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Digital Electronics

The document discusses various digital logic components and arithmetic operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of binary numbers. It covers the implementation of these operations using different types of adders and their efficiencies in computational systems. Additionally, it touches on the significance of binary complements and the design of arithmetic logic units (ALUs) in CPUs.

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15 views32 pages

Digital Electronics

The document discusses various digital logic components and arithmetic operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of binary numbers. It covers the implementation of these operations using different types of adders and their efficiencies in computational systems. Additionally, it touches on the significance of binary complements and the design of arithmetic logic units (ALUs) in CPUs.

Uploaded by

Jyoti
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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The fut addev us embleyed de add Saree Ae be mumbext (lonigey che Ope ee, B,C) and Qererater FFE ojp as Sum 4 Caray f E sum fu B Apper @ scanned with OKEN Scanner jet tale Sums Bact Asc tA BC AOBAC Cony = A8&+Bc+CA BERBCTOR — : The Subfactor us one the 4ypes of the ‘ mbinakiona) cavittinette okt generates aw ; > shiek. us the Aubehiadbian two bin } ‘Murpbelic. “Throng P ey Hav Sumrpcoe — Re TR He umadle tho to binatti smbi national bi. Akt uritended ate peuform ct Autkhe don of Ho il ee TS @ scanned with OKEN Scanner — Olt ee EE ee ee fe Subbiocdor Ckt Witk QiJp Lewdabla 01 A and B clisplaye tive o}ps be, Biffouence y Borrow. The Block are fa Holt Subbodtor vis - Aifgorence - Ae +A Peon bi @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ten) two bits , ome us vminuend word tre Aubtrabend, takrag Lint Oetount thy borrow of vadjicent lower cralrucnd bit, The fw sublitler kt uimdludes three Ui |b Yourbla vind & ofp Uoablet. The 3 alps; Consider 8 A,B wand Bins The Bolps ,D And Bout, eutline te difference vard output borrew , Uteapectvely @ scanned with OKEN Scanner “Difference ie ABB, 4 BBB+ nage mt A BBing Borrow Bam + Bp + AR oy a, : BLD Arr mere 5 - Bop (Birasuy -(oded dectrrad) ds A_S__ SD. nuvi Supsurchasion Usk Wel Un distal austere to encod 4 7 oe deci-rond Nuun bests Bed Ales fpr diveet coriseusion ebimenn birany ecivnal) Utepserentitiions , 1 Poking Ot particdatly usehf For abpiications dhat Umnuelue ass thimetic obesitions Ov dedima) numbexs. * Dre trudal Combonent un Sep dbhwebic ua tre Bed Addy, 0 Grudt that bevforrs Addition Ofexattions on BCD soumbos. Apprtion Or Ainery Numpers-the addition & two bina, numbers cis performed Un exackid. dike 9g Ante Seen cts addition ag decal Murbbakes. oy Loses don Occurs un adding the tive cig) ogy te” et Se Oto = O /+o0 =] ot? | 14120 with Gry | i4itle | With Guy / Joo! fees: ei? ae) y Od / 0: 110 1h +/12 ee) IL / NM a aC? wet CO @ scanned with OKEN Scanner , : When | us borrowed [op hed as Pye fa) "0 Jo ata olo $ Subctracton of Bary onumnbett using Comp M ethed The Is Combliment cand te D's Lomplement oho Ureportact because they poventt ctx & negative numba. The method of 2's - voxithmettc us Used cin Compatey cto restive numbers. ‘ nh af asthe I's Loraptment farm of any umber Us Obtained sStenply fay change Um ta number toa | wand ea | tb a ¥. word, Change. each each bX tp its exit. For example ~ Go le A / j Is Cornploment " ! 