CLASS -9

PHYSICS

PREPARED BY
AMEER KHAN, [Link],[Link].

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TERM-II,
PHYSICS(36M)
TOPICS:

1. FLOATATION-thrust and pressure, pressure in fluids; buoyant

force Archimedes principle; principle of floatation ; density and
relative density

2. WORK ,POWER AND ENERGY-concept of work; measurement of

work done ; energy; different forms of energy ; kinetic energy;
potential energy ; transformation of energy ;from one form to another
in nature; law of conservation of energy; power

3. SOUND-production of sound ; sound needs a medium to travel ;

propagation of sound ;longitudinal waves ; transverse waves
;description of waves ;characteristics of sound ;pitch ;loudness ;speed
of sound reflection of sound ; echo ;reverberations ; audible and
inaudible sounds ; applications of ultrasound ; structure of human
ear

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FLOATATION

Thrust and Pressure:

The force acting on an object perpendicular to the surface is called thrust. .i.e
thrust is a perpendicular force.

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EXPLANATION: When you stand on loose sand, the force, that is, the weight of
your body is acting on an area equal to area of your feet. When you lie down, the
same force acts on an area equal to the contact area of your whole body, which
is larger than the area of your feet. Thus, the effects of forces of the same
magnitude on different areas are different. In the above cases, thrust is the same.
But effects are different. Therefore the effect of thrust depends on the area on
which it acts.

Fig .a Fig .b

In which of the above figures thrust experience is more ?

Pressure:
The thrust on unit area is called pressure.

PRESSURE = FORCE / UNIT AREA,

P= F/A

The SI unit of pressure as N/m 2 or N m-2

In honor of scientist Blaise Pascal, the SI unit of pressure is called Pascal, denoted
as Pa.

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In P=F/A ,
If F is constant, p α 1/A,
if same force acting on a smaller area exerts a larger pressure, and a smaller
pressure on a larger area.

If area is same P α F,the more the force applied the more the pressure exerted.

This is the reason why a nail has a pointed tip, knives have sharp edges and
buildings have wide foundations.

PRESSURE IN FLUIDS :

All liquids and gases are fluids. A solid exerts pressure on a surface due to its
weight in vertically downward direction. Similarly, fluids have weight, and they
also exert pressure on the base and walls of the container in which they are
enclosed .Pressure exerted in any confined mass of fluid is transmitted
undiminished in all directions.

P= F/A = mg /A

But we have ρ=m/ v , where ρ=density of fluid, m=mass ,v= volume

M=ρ x v= ρ x A x h

P = ρxhxAg =ρ g h

P α h( height of liquid column),

P α ρ (density of liquid)

BUOYANCY:

Have you ever had a swim in a pool and felt lighter? Have you ever drawn water
from a well and felt that the bucket of water is heavier when it is out of the water?
Have you ever wondered why a ship made of iron and steel does not sink in sea
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water, but whether the same amount of iron and steel in the form of a sheet would
sink?

Explanation: Take an empty plastic bottle. Close the mouth of the bottle with an
airtight stopper. Put it in a bucket filled with water. You see that the bottle floats. •
Push the bottle into the water. You feel an upward push. Try to push it further
down. You will find it difficult to push deeper and deeper. This indicates that water
exerts a force on the bottle in the upward direction. The upward force exerted by
the water goes on increasing as the bottle is pushed deeper till it is completely
immersed. • Now, release the bottle. It bounces back to the surface. • Does the
force due to the gravitational attraction of the earth act on this bottle? If so, why
doesn’t the bottle stay immersed in water after it is released? How can you
immerse the bottle in water?

Reason:

The force due to the gravitational attraction of the earth acts on the bottle in the
downward direction. So the bottle is pulled downwards. But the water exerts an
upward force on the bottle. Thus, the bottle is pushed upwards. We have learnt that
weight of an object is the force due to gravitational attraction of the earth. When
the bottle is immersed, the upward force exerted by the water on the bottle is
greater than its weight. Therefore it rises up when released. To keep the bottle
completely immersed, the upward force on the bottle due to water must be
balanced. This can be achieved by an externally applied force acting downwards.
This force must at least be equal to the difference between the upward force and
the weight of the bottle.

