Unit: 1 6.

6. ⁠What can parents, schools, and the government do to help young Example: If a government earns more money from taxes than it spends, it has a
1. Are young people losing real friends because they spend too much time people use social media better? budget surplus.
online? [Link] the meaning of “prestige”. Give an example.
I think they all have an important role. Parents should talk to their children “Prestige” refers to the respect and admiration that someone or something gets
Yes, I think that in some cases, young people are losing real friends because about the dangers of social media and teach them how to use it responsibly. because of their achievements or [Link]: Hosting the Olympics brings a
they spend too much time online. Instead of meeting their friends in person, Schools should include digital literacy in the curriculum, so students learn about lot of prestige to a city because it shows the world that the city is modern,
they might prefer chatting or scrolling through social media. This can make online safety and mental health. The government can make rules to stop organized, and important.
real-life relationships weaker because face-to-face communication is very cyberbullying and protect users’ data. Together, they can create a safer online [Link] does “revenue” mean? Provide an example.
important for building trust and deep connection. environment for young people. “Revenue” is the total amount of money a person, company, or government
receives, usually from business activities, taxes, or [Link]: The city
2. What are the good sides of having online friends? 7. ⁠Why do some people say online friendships are not deep? generated a large amount of revenue from tourism during the Olympic Games.
[Link] is “gross domestic product (GDP)”? Give an example.
There are actually many positive sides to having online friends. First of all, it Some people believe that online friendships are not deep because they are often GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product. It is the total value of all goods and
allows people to meet others from different countries and cultures, which can be based on chatting or commenting, not real experiences. In real life, we do services produced in a country within a [Link]: When a country’s GDP
very educational and exciting. Also, online friends can provide emotional activities together, go through ups and downs, and see each other’s true grows, it usually means the economy is doing well and people are spending more
support, especially for those who are shy or feel lonely. Sometimes, people feel emotions. Online, it’s easier to hide feelings or pretend to be someone else, so money.
more comfortable sharing their feelings online than in real life. the connection might feel less real. [Link] was the main goal of Barcelona in hosting the 1992 Olympics?
The main goal of Barcelona was to modernize the city, improve its global image,
3. Do people share too much information online? 8. ⁠Why is empathy important in friendship?
and attract more tourists and investment. Hosting the Olympics was part of a
Yes, I believe many people overshare on the internet. They often post their Empathy is very important in friendship because it helps us understand how our bigger plan to develop the city’s economy and infrastructure.
personal problems, exact location, or daily activities without thinking about who friends feel. When someone is sad or stressed, a true friend shows care and [Link] happened to the Olympic venues in Athens after the 2004 Games?
might see it. This can be dangerous because it puts their privacy at risk. Also, support. Without empathy, friendships can feel cold and shallow. Real Many of the Olympic venues in Athens were abandoned and not used after the
some people regret sharing too much later, especially when they feel judged or friendship means being there for each other, not just during fun times but also Games. Some became damaged or unused, which led to criticism about poor
misunderstood. during hard times. planning and financial waste.
[Link] did the Olympics impact Barcelona’s tourism and business in the long
4. ⁠Is social media changing young people’s personality? 9. ⁠Why do some people feel bad without social media? term?
The Olympics had a very positive long-term impact on Barcelona. The city
Yes, I think social media does influence young people’s personality. For Some people feel bad without social media because they are used to checking it became one of Europe’s top tourist destinations, and many new businesses
example, some become more focused on appearance or popularity because they all the time. They might worry that they’re missing something important, like opened. The improved transportation system and modern buildings also helped
want likes and comments. Others may become anxious or lose confidence news or updates from friends. Also, social media often gives people attention attract international events and investments.
because they constantly compare themselves to others. However, for some and validation, so without it, they might feel lonely or less confident. [Link] are the potential financial risks for a city hosting the Olympics?
people, social media can also help them become more outgoing or creative, so it Hosting the Olympics can be very expensive. Cities may spend too much on
depends on how they use it. 10. ⁠Should schools teach about social media? Why? stadiums and infrastructure, and sometimes they don’t get enough revenue back.