1 ‘ Mumbo Over, ¥ @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 3s _lornblement the ac Lomptement prin i a | : umbesy ut formed Ary by “ot the 1 Comb ment Of tre mumbo cand addine | $q ch = east Aignitiant bit positron g \ Os lomntarnen! + (is lomnblsment +)) 10/1o0010 O/00}10) 1s Cornpt +1 : df find Ho} 00-1 0000 usieg IE Complement ) }olo + O11) 11 2's Grphmert of Joo oo Ge I- when og J 0! 00! F gerensla TH Line nd-Aie ve) Glo /o Pes pre 4 rd [000 — lo]o using 1 Lerplement rethed [D000 400 /0! je 10121 5s Coropternentt mo. ua -Ve- Spi o. jp fred lo lo— |oo00 veg A's loroptement rete . i} | ote a) ee | 0000 (als tom plument 6, |pooe) — discauded. —34010/0 a @ scanned with OKEN Scanner a von wer _ uv vu Find /o000 - |Jolo tating J's lomblementt il } 0000 hot o o}lo — @L lorobtement 4 |lolo To/10 Ns i's Cornptement bumett 407 0] Oo “Co Mourtpucarront OF Binepy Nuraper The Numbers dna multibliaton aus vultipcand , thie mubbpliey And die puocdush These, ane — Dxo=0 @ = mulfbiand xl > AB = mubhbirey JX 0+0 24 — Produd iy! > ee joo Dato Z eae (/20)x (010.)*(D/ 000) 1000 Ooo 00 Oloc°o Aivision Or Bisery Nurpere the nurmbeut oy division Axe tke dividend , tre diviwy wand die tien} Dividend : Mt Dividend - Bustiers — Examble oto — : st pale [oo }/ 010 go / 3107 eo Joo fo ipcoo 00/00 00/0 oO o rr 0° @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ae Ae. EEE Cprry Look- Atteap poke A Bigitel Lorbutery sy dia a ee must orton this Ushi tan before 0btienéhe opewstont Suchas Addition, Aubtiaction ; MmULHbU tation vand Dirvsuton Arnon Yree Addition vond dublraition ore Hat baste © hexation Wwheneat muthbUtalion and disitlon one thy Webedted AO d&iKon fF dubbidtion eapettivelsy : “To bevform -Hnese thertlions ‘Addex (4 a Umblomernted a basic dope. gates Adder Otc awe, Sorlued Oe tall - added, Full-addey, Ri pote Cay, Pde, Y wand Cony, Lock- ahead Addesy. Arrong Hree Gaty look-ahead Addew ch tes 4yster adder wert. oF wreducet dim btobasition delay Which Oto dusing Addition, by Listes “more lemblew | Now dwaste, a. ha designed by Xforenisn } Om vdpple- Gay Laddey Akt Auch that OG | logic of tha addy Us Changed ute 3 level Legre 4 Bir Crrey look Axttan Avrer— Sw forall adlews, Gory op of cade ful adder ds given aa a Laney C|p te te meck higrey~ onder date Hence rthese addons Jt de root Tpasibte, to fpaluce Gay Ord CY E any Nice BE co carly Up de avai & dat Mad. fe fo by - Abper. YB Rireuc CARRY E i @ scanned with OKEN Scanner | Gonddoy tre Ubi ele ay tae, oe erating ct Moors +H Ife Aa ody ea put Gary 63 Govt be Compatid ustil dro Be Ga th abe Whevent G. depends on“ Spt rt iy a wal me sai bof trough. wa the ydtodtis This uincveate doa sory fib dao HO. Crwir “Daaram - Poa ty hoy 4 Gy \ J e 2 | nats — | pagation delay Gs Heduced: i ony olb Soe Adfoge uc “dependent only @ scanned with OKEN Scanner On thi Unital ear bit of die begenin stat Useng dre addesy, it od Poscibl ts amlentatn tte Guan medias oeaults. This addew ids sta fastest Acddoxy Used for Computation . s —~ oa CpERIAL Hore) °° A Svdial Sma, addee da a Cordbinattena) Logie tite dt Lerfoems Qa addition vf tivo bremy mumbeue dn Aviad dren. Sea : > Soil bin Addey berforms bit by pit ddsbon. Tivo sah mt 1 bergen A, murdbhig loiegecleut Ou ured te Dive “ie Limo, munrbuce that dua “sed ds lave tou bana. numbers dou to be added. fr dingte full ade ui ~ used de add ome pair of bys at a Ulmer aleng Ut We Cary + a The Bay o}p from he full addew ua apptied to a le “D=4h ete ofp ts used cha Cary for “et ASigridicarit bYs- The rou Bit from tra |p Of Se ceiden tan be Aransfered wre @ Bird shige Uregicten Bioce “Dingnanh De SERIAL “Bospry Aoper - @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ce) > | The dwo adhigt vigpster A cand Bou, used ; slave to Slates tte be added. : Fe p" addey us Led ites add ore : op ba ak o dime roy With th Lamy, “the Conte ef 2 Ahi cient shyt fo dle ight Land atheir OP wtestin AFb du fed ciate o Mingle. ful) oddev all Ct othe % the Gwe a § enen ae pulse. J Fi ae Step U- The Sum i of, the futt addev at ed te ‘mest Aigni cant bet 06 tho atu suegicten, Step - The lontent ef xum septa ub alse Shifted ts | sugnt When pulse ds applied. Clock putse De Addrton 8) Gets one Di Logie: Var 2 re Bice be & he PS. 4 digital Ckt cba fuovldes er, as Or Ge the fos rey f) eal process) unl unt of Lompitan A. im CPU pia Loy piu g ote x tin a? Mm adetotion de ALY moder @ CU (Combe! Unt) vend o set fb wet] @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner lost cthe operations ae Peitforrned hy a ery Rich load date prem ure Y/p meget é f tos au a small drmount Mlavege dvelable ct tha CEU: Thee Jeagislen tan be. acce%sed + Th Cu deus ALU What operation ato pew mon tte awalable date: Apts) Galeulstion froaripultior das Ao ocleres the ofp tm an o|p oteg ithe OJP Device Cpu e CPU tan be Aivided am hwo decbiont = ’ co 2. Goabiof Section. bate Seat 7 Be at fatn. “The a “ rt cheno Urat Kfeus + aan Ga 0 (orernbanicalion a bho “abies Unside a ALoraput ey, oF \eltesn Comdpatens Tipe }. Qddwers Bus- 8. Pato Bus. 5. (oastef Bur. feos leu — frepisfou One voix set cCompitey “rnemops) fing te cxecite prioneme F opuittions epycmty. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Operate 0-2 and fe | o. fet ws Xtwet sith cand fuodtioo, Jee us mew dd OT functor Arum of furdtions av porfyrrned Grteinaliy bith 07 one raat, ere for mee of ALY: "tf Bab ALU us built out of 32 Uderta) (it ALUE, > Poputar Masi CHips Y4s\— Mepiun Stave Daregr enon - rari Vediumn —S¢ale guiteqvalion (msi) uso Seve Fe tin elechoritc kh design, Whee “a me Torah bean fom a pe ten eo ye . OHO umnteg rt unt a. Ainge Chip Msi paved the for veoee. Ceeptex, -2nd (pact dercr dr 1960, and Irfos by anh Lowpooes Auch as gatey fhe nd 4 me / This OR abe ie Unareved Cosh = fiien decreased Vige tind enhanced durchowaltty im eons devices - msi Cixudts ae, yoove a hanalle bud less Than gata. jo lex: Han o hs mogsh Usidely. Used Probably OE 4428 , uit adden. | id be Wied JO Bourd 6 Lit opewalont - or porenduther device. S00 wcorepomerst loo Several of, theen tod perforce Bae, [6 bit oT Oe ae tex inti Waiter val groitay oH 14 4 cr33 Ahow me Ms ompl sity, - @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ——<<_- - -'..