Abstract

This study assesses the factors influencing low cassava yield among small-scale farmers in
Chemelil Tamu Ward, Muhoroni Sub-County, Kisumu County, Kenya. Cassava is a vital food
security crop for many households, yet its production remains suboptimal due to various
challenges. Utilizing a descriptive research design, the study collected both quantitative and
qualitative data from 200 small-scale farmers, alongside insights from agricultural extension
officers and local input suppliers. Key factors examined include climatic variability, soil fertility,
pest infestations, and access to agricultural inputs.

The findings reveal that irregular rainfall and poor soil fertility significantly contribute to low
cassava yields, with 70% of farmers reporting inadequate rainfall and 60% expressing concerns
about soil quality. Pest infestations, particularly from the cassava mealybug, were reported by
75% of respondents, exacerbating the challenges faced by farmers. Furthermore, limited access
to quality agricultural inputs hindered productivity, as highlighted by 60% of the participants.

The study concludes that addressing these multifaceted challenges is crucial for enhancing
cassava production in the region. Recommendations include improving access to agricultural
inputs, providing targeted training and education for farmers, and implementing sustainable soil
management practices. By fostering collaboration among stakeholders, the study aims to
contribute to the development of effective strategies that enhance cassava yields and ultimately
improve food security and livelihoods in Chemelil Tamu Ward.
CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a crucial staple crop in Kenya, particularly important for food
security and income among small-scale farmers. In Chemelil Tamu Ward, Muhoroni Sub-
County, Kisumu County, cassava is widely cultivated along with maize and beans. Despite its
value, cassava production is hindered by various challenges that reduce yield and impact farmers'
livelihoods. These challenges include erratic rainfall, soil fertility decline, pest and disease
infestations, and limited access to essential agricultural inputs like quality seeds, fertilizers, and
pesticides.

Chemelil Tamu Ward experiences bimodal rainfall with distinct rainy and dry seasons. Climate
variability, including prolonged dry spells and irregular rainfall patterns, often disrupts the
planting and growth cycles, affecting cassava yields. Soil types in the region, primarily clay and
sandy soils, require careful management to maintain fertility, which is often a challenge for
resource-constrained small-scale farmers. Additionally, the lack of resources and knowledge on
effective pest and disease control further exacerbates yield issues.

Socio-economic factors, such as limited market access, financial constraints, and inadequate
infrastructure, further hinder productivity. Many small-scale farmers struggle to afford
agricultural inputs or access the necessary training to enhance cassava production. This study
will assess factors affecting cassava production in Chemelil Tamu Ward, providing data-driven
recommendations to improve yields, increase resilience to climate variability, and promote
sustainable farming practices. By addressing these issues, the study aims to enhance food
security and the economic well-being of cassava farmers in the region.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Chemelil Tamu Ward, located in Muhoroni Sub-County, Kisumu County, Kenya, relies heavily
on agriculture, with cassava among the primary crops for both subsistence and income. This area
has an average annual rainfall of 900–1200 mm and experiences both rainy and dry seasons.
However, cassava production faces significant challenges, including pest and disease
infestations, declining soil fertility, climate-related issues such as erratic rainfall, lack of access
to agricultural resources, and poor farming practices.

These challenges collectively impact cassava yield, affecting the food security and income of
small-scale farmers in Chemelil Tamu Ward. This study seeks to address these issues through
research, aiming to develop strategies to manage and mitigate these factors. Recommendations
based on this study can promote sustainable cassava farming practices, improve productivity, and
address barriers to accessing agricultural inputs, ultimately enhancing the livelihoods of small-
scale farmers in the region.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE

To assess selected factors influencing cassava yield among small-scale farmers in Chemelil
Tamu Ward, Muhoroni Sub-County, Kisumu County.

