COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Vision : “The Home of the Learned committed to WISDOM, INTEGRITY and TRUTH, and the legacy of providing equal
opportunities for the underprivileged”

Institutional Outcomes : Within 5 years after graduation, the Ideal WIT Graduate can:
• Be employed, compete, and lead locally and globally in his/her field of specialization in any Professional,
Governmental, Non-Governmental, Civic or Academic Institution
• Engage in community service and conduct researches—especially scientific, technological, business, and social
researches—that will benefit the community
• Be a role model in his/her workplace in terms of the WITtian Identity and Core Values
____________________________________________________________________________
Modules for Math 0
(Mathematics for Engineering Science and Technology)

Module 15 (The Straight Line)

Time Allotment : 2.8 hrs lecture / 4.2 hrs lab

Presentation of the Lesson

15.1 Line Parallel to an Axis.

In this module, we shall consider the simplest equation of the locus (or curve – a path of a point which moves according to a given law)
that of a straight line. A straight line may be referred to simply as a line.
𝑥 = 𝑥1 equation of a line if it is parallel to and at a directed distance 𝑥1 from the 𝑦 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑦 = 𝑦1 equation of a line if it is parallel to and at a directed distance 𝑦1 from the 𝑥 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

Example 1
Find the equation of the line passing through (2, 5) parallel to 𝑥 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

Example 2
Find the equation of the line passing through (−3, 2) parallel to 𝑦 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

Page 1
Prepared by:
Prof. Ninfa Sua – Sotomil
Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
sotomil_ninfas@[Link]
 Example 3
Find the equation of the line passing through (1, −3) perpendicular to 𝑥 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

Example 4
Find the equation of the line passing through (−1, 4) perpendicular to 𝑦 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

15.2 General Equation of a Line.

The general equation of first degree is also the general equation of the straight line.
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
The equation is not considered in its general form unless the constant term 𝐶 is on the left - hand side of the equation. Besides the
general equation, we shall learn the four standard equations of the straight line.
15.3 First Standard Equation of a Line. Point Slope Form.
Suppose a line 𝑙, whose equation is to be found, passes through the point 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and has slope equal to 𝑚. Take any point
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) on the line,
𝒚−𝒚𝟏
𝒎=
𝒙−𝒙𝟏
,

Simplifying, we obtain the point – slope of the straight line

𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ),

A line with a given slope and passing through a given point may be drawn by measuring off along a line parallel to the 𝑥 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 starting
from the point, a number of units equal to the denominator of the slope; to the right when this denominator is positive and to the left when it is
negative. From this point, measure off a number of units equal to the numerator parallel to the 𝑦 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠; upward when the numerator is
positive and downward when it is negative. The line through the terminal point and the given point would be the required line.

Page 2
Prepared by:
Prof. Ninfa Sua – Sotomil
Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
sotomil_ninfas@[Link]
 Example 5
2
Find the equation of the line through (2, −7) with slope .
5

Solution
Given 𝑃1 (2, −7)
2
𝑚=
5

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
2
𝑦 − (−7) = (𝑥 − 2)
5

5𝑦 + 35 = 2𝑥 − 4
𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 39 = 0
Example 6
Find the equation of the line passing through (4, −5) and (−6, 3).
Solution
Given 𝑃1 (4, −5)
𝑃2 (−6, 3)
𝑦2 −𝑦1 3−(−5)
𝑚= =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 −6 −4
8 4
𝑚=− =−
10 5

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Any of the two given points may be used in the formula
4
𝑦 − (−5) = − (𝑥 − 4)
5

5𝑦 + 25 = −4𝑥 + 16
4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 9 = 0
Alternate Solution Using Two – Point Formula
Given 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Point – slope formula
𝑦2 −𝑦1
But: 𝑚 = Substitute m to point – slope formula
𝑥2 −𝑥1
𝑦2 −𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 −𝑥1
𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
= Two – Point Formula
𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏

Exercise 15.1
1
1. Find the equation of the line through (−8, −1) with slope − . Ans. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 10 = 0
2
1 2
2. Find the equation of the line through (− , ) with slope 4. Ans. 60𝑥 − 15𝑦 + 26 = 0
3 5
1
3. Find the equation of the line through ( , 10) parallel to the 𝑥 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Ans. 𝑦 = 10
2
4
4. Find the equation of the line through ( , −2) parallel to the 𝑦 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. Ans. 3𝑥 = 4
3