This can lead to debt and unused buildings if not planned properly.
5. ⁠Is social networking good or bad for our emotions? Why? Yes, I believe schools should definitely teach about social media. Students spend [Link] do you think hosting the Olympics can raise the profile of a city?
a lot of time online, but many of them don’t know how to use it wisely. Schools Because the whole world watches the Olympics, and the host city is shown on
It can be both good and bad. On the positive side, social networking helps can teach them how to stay safe, avoid cyberbullying, and protect their privacy. TV and in the media. This attention can help the city become more famous,
people stay in touch with friends and family, which can make them feel happy They can also help students understand the emotional effects of social media and improve its reputation, and attract more tourists, students, and investors.
and supported. On the negative side, it can lead to feelings of jealousy or how to take breaks when needed. [Link] kind of long-term impacts can hosting the Olympics have on a city’s
loneliness, especially when people see others having fun without them. So, it Unit: 2 infrastructure?
really depends on how often and why a person uses social media. [Link] is the meaning of the word “surplus”? Provide an example. Hosting the Olympics can lead to new roads, airports, public transport, sports
“Surplus” means having more of something than is needed. It usually refers to facilities, and housing. These improvements can benefit the city’s residents for
extra money, goods, or resources. many years, but only if they are planned for long-term use, not just for the Games.

3-4 Uint I think nostalgia is powerful because it connects us to happy and meaningful good moments. This makes the past seem better than it really was, like a perfect
[Link]’s the first memory that comes to mind when you think of nostalgia? moments from the past. It reminds us of people we loved, things we enjoyed, and time that maybe never existed fully.
The first memory that comes to my mind is playing outside with my childhood times when life felt easier. These memories can make us feel warm inside, even [Link] nostalgia different for each generation, or are there shared nostalgic
friends. We used to run around, ride bikes, and play games until sunset. Life was if we’re sad or stressed today. experiences?
simple and full of laughter. I miss that carefree feeling. [Link] you think nostalgia makes people view the past more positively than it I think both are true. Each generation has its own special memories, like music,
[Link] there a specific smell or sound that instantly takes you back to your really was? games, or trends. But some nostalgic experiences are shared — like family time,
childhood? Yes, I think so. When we feel nostalgic, we often remember only the good parts school memories, or childhood friends. These things are universal, no matter the
Yes, the smell of freshly baked bread always reminds me of my grandmother’s and forget the bad ones. For example, we might say “those were the best days,” age.
house. She used to bake every weekend, and the whole house would smell so even if there were some difficult times too. Our brain tends to focus on the happy [Link] is the definition of “risk”?
warm and cozy. It brings back a feeling of comfort and love. parts. Risk is the possibility of facing loss, danger, or a negative outcome. It means that
[Link] old TV show or cartoon makes you feel the most nostalgic? [Link] has nostalgia influenced popular culture, like movies or music? when we take an action, there is a chance that something may go wrong or not as
I feel really nostalgic when I think of the cartoon Tom and Jerry. I used to watch Nostalgia has a big influence on pop culture. Many movies and songs today are expected. In everyday life, risk is everywhere — from crossing the street to
it every morning before school. Even now, hearing the theme song brings back inspired by the 80s, 90s, or early 2000s. People enjoy watching or listening to investing money.
so many happy memories of my childhood. things that remind them of their youth. It helps them feel connected to the past. [Link] are the different types of risk in business or finance?
[Link] you keep any objects or memorabilia from your past for sentimental [Link] nostalgia be both comforting and painful at the same time?
reasons? Yes, definitely. Nostalgia can make us smile and feel happy, but at the same time, In business and finance, risks can come from many directions. Some main types
Yes, I have a small toy bear that I got as a gift when I was five. It’s a bit old now, it can hurt because we miss those times or people. For example, remembering a include:
but I keep it because it reminds me of my childhood and how happy I was back loved one who passed away brings both love and sadness. It’s a mix of emotions.
then. It has a lot of sentimental value for me. [Link] does digital media (e.g., old photos, videos, social media) shape our • Financial risk – the danger of losing money or facing financial failure.
