📘 1.
Nth Term
The nth term of a sequence is a formula used to find any term in a sequence without listing
all terms.
🔹 Arithmetic Sequences:
The difference between terms is constant (common difference).
General formula:
nth term=dn+(a−d)\text{nth term} = dn + (a - d)nth term=dn+(a−d)
where:
o ddd = common difference
o aaa = first term
🧮 Example:
Sequence: 5, 9, 13, 17, ...
Common Difference = 4
First Term = 5
Formula: nth term=4n+1\text{nth term} = 4n + 1nth term=4n+1
Find the 100th term:
→ 4×100+1=4014 × 100 + 1 = 4014×100+1=401
🔹 How to Find the nth Term from a Sequence:
1. Identify the common difference between terms.
2. Write the initial formula as dndndn.
3. Adjust to match the first term.
Example:
Sequence: 2, 5, 8, 11
Difference = 3 → Start with 3n3n3n
3n=3,6,9,123n = 3, 6, 9, 123n=3,6,9,12 → too high by 1
Final formula: nth term=3n−1\text{nth term} = 3n - 1nth term=3n−1
🔹 Is a Number in the Sequence?
Set the nth term formula equal to the number.
Solve for nnn. If nnn is a whole number, it's part of the sequence.
Example:
Is 35 in the sequence 3n−13n - 13n−1?
→ 3n−1=353n - 1 = 353n−1=35 → 3n=363n = 363n=36 → n=12n = 12n=12 → ✅ Yes
🔹 Quadratic Sequences (Bonus):
If second differences are constant, it's quadratic.
General form:
nth term=an2+bn+c\text{nth term} = an^2 + bn + cnth term=an2+bn+c
Use simultaneous equations with the first few terms to solve for a,b,ca, b, ca,b,c.
📗 2. Functions
A function connects an input to exactly one output using a rule.
🔹 Function Notation:
Written as: f(x)
Example:
If f(x)=2x+5f(x) = 2x + 5f(x)=2x+5, then:
o f(3)=2×3+5=11f(3) = 2×3 + 5 = 11f(3)=2×3+5=11
🔹 Evaluating Functions:
Substitute any number for xxx in f(x)f(x)f(x)
Example:
If f(x)=x2−2x+1f(x) = x^2 - 2x + 1f(x)=x2−2x+1, find f(4)f(4)f(4):
f(4)=42−2×4+1=16−8+1=9f(4) = 4^2 - 2×4 + 1 = 16 - 8 + 1 = 9f(4)=42−2×4+1=16−8+1=9
🔹 Inverse Functions:
Reverse the steps of a function.
Example:
f(x)=3x−7f(x) = 3x - 7f(x)=3x−7
To find f−1(x)f^{-1}(x)f−1(x):
1. Let y=3x−7y = 3x - 7y=3x−7
2. Rearranged: x=(y+7)/3x = (y + 7) / 3x=(y+7)/3
3. So, f−1(x)=(x+7)/3f^{-1}(x) = (x + 7)/3f−1(x)=(x+7)/3
🔹 Composite Functions:
Applying one function to the result of another.
Example:
f(x)=x+2f(x) = x + 2f(x)=x+2
g(x)=3xg(x) = 3xg(x)=3x
Then:
f(g(x))=f(3x)=3x+2f(g(x)) = f(3x) = 3x + 2f(g(x))=f(3x)=3x+2
g(f(x))=g(x+2)=3(x+2)=3x+6g(f(x)) = g(x + 2) = 3(x + 2) = 3x +
6g(f(x))=g(x+2)=3(x+2)=3x+6
🔹 Graphs of Functions:
Linear: f(x)=mx+cf(x) = mx + cf(x)=mx+c → straight line
Quadratic: f(x)=ax2+bx+cf(x) = ax^2 + bx + cf(x)=ax2+bx+c → U-shaped curve
Reciprocal: f(x)=1xf(x) = \frac{1}{x}f(x)=x1 → hyperbola
📘 3. Surface Area
Surface area is the total area of all the outer faces of a 3D shape.
🔹 Cube:
6 identical square faces
Formula:
SA=6s2SA = 6s^2SA=6s2
Example:
Side = 4 cm → SA=6×16=96 cm2SA = 6 × 16 = 96 \, cm^2SA=6×16=96cm2
🔹 Cuboid:
6 rectangular faces
Formula:
SA=2(lw+lh+wh)SA = 2(lw + lh + wh)SA=2(lw+lh+wh)
Example:
l=5,w=3,h=2l = 5, w = 3, h = 2l=5,w=3,h=2
→ SA=2(15+10+6)=62 cm2SA = 2(15 + 10 + 6) = 62 \, cm^2SA=2(15+10+6)=62cm2
🔹 Cylinder:
2 circles + curved surface
Formula:
SA=2πr2+2πrhSA = 2πr^2 + 2πrhSA=2πr2+2πrh
Example:
r=3,h=10r = 3, h = 10r=3,h=10
→ SA≈245.04 cm2SA ≈ 245.04 \, cm^2SA≈245.04cm2
🔹 Sphere:
Fully curved surface
Formula:
SA=4πr2SA = 4πr^2SA=4πr2
Example:
r=6r = 6r=6 → SA≈452.39 cm2SA ≈ 452.39 \, cm^2SA≈452.39cm2
🔹 Cone:
Circular base + curved side
Formula:
SA=πr2+πrlSA = πr^2 + πrlSA=πr2+πrl
where lll = slant height
Example:
r=5,l=10r = 5, l = 10r=5,l=10
→ SA≈235.62 cm2SA ≈ 235.62 \, cm^2SA≈235.62cm2
📗 4. Bearings
Bearings are used to describe direction, measured in degrees clockwise from North.
🔹 Basic Rules:
Always measured clockwise from North
Always written as three digits: e.g., 045°, 270°, 360°
🔹 Drawing Bearings:
1. Draw a North line at the starting point
2. Measure the angle clockwise using a protractor
3. Draw and label the line in the bearing direction
🔹 Reversing Bearings:
To find the bearing from B to A, when you know the bearing from A to B:
Add or subtract 180°
Make sure result is between 000° and 360°
Example:
Bearing from A to B = 060°
→ B to A = 060 + 180 = 240°
🔹 Bearings in Triangles:
Use angles in a triangle and straight lines:
o Triangle = 180°
o Straight line = 180°
Use sine/cosine rules for solving problems involving distances and bearings