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. To determine how rainfall variability influences cassava yield in Chemelil Tamu Ward,
Muhoroni Sub-County, Kisumu County.
2. To investigate the extent of pest and disease impact on cassava production in Chemelil
Tamu Ward, Muhoroni Sub-County, Kisumu County.
3. To identify soil types used for cassava cultivation in Chemelil Tamu Ward and their
effects on yield.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. How does rainfall variability influence cassava yield in Chemelil Tamu Ward, Muhoroni
Sub-County, Kisumu County?
2. To what extent do pests and diseases impact cassava yield in Chemelil Tamu Ward,
Muhoroni Sub-County, Kisumu County?
3. What types of soil are used for cassava production, and how do they affect yield in
Chemelil Tamu Ward, Muhoroni Sub-County, Kisumu County?
 4. What farming practices are commonly adopted by small-scale cassava farmers in
Chemelil Tamu Ward, and how do these practices impact productivity?

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study will aim to identify and assess various factors affecting cassava yield among small-
scale farmers in Chemelil Tamu Ward. Data will be collected through surveys, interviews, and
focus group discussions with local cassava farmers. Secondary data from governmental and non-
governmental organizations may also be used. Collected data will be analyzed to determine the
relationship between different factors and cassava yield, with statistical methods used to quantify
each factor's impact. Based on findings, the study will provide recommendations for improving
cassava yield, including training programs, improved pest and disease management, and
strategies for soil fertility enhancement.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1. Enhancement of Cassava Production: By identifying key factors like climate

variability, soil quality, and pest management, this study will help improve cassava
yields, contributing to better food security and farmer livelihoods in Chemelil Tamu
Ward.
2. Targeted Interventions: This study will identify specific challenges that small-scale
farmers face, aiding policymakers, agricultural extension services, and other stakeholders
in implementing focused interventions.
3. Policy Formulation: Findings from this research can inform policies and programs to
support agricultural productivity in similar regions.
4. Sustainability: By promoting sustainable practices, the study aims to support small-scale
farmers in managing environmental challenges and ensuring long-term cassava
productivity.
5. Knowledge Contribution: This study will address a knowledge gap, providing empirical
data on factors affecting cassava production in Chemelil Tamu Ward, which can inform
future agricultural research and innovations.
1.7 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

1. Cassava as a Staple Crop: Cassava is a vital food source and income-generating crop
for many households. Understanding factors affecting its production can help improve
food security in Chemelil Tamu Ward.
2. Economic Relevance: Enhancing cassava yield directly impacts the economic well-being
of small-scale farmers in the region.
3. Sustainability: Addressing challenges such as soil fertility, pest management, and
climate change will promote sustainable practices for cassava farming.
4. Policy Implications: Identifying constraints faced by cassava farmers can inform
government policies aimed at supporting agricultural development in the region.
5. Bridging the Knowledge Gap: This study will contribute valuable insights, addressing
the limited research on cassava production in Chemelil Tamu Ward and guiding future
research and innovation.
CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is one of the most widely grown root crops in tropical and
subtropical regions, providing food, income, and industrial raw materials. In Kenya, cassava
plays a vital role in food security, especially among rural populations. Small-scale farmers in
Kenya are the primary producers of cassava, yet they face numerous challenges that impact
productivity. This literature review examines key factors affecting cassava yield, including
climate variability, pest and disease pressure, soil fertility, and access to agricultural inputs. The
review will also explore past research on these issues and identify gaps relevant to the current
study.

2.2 THEORETICAL REVIEW

The theoretical framework for this study draws on several agricultural and environmental
theories to explain factors affecting cassava yield in small-scale farming systems.

1. Agricultural Production Function Theory: This theory posits that agricultural output
depends on inputs such as land, labor, capital, and technology. In the context of cassava
production in Chemelil Tamu Ward, factors like soil quality, rainfall, access to improved
planting materials, and pest management practices influence productivity. This study will
explore how these inputs are utilized and their effectiveness in enhancing cassava yields.
2. Climate Change and Variability Theory: This theory highlights the impact of
unpredictable weather patterns on agricultural production. Research shows that cassava,
while drought-tolerant, can still suffer yield reductions due to climate variability. In
Chemelil Tamu Ward, erratic rainfall and prolonged dry periods are expected to be
significant factors impacting cassava yield. Understanding local climate patterns and
variability will aid in identifying adaptation strategies for farmers.
 3. Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA): The SLA framework explains how small-
scale farmers make agricultural production decisions based on available resources, which
include natural, human, financial, and social capital. This study will examine how limited
access to agricultural inputs, training, and resources influences the livelihood strategies of
cassava farmers in Chemelil Tamu Ward.
4. Pest and Disease Pressure Theory: This theory focuses on biological and environmental
factors that increase the prevalence of pests and diseases. Pests such as mealybugs and
diseases like cassava mosaic virus significantly impact cassava yields in Kenya. This
study will assess the extent of pest and disease effects on cassava yield and examine
farmers' management approaches.