-.- 1 tre 7 418) bite sli sitet ae Puls ON os mi a Aivhle, Yhit adder and Unit, MB Wa setup f torre AU th thioditora) Add | subtioet | cdoewm Re oy Usitind hoyy 04 Colas Pop] MPury » nd Mp, ke cticy JU 28R, UH Cotte be gorgeo! dogetnas te ‘ rk Wit Vedeus (ward length “This Chip was Usted dn tie Gre 4m rt Auch Comporert |lompufety as the PpP-l1 andVAr the © GALIEVE and GAaLr2Vlo Cotte as MS) wand tree que. Corsi nly be Cong unedd writs behaving Ubhe an ALU- Oveigrrred Gare ae mo lenge made and kotd , but Lornpecti ble. hips é btiey ete ae dhe Uthat da Wed do lombawe bana digits. Ue Hy dagic Cirturt used a m Ryéteins ck Grmopasve, ales of, a5 ip A digital eComnpardtes waa be bu lt ea only Stendoid 0% Basic. (ogc. que ie AWD, og’ and YoT Gates. The digital — Corhasitir Concdudtey thse UB able fe darn e cha . sent And Uk | i> site gon) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner —Aleates dd et gitsl aes Oe “Clase fied hele, Unite tha fon et \) Baden tik Bh lige i Je Bao ” , Fs 4 7 4 op High A4B 2 bly Unto nro lh A Mognidude Megrsede Corot A=Bs so 6 ah Uy hy ~ A>B=) Wp 243 oo : d)p 27 AsB 3 ri Bh ae SNe Creo 0 Atel Cornpauator — PY a No hada X= AB—A Co opanatorns Gn Various ¥ There ore & type. of of Patty pt oe pasty Bit ber enectatad - ven Gereiata an even paty bt chine ee Acnerator Paes. 2 Zon edd potty Pyitpnrdtic dogs & phos . oa a on potty geressts — ) ta Urmblument Gn even geresater any ib WY TY geneatet san even, Sf) Odd mee of one potent as padty bit P shoud be'l? do that the wd Comttaine even mo: of one. for ekrey ip, even, pasty bit, P shout be 0. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner p= Wx'y 4 Wlay'r erly! + }axy ape WOx'yaxy!) + iry'pxy) =>pP WOXOY) + WCx Oy)! h@x@y a act cer This thi tonasts of & exclusive -OR galis hasieg @ ips each. Ret X-oR gate hawt ile WAX ard Yotoduces on put bat WO@X. This |p Us Gren 04 one ip Geermd x-OR gate. The OUher Clb of, aide odd palty bit P_ yaheutd be” ia Crt adhows Ex-08 gate dn fet Jevel and €x-NoR Adz um eeond Bo. ai odd pasty pat Oppasite dt even Poles | We Can Place, an doveltey PF tose genexaloe - Sorthit Gie, fer levels Fa an ScoR Fol §m each evel a Bsid level tomstsy of, an mnveitay @ scanned with OKEN Scanner (_ ‘Thewe Ose @ type ero a ss “ype d posity has te be ed ayy veheekoy ehecks Ore Um Aa Ywritted dab , tonkins ‘masage bits along. Lith cown pasty ila dd pave, ALhetke! hetks Gur on a) ‘ ited dats which Corrams ‘message bits Olay Wit odd fy Ever fesity Checker) - Assume 0 Sbét birnasy ip, Us UkGnemitted dleng Usith an, even paiity bit, P_ So, dra Uteruttant Word dats Cortains bits , Lobi WIN be GHeesived as Be Up of even parity -Checkes. Te generate On ever pose