5. What is the equation of the 𝑥 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠?

6. What is the equation of the 𝑦 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠?
5
7. A line passes through (1, −5) and makes an angle of Arctan with the x – axis. Find the equation of the line. 5𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 25 = 0
4

8. A line passes through (6, −4) and makes an angle of 135° with the x – axis. Find the equation of the line. Ans. 𝑥 = 𝑦 − 2 = 0
9. Find the equation of a line through (−4, −8) and (2, 7). Ans. 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4 = 0
10. A line passes through (1, 9) and is parallel to the line through (2, 2) and (4, 5). Find its equation. Ans. 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 17 = 0
11. What is the equation of the line passing through (4, −7) and perpendicular to the line through (0, 1) and (3, −3)?
Ans. 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 40 = 0
12. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (4, 0) and (−6, −3). Ans. 20𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 29 = 0.
13. Find the equations of the altitudes of the triangle with vertices at (1, −1), (5, 2), and (−2, 4). Where do they intersect?
Ans. 7𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 9 = 0; 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 5 = 0; 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4 = 0.
Page 3
Prepared by:
Prof. Ninfa Sua – Sotomil
Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
sotomil_ninfas@[Link]
 14. Find the equations of the medians of the triangle with vertices at (4, −6), (−2, −4) and (5, 1). Where do they intersect?
7
Ans. 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 13 = 0; 3𝑥 − 13𝑦 − 46 = 0; 9𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 6 = 0; ( , −3).
3

15. What is the equation of a line through (6, 9) and parallel to the line whose inclination is 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 2? Ans. 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0
15.4 Second Standard Equation of a Line. Slope – Intercept Form
Let us derive the standard equation of a line whose 𝑦 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is equal to b and whose slope is equal to 𝑚. Take any point
𝑃(𝑥 , 𝑦) on the line.
From the figure
𝑦−𝑏
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∝=
𝑥−𝑜
𝑦−𝑏
𝑚=
𝑥−𝑜

𝑦 − 𝑏 = 𝑚𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 Slope – Intercept Form
This is the slope – intercept form of the straight line. To reduce the general form to the slope – intercept form, solve for 𝑦. Then the
coefficient of 𝑥 is the slope and the constant term is the 𝑦 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡.
The slope and 𝑦 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of a line whose equation is given in the general form may be obtained by inspection by mentally
transposing the 𝑥 and constant term to the right and dividing by the coefficient of 𝑦. The resulting coefficient of 𝑥 would be the slope of the
line.
Example 7
Reduce the equation 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 8 = 0 to the slope intercept form.
Solution
−4𝑦 = −3𝑥 − 8
3 3
𝑦 = 𝑥+2 therefore 𝑚 = and 𝑏 = 2
4 4

Example 8
Find the angle from the line 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 6 = 0 to the line 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 9 = 0.
Solution
Let: 𝑙1 → 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 6 = 0 ; 𝑚1
𝑙2 → 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 9 = 0 𝑚2
From 𝑙1
−5𝑦 = −2𝑥 − 6
2 6 2
𝑦= 𝑥+ 𝑚1 =
5 5 5

From 𝑙2
3𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 9
−4 −4
𝑦= 𝑥+6 𝑚2 =
3 3
𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝋 =
𝟏+ 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏
−𝟐𝟔
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝋 =
𝟕
−𝟐𝟔
𝝋 = 𝑨𝒓𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏
𝟕

15.5 Equations of Parallel Lines.

Theorem.
If two linear equations have identical 𝑥 – 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 and identical 𝑦 – 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠, the lines represented are parallel
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶1 = 0 is parallel to
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶2 = 0
−𝐴
Proof: Both lines have slope . Since their slopes are equal, the lines are parallel.
𝐵

Page 4
Prepared by:
Prof. Ninfa Sua – Sotomil
Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
sotomil_ninfas@[Link]
15.6 Equations of Perpendicular Lines.
Theorem
If in two linear equations, the 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 of the first is equal to the 𝑦 – 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 of the second and the 𝑦 – 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
of the first is numerically equal but of opposite sign to the 𝑥 – 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 of the second, or vice versa, the lines represented are
perpendicular to each other.
This theorem states that
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶1 = 0 is perpendicular to
± 𝐵𝑥 ∓ 𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶3 = 0
−𝐴 𝑩
Proof: The slopes of the lines are and respectively. Since their slopes are negative reciprocals to each other, the lines are
𝐵 𝐴

perpendicular.
Example 9
Write the equation of a line passing through (−3, 8) parallel to the line 6𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 15 = 0.
Solution
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1
6𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 6(−3) − 5(8)
6𝑥 − 5𝑦 = −18 − 40)
6𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 58 = 0