[Link]’s a childhood game or activity you wish you could revisit? sense of nostalgia today? • Market risk – the risk that prices or demand will change suddenly.
I wish I could play hide and seek with my old friends again. It was our favorite Digital media makes nostalgia even stronger. We can easily look at old photos, • Credit risk – the chance that someone won’t pay back their loan.
game, especially in the summer. We laughed so much and didn’t care about time. watch childhood videos, or scroll through old social media posts. These things • Operational risk – problems inside the company, like system failures or
I really miss those moments. bring back memories very quickly and make us feel like we’re living those mistakes.
[Link] song instantly transports you to a different time in your life? moments again. • Reputational risk – damage to the company’s public image, which can
The song “My Heart Will Go On” by Celine Dion always takes me back to my [Link] you think people in the past experienced nostalgia the same way we do hurt trust and sales.
childhood. My parents used to play it often at home, and I remember listening to now?
it while sitting by the window. It brings back peaceful and emotional memories. I think people in the past also felt nostalgia, but in a different way. They didn’t [Link] the concept of “calculated risk.”
[Link] there a food that reminds you of a particular moment or person from have phones or social media to save photos or videos, so their memories were A calculated risk is a decision that involves risk, but it is taken after careful
the past? only in their minds. Today, we can easily look at old pictures, which makes thinking and planning. People who take calculated risks usually understand the
Yes, plov reminds me of my dad. He used to cook it on special occasions, and the nostalgia stronger and more visual. possible outcomes, both good and bad. For example, starting a new business after
smell always filled the whole house. Now, whenever I eat plov, I feel like I’m [Link] does nostalgia impact mental health—positively or negatively? doing market research is a calculated risk because the person knows the potential
back at home with my family, enjoying time together. Nostalgia can have both positive and negative effects. It can help people feel rewards and dangers.
[Link] was your favorite toy growing up? happy, comforted, and connected to their past. But sometimes, it can make people [Link] does risk-taking behavior differ between individuals?
feel lonely or sad, especially if they miss someone or something they can’t get Risk-taking is different for everyone. Some people are naturally more
[Link] you have a favorite family tradition that you miss? back. It depends on the person and the memory. adventurous and are willing to take chances, especially if they believe in the
Yes, every New Year’s Eve, my whole family would gather, cook together, and [Link] nostalgia be a motivation for creativity or personal growth? possible reward. Others are more cautious and prefer safety and stability. These
watch movies until midnight. We always counted down together and gave hugs. Yes, I believe nostalgia can inspire people. Writers, artists, and musicians often differences can be influenced by personality, upbringing, experiences, and even
I miss that warm family feeling and the excitement of those nights. use old memories to create beautiful work. It can also help us learn from the past culture. For example, someone who grew up in a supportive environment might
[Link] there a place from your past that you’d love to revisit just for the and understand who we are. So yes, nostalgia can be a strong motivation for feel safer taking risks.
memories? creativity and growth. [Link] is the difference between risk and uncertainty?
[Link] do people tend to romanticize the “good old days”? Risk and uncertainty are similar but not the same. Risk means we know the
[Link] do you think nostalgia has such a powerful emotional effect on People romanticize the “good old days” because they remember them with love possible outcomes and their likelihood. For example, in a game of dice, we know
people? and emotion. With time, we often forget the problems we had and focus on the the chances of getting each number. Uncertainty, on the other hand, means we

don’t even know what might happen or how likely it is. In real life, many Although not all risks lead to success, many great inventions and companies were [Link] do cultural or family backgrounds influence someone’s approach to
decisions involve both risk and uncertainty, especially in business or health. only possible because someone was brave enough to take a chance. risk?