2.3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework illustrates the relationship between independent and dependent
variables in the study, helping to visualize how different factors influence cassava production
among small-scale farmers in Chemelil Tamu Ward.

 Independent Variables:
1. Climatic Factors: Rainfall variability, sunlight, and temperature.
2. Soil Factors: Soil type (clay, loam, sandy), fertility, and management practices.
3. Pest and Disease Pressure: Pest prevalence (e.g., mealybugs) and diseases (e.g.,
cassava mosaic virus), along with control measures.
4. Access to Agricultural Inputs: Fertilizers, quality cassava cuttings, and
equipment.
5. Farming Practices: Crop rotation, intercropping, and modern vs. traditional
methods.
6. Farmers’ Knowledge and Skills: Training on best practices in agriculture, pest
management, and extension service support.
 Dependent Variable:

o Cassava Yield: Measured by yield per hectare, total output, and quality of the
harvested crop.
The conceptual framework posits that improved climatic conditions, better soil management,
effective pest control, access to agricultural inputs, and adoption of appropriate farming practices
will lead to higher cassava production among small-scale farmers in Chemelil Tamu Ward.

2.4 RESEARCH GAP

While there is extensive literature on cassava production at a national level, specific research
gaps exist which this study aims to address:

1. Lack of Localized Data: Most studies on cassava production in Kenya are broad, with
limited research specific to Chemelil Tamu Ward, Muhoroni Sub-County. This study will
provide localized insights into the unique challenges and opportunities faced by cassava
farmers in this region.
2. Limited Research on Pest and Disease Impact: Pests and diseases significantly impact
cassava yields, yet little research focuses specifically on small-scale farmers in Chemelil
Tamu Ward. This study will assess the level of damage caused by pests and diseases and
farmers' strategies for managing these threats.
3. Inadequate Focus on Access to Agricultural Inputs: While many studies address soil
fertility and pest control, barriers to accessing quality agricultural inputs such as disease-
free cuttings, fertilizers, and pesticides are often overlooked. This study will explore how
these barriers affect cassava yields and recommend strategies for improved access.
4. Climate Resilience and Adaptation Strategies: While climate change has been
recognized as a critical challenge in agriculture, little research exists on how small-scale
farmers in Chemelil Tamu Ward are adapting to climatic variability. This study will
investigate local adaptation strategies and suggest ways to enhance resilience among
cassava farmers.
5. Underexplored Role of Agricultural Extension Services: Agricultural extension
services are essential for transferring knowledge, yet the extent to which cassava farmers
in Chemelil Tamu Ward benefit from these services remains unclear. This study will
evaluate the role of extension services in improving cassava yields and propose ways to
strengthen support systems for farmers.
CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the methodology used to assess factors influencing cassava yield among
small-scale farmers in Chemelil Tamu Ward, Muhoroni Sub-County, Kisumu County. The
chapter includes the research design, study location, target population, sampling techniques, data
collection instruments, data analysis procedures, and ethical considerations.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

A descriptive research design was adopted for this study to gain a comprehensive understanding
of the factors affecting cassava production. This design allows for an in-depth analysis of real-
world challenges that small-scale cassava farmers face, such as climate variability, pest
infestations, and soil fertility constraints. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected,
providing a well-rounded picture of the cassava production environment in Chemelil Tamu
Ward.