Example 10
Write the equation of the line passing though (6, −7) perpendicular to the line 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6 = 0.
Solution
± 𝐵𝑥 ∓ 𝐴𝑦 = ± 𝐵𝑥1 ∓ 𝐴𝑦
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3(6) − (−7)
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 18 + 7
3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 25 = 0

Exercise 15.2
4
1. Find the equation of the line whose y – intercept is – 7 and whose slope is . Ans. 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 21 = 0
5
5
2. Find the equation of the line through the origin and with an inclination of 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 . Ans. 5𝑥 − 7𝑦 = 0
7

3. A line passes through (1, −4) and is parallel to the line 3𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 1 = 0. Find its equation. Ans. 3𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 35 = 0.
4. A line passes through (−3, −9) and is perpendicular to the line 5𝑥 + 𝑦 – 4 = 0. Find its equation. Ans. 𝑥 – 5𝑦 – 42 = 0.
5. Find the angle from the line 2𝑥 + 𝑦 – 8 = 0 to the line 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 = 0. Ans. 45°
6. Reduce the equation 9𝑥 + 5𝑦 – 15 = 0 to the slope – intercept form. What is the slope and 𝑦 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 of the line?
9 9
Ans. 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 3; − ; 3
5 5

7. What is the locus of the centers of circles touching the line 8𝑥 – 𝑦 – 3 = 0 at (1, 5)? Ans. 𝑥 + 8𝑦 – 41 = 0
8. A right triangle has its right angle at (−4, 1) and the equation of one of its legs is 2𝑥 – 3𝑦 + 11 = 0. Find the equation of the other
leg. 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 10 = 0.
9. Show that the lines 𝑥 – 𝑦 – 8 = 0, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0, 𝑥 – 𝑦 – 3 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 24 = 0 are the sides of an isosceles
trapezoid and find its area.
10. Show that the lines 3𝑥 – 𝑦 + 5 = 0, 𝑥 – 3𝑦 – 9 = 0, 3𝑥 – 𝑦 + 13 = 0 and 𝑥 – 3𝑦 – 1 = 0 are the sides of a rhombus.
Prove that the diagonals are perpendicular to each other.

Page 5
Prepared by:
Prof. Ninfa Sua – Sotomil
Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
sotomil_ninfas@[Link]
15.7 Third Standard Equation of a Line. Intercept Form.
Take a line 𝑙, whose equation is to be found intersecting the 𝑥 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 at 𝐴(𝑎, 0) and the 𝑦 – 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 at 𝐵(0, 𝑏). The 𝑥 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
would therefore be 𝑎 and the 𝑦 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑏.
Take any point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) on the line and draw auxiliary lines 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑃𝑅. Triangle 𝐵𝑄𝑃
is similar to triangle 𝑃𝑅𝐴, therefore
𝑅𝐴 ∶ 𝑄𝑃 = 𝑅𝑃 ∶ 𝑄𝐵
𝑎−𝑥 𝑦
=
𝑥 𝑏−𝑦

𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 = 𝑎𝑏
𝒙 𝒚
+ =𝟏 dividing through by 𝑎𝑏
𝒂 𝒃

This is the intercept form of the straight line.

To reduce the general form to the intercept form, solve for the intercepts, then substitute to the above formula.
Example 11
Find the equation of a line whose 𝑥 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is 4 and 𝑦 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is −6.
Solution
𝑎 = 4 and 𝑏 = −6
𝒙 𝒚
+ =1 Intercept form
𝒂 𝒃
𝒙 𝒚
+ =1 Substitute 𝑎 = 4 and 𝑏 = −6
𝟒 −𝟔

3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 12 Multiply by the 𝐿𝐶𝐷 = 12

3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 12 = 0 General equation of the line
Example 12
A line passes through (−2, −7) and has its intercepts numerically equal but of opposite signs. Find its equation.
Solution
Given: 𝑎 = −𝑏
𝒙 𝒚
+ =1
𝒂 𝒃

Since the point (−2, −7) is on the line, its coordinate satisfies the equation of the line.
−𝟐 −𝟕
+ =1
−𝒃 𝒃