[Link] can one assess or measure risk? [Link] it possible to grow as a person without taking risks? Culture and family shape our views on risk from a young age. In some cultures,
Personal growth often requires us to step out of our comfort zones. Taking risks independence and bold decisions are encouraged. In others, tradition and stability
To measure risk, people often look at two things: helps us face fears, try new things, and learn from mistakes. Without risk, we are more important. If someone’s family took risks and succeeded, they may feel
might stay in the same place and miss chances to develop confidence or skills. confident doing the same. But if their family avoided risk, they might grow up
1. Probability – how likely it is that something will happen. So, while it’s possible to grow slowly through safe experiences, real growth more cautious.
usually involves some level of risk. [Link] children be taught to take more risks, or fewer?
2. Impact – how serious the consequences would be if it happens. [Link] do you think humans are drawn to both safety and risk? Children should be taught to take smart risks. This means helping them try new
Humans need both safety and excitement to feel balanced. Safety gives us things, solve problems, and deal with failure. If we protect children too much,
In business or finance, people use tools like statistics, past data, and risk models
comfort, stability, and peace of mind. But risk brings adventure, progress, and a they may grow up afraid to take action. But if we teach them how to handle risk
to calculate this. For example, insurance companies use complex formulas to
sense of achievement. That’s why we might enjoy things like scary movies or safely, they’ll become stronger and more confident adults.
measure the risk of accidents or illness.
extreme sports — they give us controlled risk while still feeling safe. It’s part of [Link] there such a thing as a “calculated risk,” or is all risk inherently
[Link] are some common strategies for risk management?
human nature to want both. unpredictable?
Risk management means planning how to deal with possible problems before [Link] you think society encourages or discourages risk-taking? Yes, a calculated risk is very real. It’s when someone studies the situation, weighs
they happen. Some strategies include: It depends on the society and the situation. In some cultures, taking risks is seen the pros and cons, and makes a thoughtful decision. While there is always some
as brave and important, especially in business or art. In others, people are taught uncertainty, calculated risks are based on facts and logic. They are not random —
• Avoiding risk – choosing not to do the risky action. to play it safe and follow rules. Education systems and family values also affect they are informed choices made with care.
this. Overall, society supports risk-taking when it brings success, but criticizes it
• Reducing risk – taking steps to make the risk smaller. when it leads to failure. Unit:5
[Link] risk more about mindset or circumstance? 1) What are informal settlements, and why do they emerge?
• Transferring risk – using insurance or contracts to move the risk to Risk involves both mindset and circumstance. Someone with a confident, positive Informal settlements are areas where people build homes without official
someone else. mindset may take more risks because they believe they can handle the outcome. permission or planning. These places usually do not follow building codes or have
But circumstances matter too — for example, a person with fewer resources may proper infrastructure. They emerge because many people move to cities in search
• Accepting risk – sometimes, if the risk is small or the reward is high, avoid risk because they have more to lose. So, both inner thinking and outside of jobs, better education, or healthcare, but they can’t afford formal housing. As
we just accept it. conditions play a role. a result, they create homes on unused or government land.
[Link] a situation where taking a risk paid off. [Link] does fear affect decision-making when risk is involved? 2) What challenges do people living in informal settlements face?
One example could be a student who decides to study abroad, even though it’s Fear can make people avoid risk, even if the opportunity is good. It can lead to People in informal settlements often live in poor conditions. They may lack clean
scary and far from home. At first, they don’t know what will happen, but after a overthinking, hesitation, or giving up. But sometimes, a small amount of fear is water, electricity, sanitation, and waste collection. Overcrowding is common, and
few months, they make new friends, learn a new language, and gain amazing useful — it keeps us careful and helps us prepare. The key is to control fear houses are often weak and unsafe. Residents also face social challenges like lack
experiences. In the end, the risk was worth it, and it changed their life in a good instead of letting it control us. of education, health services, and job opportunities.
way. [Link] playing it safe ever be riskier than taking a chance? 3) How do informal settlements impact urban development and planning?