The upward force exerted by the water on the bottle is known as up thrust or
buoyant force.

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In fact, all objects experience a force ofbuoyancy when they are immersed in a
fluid. The magnitude of this buoyant force depends on the density of the fluid

WHY OBJECTS FLOAT OR SINK WHEN PLACED ON THE SURFACE

OF WATER?
The density of a substance is defined as the mass per unit volume. The
density of cork is less than the density of water. This means that the upthrust of
water on the cork is greater than the weight of thecork. So it floats .

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The density of an iron nail is more than the density of water. This means that the
up thrust of water on the iron nail is less than the weight of the nail. So it sinks.
Therefore objects of density less than that of a liquid float on the liquid. The
objects of density greater than that of a liquid sink in the liquid.

the force of buoyancy or buoyant force and the

weight will act in same direction and in same line.

If F G= F B , the object will -------------

If FG = F B , the object will -----------

If FG = FB, The object will --------------, where FB , = buoyant force ,FG = force due
to gravity (weight)

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Archimedes’ Principle

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When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward
force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.

OR

When a body is immersed in a liquid , the weight of the object immersed is equal
to the weight of the liquid displaced.

OR

When a body is immersed in a liquid , the volume of the object immersed is

equal to the volume of the liquid displaced.

Applications of Archimedes principle:

It is used in designing ships and submarines. Lactometers, which are used to

determine the purity of a sample of milk and hydrometers used for determining
density of liquids, are based on this principle.

LACTOMETER MEASURING THE DENSITY OF MILK

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Density:It is defined as the ratio to mass and volume .

D=M/V, where m=mass ,v=volume

It is measured as kg/m3 and gm/cc.

1kg/m3 = 10-3gm/ cc and 1gm/cm3 =103 kg/m3

The density of water in S.I unit is 1x103 kg/m3

The density of a substance is defined as mass of a unit volume. The unit of density
is kilogram per meter cube (kg m-3).
The density of a substance is one of its characteristic properties. It is different for
different substances.

For example, the density of gold is 19300 kg m-3 while that of water is 1000kgm-3
The density of a given sample of a substance can help us to determine its purity.

RELATIVE DENSITY :

Relative density of a substance is the ratio of its density to that of water:

Density of a substance
Relative density =
Density of water

Since the relative density is a ratio of similar quantities, it has no unit

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Relative density of solid= weight of solid in air

Weight of solid in air –weight of solid in water

QUESTION BANK:

ONE MARK QUESTIONS:

1. Define buoyant force?

2. Define buoyancy ?
3. Define pressure and write its S.I unit?
4. State two factors on which up thrust force depends?
5. State Archimedes principle.
6. Give any three applications of Archimedes principle?
7. The relative density of a substance is greater [Link] does it signify?
8. What is the SI unit of relative density?

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS:

1. Differentiate between thrust and pressure (write two points)?

2. What do you understand by fluids? Give two examples?
3. What do you understand by 1 Pascal and 1 Newton?
4. How do snow shoes stop you from sinking into snow?
5. State the laws of floatation?
6. An object is immersed in three different liquids. will it experience
same buoyant force due to all the liquids? give reason.
7. Draw a diagram to show two forces acting on an object floating half
immersed in aliquid?
8. Why does the pointer of a spring balance move up when the stone
suspended from it is immersed in water ?State the principle behind
it.
9. How is it easier to swim in sea water than in river water?
10. Define relative density of a substance?

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THREE MARKS QUESTIONS:

1. GIVE REASON: A) it is easier to walk on soft sand with a flat shoe

than a pencil heeled shoe B) You feel lighter when you swim C) the cork
floats while the nail sinks when both are placed on the surface of water
D) camel can run in a desert easily
2. State the mathematical formula that relates thrust and [Link] the
factors on which the pressure depends and explain how it depends on
them?
3. Differentiate between density and relative density ?
4. When immersedina liquid under what conditions an object will a) float
b) sink?
5. What is relative density ?how is it different from density? Name the
instrument used to determine purity of a sample of milk?