2−7 =𝑏
𝑏 = −5
𝑎 = 5
𝒙 𝒚
+ =1
𝟓 −𝟓

𝑥−𝑦=5

Exercise 15.3
1. Find the equation of the line whose 𝑥 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is 4 and 𝑦 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is − 7.
2. Find the equation of the line whose 𝑥 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is 8 and 𝑦 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is − 1.
3. Reduce 6𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0 to the intercept form.
4. Find the equation of the line passing through (1, −4) and with equal intercepts.
5. Find the equation of the line through (2, −4) whose intercepts are numerically equal but of opposite signs.
6. What is the equation of the line through (5, 2) with the 𝑥 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 thrice the 𝑦 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡?
7. What is the equation of a line through (−2, 6) with the 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 half the 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡?
8. Find the equation of a line through (−4, −2) and forming with the axes a triangle with area 16.
9. What is the equation of a line through (4, −1) and whose segment intercepted between the axes in the 4th quadrant is 2√17?
10. What is the equation of a line through (−2, 5) and whose segment intercepted between the axes in the 2nd quadrant is 7√2?
Page 6
Prepared by:
Prof. Ninfa Sua – Sotomil
Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
sotomil_ninfas@[Link]
15.8 Fourth Standard Equation of the Straight Line. Normal Form
Suppose a line 𝒍, whose equation is to be found, has its distance from the origin to be equal to 𝒑.
Let the angle of inclination of 𝒑 be 𝜽.

𝑝 𝑝
In each of the four possible cases, sin 𝜃 = or b =
𝑏 sin 𝜃

Since 𝒑 is perpendicular to 𝒍, the slope of 𝒑 is equal to the negative reciprocal of the slope 𝒍.
1
𝑚=−
tan 𝜃

𝑚 = − cot 𝜃
cos 𝜃
𝑚=−
sin 𝜃
Substituting in the slope – intercept form,
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
cos 𝜃 𝑝
𝑦=− 𝑥+
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑦 sin 𝜃 = −𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑝
𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽+ 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒑 Normal Form of the straight line

15.9 Reduction of the General Form to the Normal Form.

𝐴 𝐵
The slope of the line 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 is − . The slope of 𝑝 which is perpendicular to the line is therefore .
𝐵 𝐴

Thus,
𝐵
tan 𝜃 =
𝐴

From Trigonometry;
𝐵
sin 𝜃 =
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2
𝐴
cos 𝜃 =
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑥+ 𝑦+ =0
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2 ±√𝐴2 +𝐵2 ±√𝐴2 +𝐵2
𝐴 𝐵 −𝐶
𝑥+ 𝑦= Transposing the constant term to the right
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2 ±√𝐴2 +𝐵2 ±√𝐴2 +𝐵2

𝑥 cos 𝜃+ 𝑦 sin 𝜃 = 𝑝 This is the normal form, and

Comparing the two equations
−𝑪
𝒑= . Distance of the line from the origin
±√𝑨𝟐 +𝑩𝟐

To reduce the general form of the straight line to the normal form, divide through by ±√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 . The sign of the radical must be
chosen to be the same as the sign of 𝐵.
Example 13
Reduce 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4 = 0 to the normal form.
Solution
Given: 𝐴=5
𝐵=3
𝐶 = −4
±√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 = √52 + 32 = √34 Chose the sign of the radical to be positive since 𝐵 is positive
Page 7
Prepared by:
Prof. Ninfa Sua – Sotomil
Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
sotomil_ninfas@[Link]
 𝟓𝒙 𝟑𝒚 𝟒
+ − =0 Dividing 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 4 = 0 by √34
√𝟑𝟒 √𝟑𝟒 √𝟑𝟒
5𝑥 3𝑦 4
+ =
√34 √34 √34

Where
𝟓
cos 𝜃 =
√𝟑𝟒
𝟑
sin 𝜃 =
√𝟑𝟒
𝟒
𝑝=
√𝟑𝟒

In the normal form, p is positive when the 𝑦 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is positive and negative when the 𝑦 – 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 is negative.