[Link] might some people avoid risk altogether? Yes. Sometimes, avoiding risk means missing out on growth or success. For Informal settlements make urban planning difficult. Cities may struggle to
Some people avoid risk because they are afraid of failure, pain, or losing example, if someone stays in a job they dislike because it’s “safe,” they might provide services like roads, schools, and hospitals in unplanned areas. These
something important. They may have had bad experiences in the past or were feel unhappy for years. Taking a new opportunity, even with risk, could lead to a settlements can grow quickly and without structure, causing traffic problems,
raised to value security and routine. Others might feel they don’t have the better life. In this way, not taking action can be a bigger risk. pollution, and land use issues. They also highlight inequality in housing and
resources to recover if something goes wrong. For these people, staying in a safe [Link] there certain areas in life (love, career, health) where risk is more resource distribution.
zone feels more comfortable. acceptable? 4) What are the health and safety risks associated with informal settlements?
[Link] role does risk play in innovation and entrepreneurship? Yes, people often accept more risk in areas that are personal and emotional — Living in informal settlements increases health risks due to poor sanitation, dirty
Risk is a key part of innovation and starting a business. Without taking risks, there like love or following a dream. In careers, people may change jobs or start water, and overcrowding. Diseases like cholera, tuberculosis, and COVID-19
would be no progress or new ideas. Entrepreneurs take risks when they create businesses. With health, however, most people prefer to avoid risk unless there’s spread more easily. Safety risks include fires, floods, and building collapses
something new, invest money, or launch a product that might not succeed. no choice. It all depends on the situation and how important the outcome is. because of weak construction and lack of planning
5) How can governments and NGOs help improve conditions in informal Languages become endangered when parents stop teaching them to their children. The short story “A Problem” was written by Anton Chekhov, a Russian writer
settlements? This often happens due to migration, modernization, war, discrimination, or known for his plays and short stories. He often explored human behavior, moral
Governments and NGOs can help by providing clean water, electricity, government policies that promote only one national language. dilemmas, and family relationships. In “A Problem”, Chekhov shows how a
sanitation, and waste services. They can also support education, healthcare, and [Link] do researchers determine whether a language is endangered? family deals with a young man’s mistake, raising questions about justice and
housing upgrades. Some NGOs work with communities to build safer homes and Researchers look at how many people speak the language, the average age of the responsibility.
improve roads. Legalizing land and offering affordable housing are long-term speakers, and whether children are learning it. If only older people use the
solutions. language and young people are switching to another, it’s considered endangered. 2. What is the predicted world population by 2100 according to the UN's
6) What are the main reasons people migrate to cities and end up in informal [Link] impact does the loss of a language have on culture and knowledge? worst-case scenario?
settlements? When a language disappears, unique traditions, stories, songs, and knowledge
People often move to cities hoping for better jobs, education, or healthcare. also disappear. Many Indigenous languages carry information about nature, According to the United Nations’ worst-case projection, the world population
However, when they arrive, they find that housing is expensive or unavailable. medicine, and history. Losing them means losing a part of human culture and may rise to over 15 billion by the year 2100. This rapid growth could lead to
With no other options, they settle in informal areas. Economic inequality, rural identity. major problems such as food and water shortages, pressure on health care and
poverty, and natural disasters also force people into cities. [Link] does globalization contribute to the endangerment of languages? education systems, and greater environmental damage.
7)How do informal settlements affect the environment? Globalization spreads popular languages like English, Chinese, or French through
Informal settlements can harm the environment. Because they are often built the internet, business, and media. This makes people stop using their native 3. How many people lack access to clean water today?
without planning, they may block natural water paths and cause flooding. Waste language because global languages offer more job or education opportunities.
More than 1 billion people around the world still do not have access to clean,
disposal is also a problem, leading to pollution of rivers and land. Deforestation [Link] what ways can modern technology help preserve endangered
safe drinking water. This means they use polluted water sources, which can
and land degradation can occur when people cut trees for building or cooking. languages?
cause illness and even death. It is a major issue in developing countries,
8) Can informal settlements be integrated into formal urban systems? Technology can help by recording native speakers, creating apps for language
especially in rural or overcrowded urban areas.
