Introduction to some advanced electronic components
Physical Computing 2009
By Farshid Jafari Harandi
Todays topics
More on sensors as input More on actuators as output More info on Transistors, Relays, LEDs
Pictures from: [Link] [Link] [Link]
Sensors as input
New sensors bring opportunities to develop initiative products/prototypes. iPhone games with accelerometers
[Link]
Gyromouse
[Link]
How sensors work
Sensors measure real world factors and translate them into corresponding electric signals.
Inputs such as Temperature Acceleration Magnetic field
Translate
Outputs such as Analog voltage Current PWM output Serial interfaces
How to read sensors?
Analog voltage / current: Analog voltage (0 to 5v) can be read by Arduinos analog input
Current can be converted to analog voltage
Picture from: [Link]
How to read sensors?
PWM: Varying duty cycle
Read by Pulsein(); command
How to read sensors?
Serial interfaces: Transfer data using less number of wires Ready-made and built in codes to read them:
I2C/Two wire UART (Soft /Hardware) 1 Wire SPI CAN
Sensors
Microphone Realtime Audio Processing Loopback Phasor Reverb
Picture and reference: [Link]
Sensors
Distance measurement
Ultrasonic (Parallax Ping, 2cm3m, Serial interface) IR distance meters (Sharp GP2D12, 10-80cm, Analog) 3D Laser Scanners (Hokuyo URL04X, 240 2cm-5.6m,Uart)
Pictures from: [Link] [Link] [Link]
Sensors
Presence detectors
Passive infrared sensor (Human, 7m, Digital)
Reed switch (Magnetic, 5mm, Digital)
IR proximity sensor (IR, 2-10cm, Digital)
Pictures from: [Link] [Link] [Link]
Sensors
Position sensor
GPS LS20031 Open space 5Hz UART Absolute position
Picture from: [Link]
Sensors
Compass sensor Digital Magnetic compass CMPS03 Uses the Earth magnetic field Outputs timing pulse and I2C
Picture from: [Link]
Sensors
Tilt sensor Mechanical tilt switch Two contacts and a metal ball inside Acts like a switch
Picture from: [Link]
Sensors
Pitch/yaw/roll sensor 3 Axis Accelerometer MMA7260QT 1.5/2/4/6 g Angle in steady state 3 Analog outputs
Pictures from: [Link] [Link]
Sensors
Gyroscopic effect sensor 1-Axis Gyroscope LISY300AL 300/s Rate of rotation around a particular axis Outputs analog voltage
More on Gyros and Accelerometers: [Link] Pictures from: [Link]
Sensors
Temperature Temperature meter LM35 40C to +110C 10 mV/Deg C Outputs analog voltage
Picture from: [Link]
Sensors
Temperature Resistance temperature detector, a variable resistor Thermocouple, millivolt level voltage Thermistor, a variable resistor
More sensors
Flow meters Smoke/gas detectors Optical interrupters Vision/camera Weight And even more
Concerns with sensors
Calibration/ offset Noise Drift Resolution Hysteresis Non-linearity
Actuators
Brushed/brushless/servo/stepper DC motors Single/three phase AC motors Linear motors Hydraulics Pneumatics Solenoids or magnetic actuators (attraction/ repulsion) etc.
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Concerns with actuators
Providing high amounts of current Taking care of back-EMF Timing And more
Back EMF
With inductive loads: Place a fast recovery diode in reverse bias across the load Examples of inductive loads: Motors Relays
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Current amplification
Relays
Transistors: BJT or MOSFET Drivers
Pictures from: [Link] [Link] [Link]
Current amplification guide
Load draws more than 40mA? Current amplification is needed
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Current amplification guide
Loads with less than 200mA Use transistors such as: 2N2222 BC547
For resistive loads diode can be omitted
Current amplification guide
Loads with less than 500mA Use ICs such as: ULN2003 ULN2803
Internal protection diodes
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Current amplification guide
Loads with more than 500mA Use transistors such as:
BD167 up to 1.5A 2N3055 up to 15A
(needs a different resistor)
IRF540 up to 33A
(requires V+ to be more than 12V)
IPS series
Current amplification guide
Loads with more than 500mA Use relays
Note that some relays draw more than 40mA!
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LED/resistor matching
How to calculate the proper resistor for a Single LED Number of LEDs
In series In parallel
Tips
Loose connections, use soldering! Use multimeter to check continuity
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Sources
Sensors : [Link] [Link] Actuators : [Link] [Link] Modern Control Technology - Components and Systems, 2nd edition, Christopher T. Kilian, ISBN : 1401858066
Questions ?
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THE END
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