Example 14
Find the equation of a line parallel to the line 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8 = 0 passing at a
distance ±3 from the point (−2, −4).
Solution
The equation of a line parallel to the given line and passing through (−2, −4) is
𝐴 = 4,
𝐵 = −1
±√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 = ±√42 + (−1)2
= −√16 + 1
±√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 = −√17
4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4𝑥1 − 𝑦1
4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4(−2) − (−4)
4𝑥 − 𝑦 = −8 + 4
𝟒𝒙 𝒚 −𝟒
− =
−√𝟏𝟕 −√𝟏𝟕 −√𝟏𝟕
𝟒
𝑝= where 𝑝 is the distance of the line from the origin
√𝟏𝟕

The equation of the required lines, in the normal form, would be

𝟒𝒙 𝒚 −𝟒
− = ±3 or
−√𝟏𝟕 −√𝟏𝟕 −√𝟏𝟕

4𝑥 − 𝑦 = − 4 ∓ 3√17 multiplying the equation by −√17

Exercise 15.4
1. Reduce 𝑥 + 6𝑦 – 7 = 0 to the normal form. Give the distance of the line from the origin.
2. Reduce 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 8 = 0 to the normal form. Give the distance of the line from the origin.
3. Find the equations of the lines parallel to the line 𝑥 – 5𝑦 + 5 = 0 and passing at distance ±2 from the origin.
4. Find the equations of the lines parallel to the line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 – 12 = 0 and passing at distance ±3 from the origin.
5. Find the equations of the lines perpendicular to the line 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 6 = 0 and passing at distance ±3 from the origin.
6. Find the equations of the lines perpendicular to the line 𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 8 = 0 and passing at distance ±2 from the origin.
7. A circle touches the lines 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 – 10 = 0 and 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0. Find its area and the locus of its center.
8. Two sides of a square are on the lines 𝑥 + 10𝑦 – 10 = 0 and 𝑥 + 10𝑦 – 5 = 0. Find the area of the square.
9. The sides of a rectangle are on the lines 𝑥 + 5𝑦 – 4 = 0, 5𝑥 – 𝑦 + 67 = 0, 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 8 = 0 and 5𝑥 – 𝑦 + 10 = 0.
Find its area.
10. The sides of a parallelogram are on the lines 𝑥 – 3𝑦 + 20 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6 = 0, 𝑥 – 3𝑦 – 10 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 – 2 = 0.
Find its area.

Page 8
Prepared by:
Prof. Ninfa Sua – Sotomil
Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
sotomil_ninfas@[Link]
15.10 Distance from a Line to a Point.
Let the given line have the equation 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 and the given point be 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ). The normal form of 𝑙 is
𝐴 𝐵 −𝐶
𝑥+ 𝑦= (𝟏)
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2 ±√𝐴2 +𝐵2 ±√𝐴2 +𝐵2

The equation of the line parallel to l which passes through 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is

𝐴 𝐵 𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1
𝑥+ 𝑦= (𝟐)
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2 ±√𝐴2 +𝐵2 ±√𝐴2 +𝐵2

The distance between the two lines which is also the distance from the line 𝑙 to the point
𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), is equal to the difference between the distances of the two lines from the origin.
−𝐶
From (1), 𝑝=
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2
𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1
From (2), 𝑝1 =
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2

From the figure

𝑑 = 𝑝1 − 𝑝
𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 −𝐶
𝑑= −
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2 ±√𝐴2 +𝐵2
𝑨𝒙𝟏 +𝑩𝒚𝟏+ 𝑪
𝒅= (𝟑)
±√𝑨𝟐 +𝑩𝟐

This represents the distance from the line 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 to the point 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ). The ambiguous sign should follow the sign of
𝐵. This distance will be positive when the point is above the line and negative when the point is below the line. If the line is parallel to the
𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, the distance is positive when the point is to the right of the line and negative when the point is to the left of the line.
Example 15
Find the distance of the point (6, −3) from the line 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0.
Solution
Given: 𝐴=2
𝐵 = −1
𝐶=4
𝑥1 = 6
𝑦1 = −3
𝑨𝒙𝟏 +𝑩𝒚𝟏+ 𝑪
𝑑=
±√𝑨𝟐 +𝑩𝟐
𝟐(𝟔)−(−𝟑)+𝟒
=
−√𝟐𝟐 +(−𝟏)𝟐

𝟏𝟐+𝟑+𝟒
=
−√𝟒+𝟏

𝟏𝟗 𝟏𝟗√𝟓
𝑑= = − Chose the negative sign for the radical to follow the sign of 𝐵.
−√𝟓 𝟓

Example 16
Find the bisector of the obtuse angle between the lines 11𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7 = 0 and 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0
Solution
Take a point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) on the bisector and let its distance from the two lines be 𝑑1 and 𝑑2 . The two distances are numerically equal
and both positive because 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) is above both lines.