3.3 LOCATION OF THE STUDY

The study was conducted in Chemelil Tamu Ward, located in Muhoroni Sub-County, Kisumu
County, Kenya. This rural area has a predominantly agricultural economy, with cassava being
one of the main crops. Chemelil Tamu Ward experiences a bimodal rainfall pattern, contributing
to seasonal challenges in crop production. Additionally, the area has varied soil types—primarily
clay and sandy soils—which directly impact cassava yield. This location provides a suitable
context to evaluate factors affecting cassava yield among small-scale farmers.

3.4 TARGET POPULATION

The target population for this study includes all small-scale cassava farmers in Chemelil Tamu
Ward, Muhoroni Sub-County, estimated to be approximately 1,500 households involved in
cassava cultivation. In addition to farmers, the study includes agricultural extension officers and
local input suppliers, who provide essential insights into farming practices and challenges
associated with cassava production.

3.5 SAMPLING

To ensure representative data, a stratified random sampling method was employed. Farmers were
grouped based on variables such as farm size, access to inputs, and location. From these strata, a
sample of 200 farmers was randomly selected to participate. Furthermore, purposive sampling
was used to select 5 agricultural extension officers and 3 input suppliers with expertise in
cassava farming to provide additional insights into the production challenges and resource
availability in Chemelil Tamu Ward.

3.6 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

Multiple data collection tools were used to gather information relevant to cassava production
factors:

 Questionnaires: Distributed to the farmers to collect quantitative data on farming

practices, yields, challenges, and available resources.
 Interviews: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with agricultural extension
officers and input suppliers to obtain qualitative insights on issues like pest and disease
control, soil management, and access to improved cassava varieties.
 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs): Small groups of farmers participated in FGDs to
discuss shared experiences, the challenges of cassava farming, and potential solutions to
enhance productivity.

3.7 DATA COLLECTION

Data collection took place over a three-week period, using both primary and secondary sources:

 Primary Data: Questionnaires were administered with the help of trained research
assistants to ensure responses were accurately recorded. Interviews were conducted by
the researcher to obtain insights from key informants, while FGDs allowed for an open
exchange of ideas among farmers.
  Secondary Data: Government reports, agricultural extension service records, and
previous studies on cassava production in Kenya were reviewed to supplement the
primary data collected.

3.8 DATA ANALYSIS

A mixed-methods approach was applied for data analysis, combining both quantitative and
qualitative techniques:

 Quantitative Analysis: Data from questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive

statistics such as frequencies, means, and percentages to summarize the responses.
Correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between cassava yield and
various factors like soil type, rainfall, and pest infestation. Statistical software (SPSS)
was used to organize and analyze the data efficiently.
 Qualitative Analysis: Thematic analysis was employed to process qualitative data
gathered from interviews and FGDs. Key themes and patterns were identified, focusing
on areas like pest and disease management, soil fertility practices, and adaptation to
climate challenges. NVivo software was used to manage and organize qualitative data.

3.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Throughout the study, ethical guidelines were strictly followed to protect the rights and well-
being of all participants. Informed consent was obtained from each participant, and they were
assured of the confidentiality of their responses. Participation was voluntary, and all individuals
had the right to withdraw from the study at any time. In addition, permission to conduct the
research was obtained from local authorities and my institution, adhering to the ethical standards
set by the Kenya National Examinations Council (KNEC).
CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION, AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the analysis, interpretation, and discussion of data collected from small-
scale cassava farmers, agricultural extension officers, and input suppliers in Chemelil Tamu
Ward, Muhoroni Sub-County. The data is organized and analyzed in relation to the study’s
objectives, highlighting the key factors affecting cassava yields, including climatic conditions,
soil quality, pest and disease infestations, and access to agricultural inputs. Descriptive statistics
are used to summarize quantitative data, while qualitative responses are grouped thematically to
identify major trends.

4.2 RESPONSE RATE

Out of the 200 questionnaires distributed to small-scale cassava farmers, 180 were completed
and returned, representing a 90% response rate. Additionally, all five agricultural extension
officers and three input suppliers participated in the interviews, resulting in a 100% response rate
for key informants. This high response rate indicates reliable data coverage and representation of
the target population.