NUMERICALS QUESTIONS:

1. A force of 250N acts on a surface of area 15 square cm. calculate thrust

and pressure?
2. Find the ratio of the pressure exerted bya block of 400N when placed
on atable top along its two different sides with dimensions 20cmx10cm
and 10cm x 15cm.
3. A pressure of 1000Pa acts on a surface of area 15cm2 bya block of mass
m .calculate m?
4. Calculate the pressure exerted by a block of weight 10N if the surface
area in contact is 2m2.
5. Which will exert more pressure : a 100kg mass on area of 100cm2 or a
50kg mass on 25cm2 ?
6. An iron cube of side 10cm is kept on a horizontal table. If the density of
iron is 8000kg/m3 , find the pressure on the portion of the table where
the cube is kept.(take g=9.8m/s2 )
7. Relative density of gold is 19.5. the density of water is 1000kg/m 3. What
will be the density of gold in SI unit and in g/cc?
8. A solid of relative density 2.5 is found to weigh 10g in water .find its
weight in air?

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 9. The mass of an iron cube having an edge length 1.5 cm is [Link] its
density?
10. A solid weighs 75g in air and 55.6g in water .find the relative density?
11. Radius of an iron sphere is [Link] density of iron is 7.80g/cc,calculate
the mass.
12. Relative density of gold is 19.3. the density of water is 1000kg/m 3. Find
the density of gold in SI unit and in g/cc?

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MATCH THE FOLLOWING:

1.

2. BLAISE PASCAL

SIR ISAAC NEWTON

3. HYDROMETER

4.

4. ARCHIMEDES

LACTOMETER

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WORK
ENERGY&POWER

JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE

JAMES WATT

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WORK AND ENERGY

Work is defined as a force acting upon an object to cause a

displacement.
F S

Let a constant force, F act on an object. Let the object be displaced

through a distance S in the direction of the force . Let W be the work
done. We define work to be equal to the product of the force and
displacement.
Work done = force X displacement , W = F s
work done by a force acting on an object is equal to the magnitude of
the force multiplied by the distance moved in the direction of the
force. Work has only magnitude and no direction.
Work is a scalar quantity equal to the product of the displacement x
and the component of the force Fx =FCOSθ in the direction of the
displacement.
If F = 1 N and s = 1 m then the work done by the force will be 1 N m.
Here the unit of work is new ton meter (N m) or joule (J).
Thus 1 J is the amount of work done on an object when a force of 1 N
displaces it by 1 m along the line of action of the force.

TYPES OF WORKS :
Work done is negative when the force acts opposite to the direction of
displacement.

F S

Ex: The work done by the frictional force, when we push the book to a
distance.

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Work done is positive when the force is in the direction of
displacement

F S

Work done is said be zero when the force acts on the body but perpendicular to
displacement.

W=mg=f
Ex : a potter carrying the luggage on his head and walking
(theoretically )
Energy:
The energy possessed by an object is thus measured in terms of its capacity of doing
work. The unit of energy is, therefore, the same as that of work, that is, joule (J). 1 J is
the energy required to do 1 joule of work. Sometimes a larger unit of energy called kilo
joule (kJ) is used. 1 kJ equals 1000 J.
James Joule
The metric system unit of energy is the joule (J), after James Joule.
• Mechanical energy is the energy which is possessed by an object due to its motion or its
stored energy of position

FORMS OF ENERGY:
Kinetic energy :is the energy of motion or the energy possessed by a body by virtue of
its motion .
Ex :a speeding car, a rolling stone, a flying aircraft, flowing water, blowing wind, a running
athlete etc. possess kinetic energy.
kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion.
The kinetic energy of an object increases with its speed.
The kinetic energy of a body moving with a certain velocity is equal to the work done on
it to make it acquire that velocity .