Page 9
Prepared by:
Prof. Ninfa Sua – Sotomil
Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
sotomil_ninfas@[Link]
 For the line 11𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 7 = 0
𝐴 = 11
𝐵=2
𝐶 = −7
𝑥1 = 𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑦
𝟏𝟏𝒙+𝟐𝒚−𝟕
𝑑1 =
±√𝟏𝟏𝟐 +𝟐𝟐

For the line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0

𝐴=1
𝐵=2
𝐶=2
𝑥1 = 𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑦
𝒙+𝟐𝒚+𝟐
𝑑2 =
±√𝟏𝟐 +𝟐𝟐

𝑑1 = 𝑑2
𝟏𝟏𝒙+𝟐𝒚−𝟕 𝒙+𝟐𝒚+𝟐
=
±√𝟏𝟏𝟐 +𝟐𝟐 ±√𝟏𝟐 +𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏𝒙+𝟐𝒚−𝟕 𝒙+𝟐𝒚+𝟐
=
√𝟏𝟐𝟓 √𝟓
𝟏𝟏𝒙+𝟐𝒚−𝟕 𝒙+𝟐𝒚+𝟐
=
𝟓√𝟓 √𝟓

𝟔𝒙 − 𝟖𝒚 − 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟎
Exercise 15.5
1. Find the distance from the line 3𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 12 = 0 to (6, −7).
2. Find the distance from the line 2𝑥 – 𝑦 + 4 = 0 to (2, 8).
3. Find the locus of points at distance ±√26 from 5𝑥 + 𝑦 – 6 = 0.
4. The distance from a line to (6, 2) is 3 units. The lines of perpendicular to 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 8 = 0. Find its equation.
5. Find the equation of a line parallel to 5𝑥 + 6𝑦 – 10 = 0 at distance √61 from (−3, 7).
6. A moving point is always equidistant from (−6, 2) and the line 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2. = 0. What is the equation of its locus?
7. Find the equation of the bisector of the obtuse angle between the lines 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 8𝑦 – 3 = 0.
8. Find the bisectors of the interior angles of the triangle whose sides are the lines 7𝑥 + 𝑦 – 7 = 0 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 and
𝑥 + 7𝑦 – 4 = 0.
9. The distance of a point from the origin is always half its distance from the line 𝑥 – 𝑦 – 2 = 0. Find the equation of its locus.
10. A point moves so that the product of its distance from 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 – 7 = 0 and 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 – 4 = 0 is always 12. Find the equation
of its locus.

References and Learning Materials

Alexander, Daniel C. and Geralyn M. Koeberlain. (2015). Elementary Geometry for College Students. 6th ed. Australia:
Cenkage Learning.
Carpio,Joy N, and Jaymie M. Guillermo (2015) College Algebra. Mandaluyong City.
Karr, Rosemary M, Marilyn B. Massey and R. David Gustafson. (2015). B–eginning Algebra: A Guided Approach. 10th Ed.
Australia: Cenkage Learning.
Poole, David. (2015). Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction. 4th Ed. Australia: Cenkage Learning.
Sato, Matsuo, et al. (2016). Matrix and Linear Algebra. New York: Magnum Publishing.
Sirug, Winston S. (2015). Analytical Geometry. Manila: MIndshapers.
Young, (2015). Algebra and Trigonometry. Quezon City: Maxcor Publishing House, Inc.

Page 10
Prepared by:
Prof. Ninfa Sua – Sotomil
Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
sotomil_ninfas@[Link]
Course Outline No. of Hours
Part I: Algebra
1. Polynomials: Four Fundamental Operations 9 hours
2. Special Products 3 hours
3. Factoring 6 hours
4. Fractions 6 hours
5. Exponents and Radicals 6 hours
6. Linear Equations 4 hours
7. Systems of Linear Equations 3 hours
8. Quadratic Equations 3 hours
9. Logarithmic and Exponential Functions 3 hours (Midterm Examination)
Part II: Trigonometry
1. Circular & Trigonometric Functions 3 hours
2. Solution of Right Triangles & Applications 4 hours
3. Solution of Oblique Triangles 3 hours
4. Trigonometric Identities 3 hours
Part III: Analytic Geometry
1. The Rectangular Coordinate System 7 hours
2. The Straight Line 7 hours
Part IV: Solid Mensuration
1. Plane Figures 3 hours
2. Solids for Which Volume = Bh 3 hours
3. Solids for Which Volume = 1/3 Bh 3 hours (Pre – Final Examination)
4. The Sphere and Hemisphere 5 hours (Final Examination)

Page 11
Prepared by:
Prof. Ninfa Sua – Sotomil
Cell No: 09338577007
Tel No: 5234099
sotomil_ninfas@[Link]