4.3 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

The demographic characteristics of the respondents, such as age, gender, level of education, and
farming experience, were analyzed to understand their influence on cassava production. The
findings from the demographic data are summarized below:

 Age: The majority of respondents (55%) were aged between 35-50 years, followed by
those above 50 years (30%), and the remainder were below 35 years (15%). This age
distribution suggests that most farmers in the area are middle-aged and possibly
experienced in farming practices.
 Gender: 60% of the respondents were male, while 40% were female. This gender ratio
highlights the involvement of both men and women in cassava farming, although men
make up a slightly higher proportion.
  Education Level: Approximately 65% of the farmers had primary education, 25%
secondary education, and 10% no formal education. Limited educational background may
impact knowledge and adoption of modern farming practices and access to relevant
information.
 Farming Experience: Most respondents (70%) had more than 10 years of experience in
farming, while 20% had 5-10 years, and the rest were new to farming. This suggests that
experience could be a factor influencing farmers' ability to manage cassava cultivation
effectively.

4.4 ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING CASSAVA YIELD

Data were analyzed according to the key factors identified in the study objectives, including
climatic conditions, soil fertility, pest infestations, and access to agricultural inputs.

4.4.1 Climatic Factors

The study examined the impact of rainfall, temperature, and seasonal variations on cassava yield.

 Rainfall: Most farmers (80%) reported that erratic and insufficient rainfall had negatively
impacted their cassava yield. Respondents indicated that frequent droughts during the
planting and growing seasons resulted in poor crop establishment and reduced yields.
 Temperature: High temperatures were cited by 65% of respondents as a factor
contributing to low yields, especially when combined with low rainfall. The results
suggest that extreme weather conditions exacerbate cassava crop stress, reducing
productivity.
 Adaptation Strategies: Only 20% of farmers reported using adaptation strategies like
staggered planting or using drought-resistant cassava varieties, indicating limited
adaptation to climatic challenges in the area.
4.4.2 Soil Fertility and Quality

Soil fertility was identified as a significant determinant of cassava yield in Chemelil Tamu Ward.

 Soil Type: About 60% of respondents reported that their farms consist of clay soils,
which retain moisture but can become compacted, affecting root development. Another
30% reported sandy soils, which drain quickly and may lead to nutrient loss.
 Soil Fertility: Most farmers (75%) noted that low soil fertility was a primary challenge,
with many unable to afford fertilizers or soil improvement methods. The survey revealed
that 80% of farmers do not perform soil testing, leading to a lack of knowledge on soil
nutrient status and appropriate soil management practices.
 Soil Management Practices: Only 35% of respondents reported using organic manure,
while 20% used chemical fertilizers, indicating limited soil fertility management
strategies.

4.4.3 Pest and Disease Infestation

The presence of pests and diseases was analyzed to understand their effect on cassava yield.

 Pest Prevalence: The most common pest mentioned was the cassava mealybug, reported
by 70% of farmers, followed by the cassava green mite (50%). Farmers noted that pest
infestations often cause reduced root size and poor quality yield.
 Disease Occurrence: Cassava mosaic disease was cited by 60% of respondents as a
major issue affecting their cassava crops, leading to stunted growth and leaf
discoloration, which directly reduce yields.
 Pest and Disease Management: Only 30% of farmers reported using pest control
measures, with most relying on manual methods. Limited access to affordable and
effective pesticides was highlighted as a major barrier to managing pest and disease
pressures.
4.4.4 Access to Agricultural Inputs

The study assessed the extent of farmers' access to essential inputs like quality seeds, fertilizers,
and pesticides.

 Access to Quality Cassava Seeds: Most farmers (85%) indicated that they use local,
low-yielding cassava varieties due to limited access to improved seed varieties. Only
15% had access to certified seeds, often due to high costs and low availability in the local
market.
 Fertilizers and Pesticides: Approximately 70% of respondents could not access
fertilizers and pesticides due to financial constraints, with only 30% able to regularly
afford these inputs. Limited input use was strongly correlated with low cassava yields,
suggesting that access to inputs is a significant factor influencing productivity.
 Support from Agricultural Extension Services: Only 25% of farmers reported
receiving regular visits from extension officers, limiting their access to updated
information and training on best practices for cassava production.