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 Derivation of kinetic energy:

Consider an object of mass, m moving with a uniform velocity, u. Let it now be displaced
through a distance s when a constant force, F acts on it in the direction of its
displacement.
Therefore , the work done, W =F s. The work done on the object will cause a change in its
velocity. Let its velocity change from u to v. Let a be the acceleration produced. The
relation connecting the initial velocity (u) and final velocity (v) of an object moving with a
uniform acceleration a, and the displacement, s is
V 2 –u2 = 2a s .
𝑣 2−𝑢 2
But, w=f s =ma s =m 2
U V

F M S

1
If the object is starting from its stationary position, that is, u = 0, then W=2 𝑚V2
It is clear that the work done is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of an object.
If u = 0, the work done will be W= 1/2mv2 .Thus, the kinetic energy possessed by an object
of mass, m and moving with a uniform velocity, v is
1
k E =2 m v2

RELATION BETWEEN MOMENTUM AND KINETIC ENERGY:

The product of mass and velocity is said to be momentum, it is denoted as P.

P=mxV, Its units are kg m /s or kg ms-1

1 1 𝑚 𝑝2
K= 2 𝑚𝑣 2 = mv2 x = ,
2 𝑚 2𝑚
K α 𝑝2 i. e kinetic energy is proportional to the square of momentum .

Potential Energy
The energy transferred to an object is stored as potential energy if it is not used to cause
a change in the velocity or speed of the object .
The potential energy possessed by the object is the energy present in it by virtue of its
position or configuration.

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POTENTIAL ENERGY OF AN OBJECT AT A HEIGHT :

An object increases its energy when raised through a height. This is

because work is done on it against gravity while it is being raised. The
energy present in such an object is the gravitational potential energy.
The gravitational potential energy of an object at a point above the
ground is defined as the work done in raising it from the ground to
that point against gravity. It is easy to arrive at an expression for the
gravitational potential energy of an object at a height.

Expression for potential energy:

Consider an object of mass, m. Let it be raised through a height, h
from the ground.
A force is required to do this. The minimum force required to raise the
object is equal to the weight of the object, mg. The object gains
energy equal to the work done on it. Let the work done on the object
against gravity be W.

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i.e work done, W = force x displacement
= mg x h =mgh
Since work done on the object is equal to mgh, an energy equal to mgh units is
gained by the object.
This is the potential energy (EP) of the object. Ep = mgh

ARE VARIOUS ENERGY FORMS INTERCONVERTIBLE?

Energy transformation involves the conversion of one form of energy into another
form.
Examples of energy transformation include
• Chemical – Food is consumed and converted into motion for playing sports or
taking a test.
• Radiant – Sunlight is consumed by plants and converted into energy for growth.
• Electrical – Energy transferred to an oven is converted to thermal energy for
heating your food.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

According to this law, energy can only be converted from one form to another; it
can neither be created nor destroyed. The total energy before and after the
transformation remains the same. The law of conservation of energy is valid
in all situations and for all kinds of transformations

The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of an object is its total mechanical
Energy ,
i.e. potential energy + kinetic energy = constant

or
mgh +1/2 mv2 =constant

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Rate of Doing Work:
Power is defined as the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy.
Power measures the speed of work done, that is, how fast or slow work is
done. If an agent does a work W in time t, then power is given by:
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑤
Power = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 or P= 𝑡
The unit of power is watt [in honor of James Watt (1736 – 1819)] having the
symbol W.
1 watt is the power of an agent, which does work at the rate of 1 joule per second.
power is 1 W when the rate of consumption of energy is 1 J s -1
1 watt = 1 joule/second or 1 W = 1 J s -1.
We express larger rates of energy transfer in kilowatts (kW).
1 kilowatt = 1000 watts
1 kW = 1000 W
1 kW = 1000 J s -1

COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY

The unit joule is too small .The bigger unit of energy called kilowatt hour (kW h)
1 kW h is the energy used in one hour
at the rate of 1000 J s–1 (or 1 kW).
1 kW h = 1 kW *1 h
= 1000 W*3600 s
= 3600000 J
1 kW h = 3.6 x 106 J.