Yes, in many cases, informal settlements can be upgraded and integrated into the learning, and sharing audio or video materials. Websites and online dictionaries
formal system. This includes improving roads, water supply, sanitation, and also help younger people learn and use their heritage languages. 4. What diseases can rise due to the lack of clean water?
giving residents legal rights to the land. Integration helps improve living [Link] are some efforts being made to revitalize endangered languages?
conditions and allows cities to plan better. However, it requires funding, strong Some communities offer language classes, immersion programs, or school When people drink or use dirty water, it can lead to diseases such as:
policies, and community cooperation. lessons in their native language. Others record oral stories or develop children’s
9) What are some examples of successful upgrades or solutions for informal books and digital games. Governments and linguists sometimes support these • Cholera (a deadly diarrheal illness),
settlements? efforts with funding and research. • Dysentery (severe diarrhea with blood), and
Some cities, like Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) and Cape Town (South Africa), have [Link] does losing a language affect a community’s identity? • Diarrhea, which can be especially dangerous for children.
implemented “slum upgrading” programs. These include adding clean water, Language is closely connected to identity. When a community loses its language,
toilets, and electricity without evicting residents. In India, the “Jaga Mission” in people may feel disconnected from their roots, ancestors, and traditions. It can These diseases are often caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites in unsafe
Odisha gave land rights to slum dwellers. These projects show that with good lead to a loss of pride or cultural belonging. water.
planning, conditions can improve. [Link] are the consequences when younger generations stop learning a
10) Why is access to basic services limited in many informal settlements? language? 5. What do deforestation and mining cause in ecosystems?
Access is limited because these areas are not officially recognized by the If young people stop learning the language, it will not be passed down, and
government. Since they are unplanned, authorities often do not provide services. eventually, it will die out. This means future generations won’t understand old Deforestation (cutting down trees) and mining destroy natural habitats, which
Also, the high population density, poor road access, and lack of land ownership songs, names, or stories, and the community may lose part of its uniqueness. means animals and plants lose their homes. They also cause:
make it hard to install infrastructure like pipes or electricity lines. [Link] is it important to record and document languages before they
Unit:6 disappear? • Soil erosion (the ground becomes weak),
[Link] are so many of the world’s languages at risk of disappearing? Recording a language saves its sounds, grammar, and vocabulary. Even if the • Water pollution (chemicals enter rivers),
Many languages are disappearing because fewer people speak them, especially language dies out, future generations or researchers can still study it. This helps • Biodiversity loss (species disappear).
among younger generations. As people move to cities or use global languages protect human diversity and can even allow the language to be revived later. This weakens the ecosystem and harms the planet’s balance.
like English or Spanish, they stop speaking their native languages. Over time, this
causes the smaller languages to fade away. Unit 7 6. Which two countries are mentioned as investing in renewable energy?
[Link] are some common reasons a language becomes endangered? 1. Who wrote the text “A Problem”?

India and China are working hard to reduce pollution by investing in renewable An adjective + noun collocation is when a specific adjective naturally fits with a 18. Write two original sentences that include noun clauses.
energy sources like solar and wind power. For example, China is the largest noun in English. These word combinations sound “right” to native speakers
producer of solar panels, and India has built large solar farms to supply clean (e.g., strong coffee, not powerful coffee). 1. I believe that everyone deserves a second chance.
electricity to millions. 2. She doesn’t understand why he left so suddenly
12. Can we translate adjective + noun collocations directly from our
7. How many species does the WWF estimate we lose every year? language into English? Why or why not? 19. Turn the following question into a noun clause: Why is climate
change dangerous?