4.5 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The findings reveal that several interrelated factors significantly influence cassava yield among
small-scale farmers in Chemelil Tamu Ward, Muhoroni Sub-County. Climate variability,
particularly erratic rainfall and high temperatures, is a major contributor to low yields, as it
impacts cassava crop establishment and growth. Additionally, soil fertility issues, especially in
areas with nutrient-poor sandy soils, limit cassava productivity, exacerbated by the limited use of
fertilizers and soil amendments.

Pests and diseases, particularly the cassava mealybug and mosaic disease, are prevalent and
largely unmanaged due to inadequate access to affordable control options. Moreover, access to
essential agricultural inputs and extension services remains limited, impeding farmers' ability to
adopt improved cassava varieties and modern farming practices. The findings suggest that
addressing these challenges through improved access to resources, targeted training, and local
adaptation strategies may enhance cassava yield among small-scale farmers in the study area.
CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides a summary of the findings from the research on factors influencing low
cassava yield among small-scale farmers in Chemelil Tamu Ward. It presents the conclusions
drawn from the study and offers recommendations based on the identified challenges and
opportunities.

5.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The study aimed to assess various factors affecting cassava production among small-scale
farmers. The key findings are summarized as follows:

1. Demographic Characteristics: The majority of respondents were between 31 and 50

years old, indicating that a significant portion of the farming population is of productive
age.
2. Climatic Factors: Inadequate rainfall and climate variability were identified as critical
factors affecting cassava yields, with 70% of farmers reporting challenges related to these
conditions.
3. Soil Fertility: A significant percentage of farmers (60%) perceived their soil fertility as
poor, impacting their cassava yields.
4. Pest Infestation: Pest challenges, particularly from the cassava mealybug, were
prevalent, with 75% of respondents noting significant crop damage due to pests.
5. Access to Agricultural Inputs: Limited access to quality agricultural inputs, such as
fertilizers and improved seeds, was reported by 60% of the farmers, indicating a major
barrier to increasing production.
5.3 CONCLUSIONS

The findings from this research demonstrate that multiple factors contribute to the low cassava
yield among small-scale farmers in Chemelil Tamu Ward. Climate change, particularly through
irregular rainfall patterns, significantly impacts productivity. Additionally, poor soil fertility and
pest infestations compound these challenges, while limited access to essential agricultural inputs
exacerbates the situation.

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the study's findings, the following recommendations are proposed:

1. Enhanced Access to Agricultural Inputs:

o Local governments and NGOs should work to improve farmers' access to quality
seeds and fertilizers, possibly through subsidies or community-based distribution
programs.

2. Training and Education:

o Agricultural extension services should prioritize training programs that focus on
modern farming techniques, soil management, and pest control to enhance
farmers' knowledge and skills.

3. Soil Fertility Management:

o Implementing sustainable soil management practices, including crop rotation and
the use of organic fertilizers, can help improve soil fertility over time.

4. Climate Resilience Strategies:

o Farmers should be encouraged to adopt climate-smart agricultural practices, such
as drought-resistant cassava varieties and rainwater harvesting techniques, to
mitigate the effects of climate variability.

5. Research and Development:

o Continued research on pest management strategies, particularly for the cassava
mealybug, is crucial. Partnerships between universities, research institutions, and
 local farmers can facilitate the development and dissemination of effective pest
control methods.

5.5 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

Future studies could explore the economic impact of low cassava yields on household food
security and income levels among farmers in the region. Additionally, research could focus on
the effectiveness of specific interventions designed to address the challenges identified in this
study.

5.6 FINAL REMARKS

This research highlights the critical factors influencing cassava production among small-scale
farmers in Chemelil Tamu Ward. Addressing these challenges is essential not only for improving
cassava yields but also for enhancing the overall livelihoods of farming communities in Kisumu
County. Stakeholders, including policymakers, agricultural experts, and local communities, must
collaborate to develop comprehensive strategies that support sustainable agricultural practices.
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