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QUESTION BANK:
ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Define 1 joule of work?
2. What is the work done by the earth in moving around the sun?
3. Define the term kinetic energy?
4. Define the term potential energy?
5. Name a device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy?
6. A freely falling object eventually stops on reaching the ground. What
happens to its kinetic energy on reaching the ground?
7. Name the type of energy possesses by a moving object?
8. Define power?
9. Define 1kwh?
10. State the relation between joule and kwh?

TWO MARK QUESTIONS:

1. Define work? And write its expression and also its SI unit ?
2. An object of mass m is moving with a constant velocity v. how much work
should be done o the object in order to bring the object to rest?
3. A man is drawing water from a well using pulley ,rope and bucket. Explain
with reason ,whether he is doing negative work or positive work?
4. State the law of conservation of energy?
5. What is the reason for heating up of a metal when hit bya fast moving
hammer?
6. Define potential energy. write an expression for potential energy. Write
the SI unit ?
7. Give an example each a) a body having potential energy due to change
of shape b) a body having potential energy due to its position ?
8. Which will have more impact on K.E doubling mass or velocity? Why?
9. Name two types of mechanical energies? Give two examples when an
object possesses both types of energies?
10. The mechanical energy of an object is zero. State whether this object can
still have momentum or not. justify the answer?

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS:

1. When do you say work is done?
2. Write the expression for the work done when a force is acting on an
object in the direction of its displacement?
3. A person holds a bundle of hay over his head for 30miutes and gets
tired. Has he done some work or not? Justify your answer?

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 4. Distinguish between positive and negative work. when you lift an
object ,two forces act on it. Identify these forces. Which one of the
two does, a)positive work b) negative work?
5. State the nature of work done in the following cases a) when a truck
moves the road, work done by friction b) work done by a force in
lifting a heavy book from a table?
6. When a force retards the motion of a body , what is nature of work
done by the force? State reason. List two such examples?
7. What is the transformation of energy taking place when a) a vehicle
is moving o the road b) a ball is thrown upwards c) a bulb is switched
on.
8. A car is moving on a leveled road and gets its velocity doubled. In
this process a) how would be potential energy of the car change ?b)
how would the kinetic energy of the car changes?
9. A light and a heavy object have the same momentum. Find out the
ratio of their kinetic energies. Which one has a larger K.E?

FIVE MARK QUESTIONS:

1. Define work. Give S.I unit of work done.

a) Write the expression for positive work?
b) what will be the workdone , if displacement of the object is
perpendicular to the direction of force?
c) what an object moves o a circular path, what will be the
work done?
2. a) Define kinetic energy. give its S.I unit .
b) Give an expression for the kinetic energy of an object
c) How would the kinetic energy change if the mass of the
object is doubled?
d) How would the kinetic energy change if the velocity of the
object is doubled?
3. Derive the expression for kinetic energy?
4. Define potential energy. And derive it equation or find the
expression for the gravitational potential energy of a body of
mass m at height h above ground ?
5. Define power and write its S.I unit? b) how is the power related
to the speed at which an object is lifted?

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MATCH THE FOLLWING:

1.

TRANSFORMATION OF ENERGY

2.
JAMES WATT

3.

POTENTIAL ENERGY

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4.
JOULE

5.

KINETIC ENERGY

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SOUND

Alexander Graham Bell.

One Bel is defined as a power ratio of ten (or ten times the power). It was
originally used to measure acoustic power (sound) ratios in telephony

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SOUND
Production of Sound:
Sound is produced due to the vibration of objects. Vibration is the
rapid to and fro motion of an object.
Vibrating objects are the source of all sounds Irregular, chaotic
vibrations produce noise .Regular, controlled vibration can produce
music. All sound is a combination of pure frequencies
A stretched rubber band when plucked vibrates and produces sound

Propagation of Sound:

When an object vibrates, the particles around the medium vibrate. The
particle in contact with the vibrating object is first displaced from its
equilibrium position
The disturbance produced by the vibrating body travels through the
medium but the particles do not move forward themselves.