heck bit , E-This vi be Zeno aah ie Heedived dats Contains tru mbev cf ones. That wmeane, Ahixe us No Hetdved data. This een poxity Cheek bit me, Uf the weerved dats Containe vanodd ones. That meane thee u2an enor Ov Boo e200 —-0 eae mA =p 0100 Ol|ol O ‘0110 ° oll l [000 I Be fimo! oO 1 0/0 P @ scanned with OKEN Scanner —— oe ; Jol! ) loo oO (lol \ jlo | il 0 € = WOYOXO P Dad Rusty Checker fissume a SBE c|puxy th Wwarshitted along With odd pasty bit P [Link] the Utatuttont word alts Confit Ubitr, Which Will Pe Vteesived 0s dhe tb odd bardty hekan Dt geroiatin an 0 dd pully Cheek ATE Tab Yau be gon, uf te seedved dats Combine an od! ne e of one. That rreont tho Ua NO ewior um the seetved data . This odd dpneek bit WU be one, Ub te Utetaived dats Contant Quen muMbeH of ones. That yreans i in tre ulecdved dal anti @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Bde pores” one Tybe E BEd, onatrey «Tere OMY eiggeret tates Skea pop ode, Arey Code , exter ® to a tte Bep cfode Comettey - By wep ode, O45 9 rmunbou vupuusert at oy Ge ara mumbou -Areve lo, LSB tg Fy dis eylvalant bivoy 1 vali Jupuscrted by thor br mumbo’ - desral ho. i supusettedl Lond MsB ofa desta) no: us Splvaleot ont mur bas For exambu- BcD Gade of 12 os PSB Ms8 | 2 oo] bolo Coxe for [2, Ps Joelo. BCP opp. IP oe, a B, B, 8 Dy Dz Dr Di Po poo «O Die aoe i B 70 Oo © 7 ). aaa BO fo. 2 2 Sao !-0 Dig 0. | | F Do . | 0 0 b oo y ofo 0 Bo i). O71 c ba 0 7 Do 10 7 De gl 3° Z ay > ia) fa) 9 ; pe 0 0° OD po 0 te ce Pig) 0 20 y 1 pap FamOueap D 7D 23 fae (2 fed eee Heo os) 5) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner 10° fol oO ie le i] Dy? Bro (10) 1)2) 13, 1H 1S) ‘ db? 20/9), Do 2 Sm( 48/6, #14, 10) | D = Zw 2) 3/4,12, 13) pe Fm ChB 799,11, 1915). Bop te excess—3 Code Commetor - ; U bit Bop fode ti Considened os tlp | which us — forveited rite U bH Excss-3 kode. Since Uprt us Comsidered for BLD Cote, ThE olp ie puoduerd only dhe U\ps from 0 te 4. 4 a Exceu-2 Cede A/p Code \| ps - De ab, > €, €& & ° a mie ee. Og 0 V1 ! Apap 02! o 10° a (oe) (2) 1 gO ‘O , ol 3 ior © big do 110 Y go j oil! é- Det 2° | 0 00 Divi vc ; 0.0! bia” }o 10 (age ee po Ul oh. ! ; 20 / 32 Sn (S/6/7,8)9) €.> Sn (1)2)3/ 49) £2 Seal 0)3MA8) E07 Sr Cody 46,8) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner OO LMDMUMhUhlh) hl Bop Te Grey Cope (onveRFERS - Bop Code has only y pits, a total) of 4 Bee gis hg been utonsicleredl . The off> unpue dictable for otvey i/> Bep Code tp Gray lode 0/0 Da PD) De 4, Gs G4 ° 0000 p19 2.0 1 oo°0 !} D0?) 2 pp wl Jo ool] 2 oo!) #30,71,.0 is 0100 pg lo 5 ol Oo] DO J) 6 ©?!10 o Jol 7 Dydd do lov g }o 00 1 loo ie jao0! } 10} To Excess-3 Code Convert - Lode ts fontidaved 08 an &|p whic Up excess -2 Cede as the op -cStmce othe o Lomsidesied for enress-3 Lode, dra nase mung Vote ofp WA be “IN 1}? Hen ugts 2 no, ase sidexued for ths -tonveusion, @ scanned with OKEN Scanner wii - 1 Birnasty Code. Gray (ode ©0086 Co be, Bs Bs. By Bo Gy 4 Go Babe. 0000 Ea Ool] a 00! Obl! Oho oF ons 0 0/0 Aa i o Ol! Ollo O}10 Dloo By oats o lo) 0 lo! f Oe im if pool Dick al Bie J o/o ]0 00 tau? J adj (ae eY [191 J] 0D fo / Olo Per] p10] ") HD es) /lf0 J 110 PRES. lolo gilt ih a lombivationad igre entodey ed geneatis a det of op sym only ea yapsuserts tre Nehest 4+ wh Usid Used Ur purposes, Omnclude bn Levatrraf 2229 na) A psiort kts bile ale a Une ~ jority u/p amore dig gs fr nes addrrens decoding dats Coe ar eresation - \ @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ~ . Baiority entodous assign a Npecific. to coer 1p Une When rmubbipte Up Urs ase Bian ously | otk pasion ento des produces o]b vtode tovrerbonding to the 7] Uw 5 Thee et poetori For Unstance fury a Yoto-2 Pisowrby E Encode sith Tp Limes 6) 8/6 2D Who. fr har cma ighat fartor) ‘ond D> th lotwast, uf both AEC axe Loalive othi encodey WU Gerrseila” Bia lat? for A Betority encoders Lome Yr Various iz, depending on tke mumbeus of ip x o/ps Gna. Commonly used pitor'ty encoders ae U-t 9 8b 3, ee «oe ena an m to vn pudiori enlodew! 1 Ub Umer cand m o}p Umes With 3"m Sn, rdvoninjes — \: Reduztian OM Combe rei & Elpacat Badority Hondting ). Later a. Eee on Up Radowiher , @ scanned with OKEN Scanner pA Priority Entede’y — | ; A Admipte Unto 2 prong entodey lithe lp dines A8;c) PD Where A ar ds hyterr pao And Pare (otwest- The ofp Vines te YI F Yo: The purowtty encedloy stan be Aeigned Wing dhe loge epalions * Vi = AtB'Cetp) Yo = A+B eI These eycationy Can be Uroblemented Wing a Somboratiion ef AN, oR x Not Aato For exarcic A aati Usto-2. podovity enteden Can be onstrated Ha Q OR giles, ore And. gate fa Nev Gate ’ ' Boelean dundion sornpufaber iene. of tre baat of Sigal Eheabamies, Ts Ot voted ut tho Gltd the Tabulation artic eve toy ‘Useful Lond ctombenient method apt ges f dik, Boolean ee +r Lavege. mnumbey of bed This meted Us useful Boe KernapUeher de re &f Vssabler La lager fos which K-rnap formation wa Bi picutt 4 ali pufies becfean expuassion Unto he , ieapigved Pr Late bsutene dmpiants @ scanned with OKEN Scanner Ga convenient cho Airptify boolean. ore ctran UY i|p Lawables } Prange the ger aminstiume voccordiny to the Number o ones pHaent ur Ahare Piniyy Hiputertatig Wy aacending ardey. 8. Toke dre “mivtaiws from thy Lontmueus gn uf Gi I-bet Change. de “make dae pat. 2 Whee thew ia bt Change Ha Heneadning bis thi ame. G3 Until we ge AU psaroe. ropli are uembbcant daole- dat Lonsists of e Umber og ows ard ata Fo penises az telumn. inc rn cre ances eadh pare Umpbast. J dhsesve da able, Of the py | ime UmMbtiant chin GF py an assent Jo puirve Cro plvcant. & fod tke essential) fume am biads do te impifed poetean sfordien. Ushich at covered ‘ @ scanned with OKEN Scanner -XAM PU — OS Pesan mettre rac F CABG) = Sno, 1,3, 4,89 tr) ee ABCD sie Des) | Greer oD Minter | Veriaptr/ ¥ 0000 0 QP gov od \ 0 00| | E ]s| 0001) Bey 01! 8 pelo? B Dan! ” ay ool i Joo & | 000 3 , eB | p43 1 ay 1203021 mh {7044 15 aa ' rer 3 cer (are | See 0 18,9 \-o0- O89 [F0°0- 1 | \a,a4 — \913)1) =e) 3 = ool | BD : fo0= --V 19 a 3,418 § ei alt asy— oY 34 a aii = oly cP. it 1o-l a EBC 6,119 BD 13,9) cD By IS @ scanned with OKEN Scanner ECt tp oP is @ scanned with OKEN Scanner

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