The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) estimates that the world loses around 10,000 No, we usually can’t translate them directly because collocations are different
species each year. That means plants and animals become extinct, mainly in each language. A phrase that sounds normal in Kazakh or Russian may Noun clause: I don’t understand why climate change is dangerous.
because of climate change, habitat destruction, pollution, and illegal hunting sound strange in English if translated word-for-word.
(poaching). 20. Complete the sentence with a noun clause: It is true that
13. Make a sentence using the collocation "serious effect."
8. What is the fertility rate in many countries compared to the It is true that technology is changing the way we live.
replacement level? Climate change has a serious effect on our environment.

The replacement level is 2.1 children per woman. In many developed countries, [Link] many people were in the world in 2011?
the fertility rate is lower than 2.1, meaning populations will slowly shrink over 14. What is the difference between these collocations: a large number, a In 2011, the world population reached 7 billion people, according to the United
time. For example, countries like Japan, Germany, and South Korea have very big number, and a huge number? Briefly explain. Nations.
low fertility rates, leading to aging populations. [Link] do people live longer now?
• A large number — commonly used in formal writing. People live longer today because of better healthcare, improved nutrition, cleaner
9. What percentage of food and energy is consumed by 20% of the • A big number — more informal and general. water, and advanced medical technology. Vaccines and treatments for many
population? • A huge number — emphasizes that the number is very large. diseases also help people stay healthier for longer.
[Link] clean water easy to find?
About 80% of the world’s food and energy is used by just 20% of the global Example: No, clean water is not easy to find in many parts of the world. Over 1 billion
population, mostly in wealthy countries. This shows an unfair distribution of people do not have access to safe drinking water, especially in poor or crowded
resources, where rich nations consume much more while poorer nations struggle • Formal: A large number of people attended the meeting. areas.
with shortages. • Informal: A big number of fans were at the concert. [Link] is a big problem with farming land?
• Emphasis: A huge number of animals are endangered. A big problem is that much farming land is being damaged or lost because of
10. Why is education important in reducing population growth? overuse, pollution, and climate change. This makes it harder to grow enough food
15. Give two original examples of sentences that include adjective + for everyone.
Education, especially for girls and women, helps reduce population growth noun collocations. [Link] the population grow more in the future?
because: Yes, the population is expected to keep growing, especially in developing
1. The new law had an immediate impact on the economy.
countries. Some estimates say it may reach 9 to 10 billion by 2050, and possibly
• Educated women marry later and have fewer children. 2. She gave me a clear explanation of the problem.
over 15 billion by 2100.
• They are more likely to use family planning and have access to [Link] is overpopulation?
healthcare. 16. What is a noun clause? Write a short definition.
Overpopulation happens when there are too many people in one area, and not
• They can work and support themselves financially, leading to enough resources like food, water, housing, and jobs to support them.
empowerment. A noun clause is a group of words that acts like a noun in a sentence. It often
starts with words like that, what, whether, why, how, if. [Link] is water important?
Water is essential for drinking, cooking, farming, and cleaning. Without clean
So, education gives people more choices and control over their lives,
17. Identify the noun clause in this sentence: I don’t know whether she water, people can get sick, and crops and animals cannot survive.
which leads to slower population growth
is coming or not. [Link] is the problem with energy today?
11. What is an adjective + noun collocation? Explain in your own words Much of the world’s energy comes from fossil fuels like coal and oil, which cause
“whether she is coming or not” is the noun clause. It acts as the object of the pollution and climate change. Also, energy is unequally shared—some countries
verb know. use much more than others.

[Link] does Marilyn Cratchley say about population? Each of the employees has their own desk. The Nile River is linked to Egypt, and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are linked to
Marilyn Cratchley says that the real issue is not just population numbers but how 1. What tense is used in the sentence: "Leading businesses must not spend Mesopotamia.
people use resources. It’s not how many people we have, but how fairly and too long admiring the view"?
wisely we live. Modal + Base Form (Future obligation or necessity). 3. Why were rivers so important to early civilisations?