A wave is a disturbance which moves through a medium by the vibration

of the particles of the medium. So sound is considered as a wave.
Sound waves Require medium for transmission such Sound waves are
called mechanical waves. When a vibrating object moves forward, it
pushes and compresses the air in front of it forming a region of high
pressure called compression (C). When the vibrating object moves
backward, it forms a region of low pressure called rarefaction (R).

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A vibrating object producing a series of compressions (C) and
rarefaction (R)
In these waves the particles move back and forth parallel to the
direction of propagation of the disturbance. Such waves are called
longitudinal waves
.

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Eg: waves in springs sound waves

Transverse waves :
In these waves the particles oscillate up and down perpendicular to
the propagation of the direction of disturbance. Sound propagates in a
medium as a series of compressions (C) and rarefactions
(R).Compressions are the regions of high pressure and density where
the particles are crowded and are represented by the upper portion of
the curve called crest .Rarefactions are the regions of low pressure
and density where the particles are spread out and are represented by
the lower portion of the curve called trough.

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Eg ; waves in strings, water waves

Characteristics of a sound wave :

A sound wave is described by its

• frequency
• amplitude and
• speed.

Frequency of sound wave:

When sound is propagated through a medium, the density of the
medium oscillates between a maximum value and a minimum value. The
change in density from the maximum value to the minimum value, again
to the maximum value, makes one complete oscillation. The number of
such oscillations per unit time is the frequency of the sound wave.
It is represented by the symbol ٧ (Greek letter nu). Its SI unit is
hertz (Hz)

Time period of sound wave: (T)

The time taken by two consecutive compressions or rarefactions to

cross a fixed point is called the time period of the wave
OR

The time taken for one complete oscillation in the density of the
medium is called the time period of the sound wave. It is represented
by the symbol T. Its SI unit is second (s). Frequency and time period
are related as follows:
1
ν=𝑇

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Amplitude of sound wave
The amplitude of sound wave is the height of the crest or tough.
The magnitude of the maximum disturbance in the medium on either
side of
the mean value is called the amplitude of the wave. It is usually
represented by the letter A and it is measured in m.

The loudness or softness of a sound is determined basically by its

amplitude. The amplitude of the sound wave depends upon the force
with which an object is made to vibrate.

Wave length:

The distance between two consecutive compressions (C) or two

consecutive rarefactions (R) is called the wavelength. The wavelength
is usually represented by λ (Greek letter lambda). Its SI unit is metre
(m).

Pitch and loudness of sound

The pitch of sound (shrillness or flatness) depends on the frequency of
vibration.
If the frequency is high, the sound has high pitch and if the frequency
is low, the sound has low pitch.
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Speed of sound
The speed of sound is more in solids, less in liquids and least in gases.
The speed of sound also depends on the temperature of the medium. If
the temperature of the medium is more, the speed of sound is more .
Speed of the sound = frequency x wavelength
V= n x λ
It is measured m/s or ms-1.

Reflection of Sound:
Sound gets reflected at the surface of a solid or liquid and follows the
laws of reflection.

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An obstacle of large size which may be polished or rough is needed for
the reflection of sound waves.

LAWS OF REFLECTION:
i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

ii) The incident ray, the reflected ray and normal at the point of
incidence all lie in the same plane.

If we shout or clap near a reflecting surface like tall building or a

mountain, we hear the same sound again. This sound which we hear is
called echo. It is caused due to the reflection of sound. This sensation
of sound persists in our brain for about 0.1 s.
To hear an echo clearly, the time interval between the original sound
and the echo must be at least 0.1 s.
Since the speed of sound in air is 344 m/s, the distance travelled by
sound in 0.I s = 344m/s x 0.1 s = 34.4 m
So to hear an echo clearly, the minimum distance of the reflecting
surface should behalf this distance that is 17.2 m.

