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RENAISSANCE PERIOD (14TH-17TH CENTURY) ● He presented the theory of “Heliocentric” where he said
that the sun is the center of the solar system instead of
What is Renaissance Period? the earth.
● It is a French Word that means “rebirth” ● It was a major breakthrough in the history of science.
● It is used to refer to the period of rebirth as a age of ● The book entitled “De Revolutionibus” that discusses
preparation for the 17th century scientific development Heliocentric was banned by the Catholic church.
and achievements.
● The period is called by this name because at that time, GALILEO GALILEI
people started taking an interest in the learning of ● Also a major Renaissance scientist persecuted for his
ancient times, in particular, the learning of Ancient scientific experiments.
Greece and Rome. ● He improved the telescope, discovered new celestial
● It connects the period of Middle Ages to modern history. bodies and supported the heliocentric solar system.
● He conducted motion on pendulums and falling objects
14TH CENTURY that paved the way for Isaac Newton’s discoveries
● ARQUEBUS GUN about gravity.
● MUSKET GUN ● HELIOCENTRIC SYSTEM & PENDULUMS
15TH CENTURY
● Printing Press INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (18TH CENTURY)
● Hand Canons
● Compass What is Industrial Revolution?
16TH CENTURY ● It is the phenomenal process in the transfer of doing
● Floating Dock work by human hands and feet to the use of machines.
● Lifting Tower ● It began in Great Britain and spread across Europe,
● Mining Machinery and Chemistry America and even Asia from 1760-1840
17TH CENTURY ● It is fundamental change in the way goods were
● Newspaper produced and altered the way people lived.
● Air Gun ● It was the time of scientific and technological
advancement which spanned from 18th to early 19th
ROBERT WILDE century.
● UK-based historian born in April 30, 1977
● Said that interpreting the Renaissance as a time Advantages of Industrial Revolution
period, though convenient for historians, “masks the ● Goods became more affordable and more accessible
long roots of the renaissance” ● Helped the economy grow
● The demand for perfect reproductions of texts and the ● Gave people more free time
renewed focus on studying them helped trigger one of ● Easier for people and for products to move from place
the biggest discoveries in the whole of human history. It to place.
leads to the invention of printing with movable type.
Disadvantages of Industrial Revolution
MOVABLE PRINTING PRESS ● Skilled workers was set aside
CHINA ● Companies hired women and children increasingly
● First inventor is BI SHENG which cost lower than the skilled workers.
● Made up of wood ● Manual or physical labor was changed into
WESTERN EUROPE machine-operated devices even tradesperson replaced
● JOHANNES GUTENBERG later introduced the metal the craftsmen and the applied scientists replaced the
movable-type printing press in Europe. amateur inventors.
● People depend on machines.
BENEFITS OF BUILDING PRINTING PRESS
● Europe already produced 6 million copies of books. 3 Important technologies formed the foundation of industrial
● Communication revolution happened. revolution
● Created opportunities for enlightenment, pleasure and ● Iron production
manipulation and control the other. ● Steam Engine
● Transform the condition of life. ● Textiles
RENAISSANCE MEN JAMES WATT
● Improve the steam engine
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS ● Steam engine were used to run machines and made a
● Polish mathematician and astronomer major contribution to the first industrial revolution.
● The steam power was improved, gradually adapted,
and more commercial machinery was made possible.
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JOSEPH WHITWORTH & HENRY MAUDSLAY HELIOCENTRIC MODEL (SUN-CENTERED)
● British engineers who developed and refined the
machine tools.
● Their contribution played a key and crucial part in the
industrial revolution as machine tool technology
enabled standardized manufacturing machines to be
ROBERT FULTON
● American scientist who invented steamboats that used
one of Watt’s steam engines.
THOMAS EDISON ARISTARCHUS (310-230 B.C.,GREEK)
● American scientist who invented the light bulb ● First to proposed that the sun is the center of the
universe
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
● The one who invented the telephone. GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642.,ITALIAN)
● Was the first astronomer to use a telescope to study the
GEORGE STEPHENSON heavens. Galileo made a number of observations that
● An English engineer who developed the first finally helped convince people that the Sun-Centered
steam-powered locomotive. solar system model (the heliocentric model), as
● OTHER INVENTIONS: Spinning jenny; Dynamite; [proposed by Copernicus was correct)
Typewriter; Electric Generator
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1475-1543.,POLISH)
THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT (18TH CENTURY) ● The heliocentric, or “Sun-centered” system-derived from
the Greek helios, meaning “SUN”.
What is the Age of Enlightenment? ● Heliocentrism a cosmological model in which the sun is
● It is period in Europe in the 18th century when many assumed to lie or near a central point (e.g., of the solar
writers and thinkers began to question establish beliefs. system or of the universe) while the Earth and other
These beliefs include the authority of kings or of the bodies revolve around it.
church, in favour of reason and scientific proof. The ● De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543)
idea developed that everyone was of equal value and ● The geocentric idea was taught by the Catholic Church,
had equal rights. and Copernicus was a Catholic. Copernicus’s book was
suppressed by the Church, but gradually his theory
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION came to be accepted.
● The paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the
heavens, which described the cosmos as having Earth
stationary at the center of the universe, to the
heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the
Solar System.
GEOCENTRIC MODEL (EARTH-CENTERED)
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
“It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most
intelligent that survives. It is the one that most adaptable to
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.,GREEK)
change”--Charles Robert Darwin, 1809
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY (85-165 A.D.,GREEK)
CHARLES DARWIN (1874)
● The Ptolemaic system is a geocentric cosmology; that
● A naturalist and biologist known for his theory of human
is, it starts by assuming that the Earth is stationary and
evolution and a process of natural selection.
at the centre of the universe. The “natural” expectation
● Author of the book origin of species (published 1858)
for ancient societies was that the heavenly bodies (Sun,
● It refers to the organism that is best suited to surviving
Moon, planets and stars) must travel in uniform motion
and reproducing in a given environment. For example, it
along the most “perfect” path possible, a circle.
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could have a variation in a particular body part that
makes it better at acquiring food.
19TH CENTURY
● Based on the Gregorian calendar, 19th century lasted
from 1801 to 1900.
● This century was considered to be the “Age of Machine
Tools”.
● Tools are made for tools; machines are made for
another part of machines.
● During 19th century, science also made great progress.
● During this time physics made great strides.
● In this century also people mastered electricity.
● Machines in factories were usually operated by steam
engines.
● At the end of the 19th century, they began to convert to
electricity.
● In the mid-19th century, railways revolutionized traveling
and made travel much faster.
● Steam locomotives pulled the carriages.
● Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler made the first car in
1885-1886.
● By 1815, steamships were crossing the English
Channel.
● Then in 1813, Sirius made the journey across the
Atlantic in 19 days.
● End of the 19th century when the steam turbine was
used in ships.
20TH CENTURY
● Technology was rapidly developed in the 20th century.
● It enhanced the communication and transportation
system of humans.
● Though near-universal access was impossible until
mobile phones became affordable for the people in the
late 2000s and early 2010s.
● Creation of personal computer.
● In 1971, Intel developed a microprocessor that made
computer smaller and easy to use.
● Internet was also created in 1969.
● World Wide Web is created in 1989.
● The invention of automobiles or cars.
● Invention of Artificial Intelligence.