11. What is the real problem, not population? 2. Change the sentence to the passive voice: "People become aware of the Rivers provided fresh water, fertile soil, food, and transportation. They supported farming
The real problem is overconsumption—using too many resources and need for change." and allowed cities to grow.
producing too much waste. A small part of the population (mostly in rich The need for change is become aware of by people.
countries) uses most of the world’s food and energy. 3. Insert a suitable modal verb: "Leaders ___ create a vision that inspires 4. What are the names of the rivers associated with Mesopotamia?
people to participate."
Unit 8 Leaders must create a vision that inspires people to participate. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
1. What tense is used in the sentence: "Leading businesses must 4. What tense and voice is used in the sentence: "The change becomes
not spend too long admiring the view"? embedded in the structure of the organisation"? 5. What does the name “Mesopotamia” mean?
• Answer: Modal + Base Form (i.e. must + spend) Present Simple, Passive Voice. “Mesopotamia” means “land between two rivers” in Greek.
• Explanation: This structure shows necessity or obligation in the present or future 5. Identify and correct the grammatical mistake in this sentence:
"Companies quickly find itself behind the times." 6. Was Mesopotamia a single unified country?
Modal + Base Form (Future obligation or necessity). Companies quickly find themselves behind the times.
6. What is the tense used in the sentence: "The team has been working on No, Mesopotamia was not a unified country. It was made up of many independent city-states.
2. Change the sentence to the passive voice: "People become aware of the the new strategy for weeks"?
need for change." Present Perfect Continuous. 7. Name at least two cultures included in ancient Mesopotamia
The need for change is become aware of by people. 7. Change this sentence to the passive voice: "The manager announces the
3. Insert a suitable modal verb: "Leaders ___ create a vision that inspires new policy every Monday." The Sumerians and the Babylonians.
people to participate." The new policy is announced by the manager every Monday.
Leaders must create a vision that inspires people to participate. 8. What did the floods of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers leave behind?
8. Insert a suitable modal verb: "Employees ___ follow the safety regulations
4. What tense and voice is used in the sentence: "The change becomes at all times." They left behind nutrient-rich silt, which made the land very fertile forfarming.
embedded in the structure of the organisation"? Employees must follow the safety regulations at all times.
Present Simple, Passive Voice. 9. What tense and voice is used in the sentence: "The report was being 9. Why were the rivers a source of fish and birds?
5. Identify and correct the grammatical mistake in this sentence: prepared by the assistant"?
"Companies quickly find itself behind the times." Past Continuous, Passive Voice. Because the rivers supported wetlands and ecosystems that were full of wildlife like fish and
Companies quickly find themselves behind the times. 10. Identify and correct the grammatical error in the sentence: "Each of the birds.
6. What is the tense used in the sentence: "The team has been working on employees have their own desk."
the new strategy for weeks"? 10. What was the impact of river trade routes on Mesopotamia?
Each of the employees has their own desk.
Present Perfect Continuous.
7. Change this sentence to the passive voice: "The manager announces the River trade routes allowed goods and ideas to travel, helping Mesopotamian cities become
Unit 9 rich and powerful.
new policy every Monday."
The new policy is announced by the manager every Monday. 1. What are some of the innovations mentioned that were crucial to early 11. How did irrigation contribute to the growth of Mesopotamian cities?
8. Insert a suitable modal verb: "Employees ___ follow the safety regulations human societies?
at all times." Irrigation allowed farming to expand, supporting larger populations and helping cities
Employees must follow the safety regulations at all times. Innovations like irrigation, domestication of animals, farming, writing, and laws were crucial develop and grow.
9. What tense and voice is used in the sentence: "The report was being for the development of early societies.
prepared by the assistant"? 12. Why might it be significant that writing and laws developed in
Past Continuous, Passive Voice. 2. Which rivers are linked to the early civilisations in Egypt and Mesopotamia after irrigation?
10. Identify and correct the grammatical error in the sentence: "Each of the Mesopotamia?
As societies grew through farming, they needed ways to keep records and organize laws, so
employees have their own desk." writing became essential.