٛ خالف خذساْ خٍٝ ػ، الكيتييٍٝ ػٞٛخ تحت٠ٍٛب خذساْ خٌٙ خ٠ب اٌفطش٠ اٌخال-1
unlike plants do not have roots or leaves, do not contain chlorophyll, and do not produce their
own food, which contain cellulose, and unlike the cell walls of bacteria.
ٌٍٕجبتبدٍٞٛ ) اٌدذاس اٌخٟ اٌتٚ بٙب ثٕفسٙال تٕتح غزائٚ ً١فٚسٍٛ اٌىٍٝ ػٞٛال تحتٚ ساقٚ أٚس أٚب خزٌٙ س١ٌ التشجٗ إٌجبتبد
.خ٠ش١ب اٌجىت٠ تختٍف ػٓ ٌدذساْ اٌخالٚ .صٍٛ١ٍ اٌسٍٝ ػٞٛد) تحتٛاٌّمص
[Link] bacteria can grow in low moisture and low pH environments,
، ظخّٛدسخخ اٌحٚ ثخٛئبد ِٕخفعخ اٌشغ١ ثٟ فّّٕٛىٓ أْ ت٠ ب٠ش١ ػىس اٌجىتٍٝػٚ -2
ٍٝتُؼشف ثشىً أثسػ ػٚ اٌغزاءٍٝي ػٛ اٌحصٟش٘ب ف١ غٍٝتؼتّذ ػٚ بٙب ثٕفسَٙ ثصٕغ غزائٛخ ال تم٠خ اٌتغز١ش رات١ وبئٕبد غ: Heterotrophic-خ٠خ اٌتغز٠ش١*غ
. ٟئٛخ اٌجٕبء اٌع١ٍَّ ثؼٛ ال تمٟغ اٌىبئٕبد اٌت١ّب خٙٔأ
3-the fungi form was a single group of related organisms, named the Eumycota (true
fungi ) that share a common is (a monophyletic group). This fungal group is distinct
from the structurally similar
ِشتشنٟ تشتشن فٟخ) اٌت١م١بد اٌحم٠)اٌفطشEumycota ّٝ تس، خ راد اٌصٍخ١احذح ِٓ اٌىبئٕبد اٌحٚ ػخّٛ ِدٛ٘ بد٠ تشىً اٌفطش-3
خ١ٍى١ٌٙب اٙت١ٕشبثٗ ث٠ ٓضح ػ١ّخ ِت٠ػخ اٌفطشّٛ ٘زٖ اٌّد.)احٌٕٛخ ا٠ػخ أحبدّٛ (ِدٛ٘
Myxomycetes (slime molds :ٞٚ)ػفٓ اٌغش
Oomycetes (water molds: (ػفٓ اٌّبء تصٌف ضوي هولكت الطالئياث
Protista
Water mold on dead mayfly
4- manufacture of food and alcoholic beverages, and antibiotics
such as penicillin.
.ٓ١ٍخ ِثً اٌجٕس٠ٛ١اٌّعبداد اٌحٚ خ١ٌٛثبد اٌىحٚاٌّششٚ خ٠غ األغز١ٕ تص-4
Fungi also cause a number of plant and animal diseases: in humans,
ringworm, athlete's foot, and several more serious diseases are
penicillin
caused by fungi.
سحٛذ ِٓ األِشاض األوثش خط٠اٌؼذٚ ، ٟبظ٠ لذَ اٌش، اٌسؼفخ، اٌجششٟ ف.خ١ٔاٛ١اٌحٚ خ١عًب ػذدًا ِٓ األِشاض إٌجبت٠بد أ٠تسجت اٌفطش
ثسجت الفطزياث
ringworm athlete's foot
Because fungi are more chemically and genetically similar to animals than other
organisms, this makes fungal diseases very difficult to treat.
خ صؼجخ٠دؼً األِشاض اٌفطش٠ فئْ ٘زا، ٜخ األخش١ًب أوثش ِٓ اٌىبئٕبد اٌح١ساثٚ ٚ ًب١بئ١ّ١أبد وٛ١بد تشجٗ اٌح٠ٔظشًا ألْ اٌفطش
.بٙخذا ِؼبٌدت
Most fungi are inconspicuous because of the small size of their structures, and their
cryptic lifestyles in soil or on dead matter.
.تخ١ٌّاد اٌّٛ اٟ فٚ اٌتشثخ أٟخ ف١ب اٌخفٙبت١أّٔبغ حٚ ، بٍٙبو١٘ ُاظحخ ثسجت صغش حدٚ ش١بد غ٠ِؼظُ اٌفطش
Fungi include symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi and also parasitism.
.وزٌه اٌّتطفٍخٚ ،ٜبد األخش٠ اٌفطشٚأبد أٛ١ اٌحٚ شبد ِغ إٌجبتبد٠بد تشًّ اٌّتؼب٠اٌفطش
They may become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or as molds.
.ٓ وؼفٚش اٌغشاة) أ١َ (ػٚ شىً اٌّششٍٝاء ػٛ س، ظخ ػٕذ اإلثّبسٛلذ تصجح ٍِح
mushrooms molds
Fungi perform an essential role in the decomposition of organic matter and have
other fundamental roles . ٜاخش
. خ١س أسبسٚب ادٌٙٚ خ٠ٛاد اٌؼعٌّٛ تحًٍ اًٟب ف١سًا أسبسٚبد د٠ اٌفطشٞتؤد
They have long been used لقد تن استخداهها هٌذ فتزة طىيلت
As direct source of human food, in the form of mushrooms and truffles;
.اٌىّأٚ َٚ شىً اٌّششٟ ف، ٞوّصذس ِجبشش ٌٍغزاء اٌجشش
As a leavening agent for bread ;
كعاهل خويزة ٌٍخجض
In the fermentation of various food products, such as wine, beer, and soy sauce
ب٠ٛصٍصخ اٌصٚ شح١اٌجٚ ز١ ِثً إٌج، خ اٌّختٍفخ١ش الوٌتجاث اٌغزائ١ّ تخٟف
1940s, fungi have been used for the production of antibiotics, and
more recently, various enzymes produced by fungi are used
industrially and in detergents.
في، خ٠ٛ١بد إلٔتبج اٌّعبداد اٌح٠ تُ استخذاَ اٌفطش، ٟبد ِٓ اٌمشْ اٌّبظ١ٕ١ األسثؼٟف
ٟفٚ ًب١بد صٕبػ٠ب اٌفطشٙ تٕتدّٟبد اٌت٠ذ ِٓ اإلٔض٠تُ استخذاَ اٌؼذ٠ اآلوًت األخيزة
.إٌّظفبد
Fungi are also used as biological pesticides to control weeds, plant diseases and
insect pests.
.خ٠فبد اٌحشش٢اٚ خ١األِشاض إٌجبتٚ األػشبة اٌعبسحٍٝطشح ػ١خ ٌٍس١خٌٛٛ١ذاد اٌج١بد وزٌه وّج٠تستخذَ اٌفطشٚ
Many species produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins, such as alkaloids
and polyketides, that are toxic to animals including humans
ٟ٘ٚ ، ذاد١ت١ى١ٌٛاٌجٚ بد٠ٍٛ ِثً اشجبٖ اٌم، السوىم الفطزيتًّٝب تس١خٌٛٛ١اع ِشوجبد ٔشطخ ثٛٔذ ِٓ األ٠تٕتح اٌؼذ
ْ رٌه االٔسبٟأبد ثّب فٛ١سبِخ ٌٍح