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Echoes may be heard more than once due to successive or multiple
reflections. The rolling of thunder is due to the successive reflections
of the sound from a number of reflecting surfaces, such as the clouds
and the land.

Reverberation :
Echoes may be heard more than once due to repeated or multiple
reflections of sound from several reflecting surfaces. This causes
persistence of sound called reverberation.
In big halls or auditoriums to reduce reverberation, the roofs and walls
are covered by sound absorbing materials like compressed fibre
boards, rough plaster or draperies. These at materials are also
selected on the basis of their sound absorbing properties

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Uses Of Multiple Reflection Of Sound:

i) Megaphones, horns, musical instruments like trumpets, etc. are

deigned to send sound by multiple reflection in a particular
direction without spreading in all directions.

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ii) Doctors listen to sounds from the human body through a
stethoscope. The sound of heart beat reaches the doctor’s ears
by multiple reflection.

iii) Generally the ceilings of cinema halls and auditoriums are curved so
that sound after multiple reflection reaches all parts of the hall.
Sometimes a curved sound board is placed behind the stage so that
sound after multiple reflection spreads evenly across the hall.

Range of Hearing:
Human beings can hear sound frequencies between 20 Hz and 2000 Hz.
Sound whose frequency is less than 20 Hz is called infrasonic sound
Sound whose frequency is more than 2000 Hz is called ultrasonic sound

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Applications of ultrasonic sound :

Ultrasounds are high frequency waves .Ultrasounds are able to travel

along well defined paths even in the presence of obstacles. Ultrasounds
are used extensively in industries and for medical purposes.

• Ultrasound is generally used to clean parts located in hard-to-reach

places,
for example, spiral tube, odd shaped parts, electronic components etc.
Objects to be cleaned are placed in a cleaning solution and ultrasonic
waves are sent into the solution. Due to the high frequency, the
particles of dust, grease and dirt get detached and drop out. The
objects thus get thoroughly cleaned.

• Ultrasounds can be used to detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks.

Metallic components are generally used in construction of big
structures like buildings, bridges, machines and also scientific
equipment. The cracks or holes inside the metal blocks, which are
invisible from outside reduces the strength of the structure.
Ultrasonic waves are allowed to pass through the metal block and
detectors are used to detect the transmitted waves. If there

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is even a small defect, the ultrasound gets reflected back indicating
the presence of the flaw or defect.

• Ultrasonic waves are made to reflect from various parts of the heart
and form the image of the heart. This technique is called
‘echocardiography’.

• Ultrasound scanner is an instrument which uses ultrasonic waves

forgetting images of internal organs of the human body. A doctor may
image the patient’s organs such as the liver ,gall bladder, uterus,
kidney, etc. It helps the doctor to detect abnormalities, such as stones
in the gall bladder and kidney or tumors
in different organs. In this technique the ultrasonic waves travel
through the tissues of the body and get reflected from a region where
there is a change of tissue density. These waves are then converted
into electrical signals that are used to generate images of the organ.
These images are then displayed on a monitor or printed on a film. This
technique is called ‘ultrasonography’.
Ultrasonography is also used for examination of the foetus during
pregnancy to detect congenial defects and growth abnormalities.

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• Ultrasound may be employed to break small ‘stones’ formed in the
kidneys
into fine grains. These grains later get flushed out with urine.
• Bats search out prey and fly in dark night by emitting and
detecting reflections of ultrasonic waves. The high-pitched
ultrasonic squeaks of the bat are reflected from the obstacles or
prey and returned to bat’s ear. The nature of reflections tells
the bat where the obstacle or prey is and what it is like.
Porpoises also use ultrasound for navigation and location of food
in the dark.

SONAR: The acronym SONAR stands for Sound Navigation And

Ranging. Sonar is a device that uses ultrasonic waves to measure the
distance, direction and speed of underwater objects. How does the
sonar work?
Sonar consists of a transmitter and a detector and is installed in a
boat or a ship,

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The transmitter produces and transmits ultrasonic waves. These waves
travel through water and after striking the object on these abed, get
reflected back and are sensed by the detector. The detector converts
the ultrasonic waves into electrical signals which are appropriately
interpreted. The distance of the object that reflected the sound wave
can be calculated by knowing the speed of sound in water and the time
interval between transmission and reception of the ultrasound. Let the
time interval between transmission and reception of ultrasound signal
be t and the speed of sound through seawater be v. The total distance,
2d travelled by the ultrasound is then, 2d = v × t. The above method is
called echo-ranging.

The sonar technique is used to determine the depth of the sea and to
locate underwater hills, valleys, submarine, icebergs, sunken ship etc.

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Structure of the human ear
We are able to hear with the help of an extremely sensitive device
called the ear. It allows us to convert pressure variations in air with
audible frequencies into electric signals that travel to the brain via the
auditory nerve. The outer ear is called ‘pinna’. It collects the sound
from the surroundings. The collected sound passes through the
auditory canal. At the end of the auditory canal there is a thin
membrane called the ear drum ortympanic membrane. When a
compression of the medium reaches the eardrum the pressure on the
outside of the membrane increases and forces the eardrum inward
.Similarly, the eardrum moves outward when a rarefaction reaches it.
In this way the eardrum vibrates. The vibrations are amplified several
times by three bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) in the middle ear.
The middle ear transmits the amplified pressure Variations received
from the sound wave to the inner ear. In the inner ear, the pressure
variations are turned into electrical signals by the cochlea. These
electrical signals are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve, and the
brain interprets them as sound.

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 In this way the eardrum vibrates. The vibrations are amplified several
times by three bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) in the middle ear.
The middle ear transmits the amplified pressure Variations received
from the sound wave to the inner ear. In the inner ear, the
Pressure variations are turned into electrical signals by the cochlea.
These electrical signals are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve,
and the brain interprets them as sound.

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QUESTION BANK:
1) Pitch of guitar is higher than [Link]?
2) What is frequency of a wave whose time period is 0.05s?
3) Define an echo?
4) Write the full form of SONAR?
5) What is the range of hearing for children under the age of five?
6) What type of waves are produced in air when piano is played?
7) State three characteristics of a musical [Link] what factors do they depend?
8) Draw the graphical diagram representing the wave shape for a)low pitched sound
b) high pitched sound
9) Define the following terms? A) wavelength b) time period c) amplitude
10) Distinguish between transverse and longitudinal waves?
11) Which wave property describes a) pitch and b) loudnessand give their SIunits?
12) Name the sounds of the frequencies given below.10Hz, 10kHz,100kHz, 50kHz.
13) when a wave travels through a medium a)
what is transferred from one point to another b) what is not transferred from
one point to another.
14) During a thunderstorm , why is the sound of thunder heard a little late than the
flash of light?
15) Name the physical quantity described by maximum displacement of a particle
from its mean position?
16) What is meant by statement 300Hz frequency?
17) Differentiate between echo and reverberation?
18) State the advantage of curved ceilings of cinema halls and conference halls. draw
diagram to illustrate your answer?
19) Which property of sound leads to formation of echoes? What is reverberation?
What will happen if the reverberation time in a big hall is too long? How can we
reduce it?
20) What pis an echo? State two conditions for an echo to be heard. Bats cannot see,
then how do they catch their prey? Explain?
21) What is SONAR? And explain the working of SONAR?
22) WHAT ARE ULTRASOUNDS? Write two main properties of ultrasound? Mention
one application of ultrasound in 1)industries and 2) medical field
23) Give three medical uses of ultrasound?
24) Is there any technique to detect cracks and flaws in a block of metal? If yes how
do we detect explain with an diagram?
25) Draw a neat labeled diagram of internal structure of human ear. Explain its
working?

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