Chemisty - T

Solutons
A soluion ie homegeneows
moe re chemially mheactng sibtems
whose Compositon be vaied wittin)
a centin mit
y homogeneous minte mean hat

the Cmposihon and prupereskoegemeo

prup
Hnsheut he mintre " Sueh homegeneous
mes e soluto

" Inhomagen intu l h e pesdes

to
in diametei an the
the dikeredcottuents
hes mitne Can n t b e seperated, by
phyice methods ke filtetim,
setling
A sdtoncontiing ondy one solute disolved
in bolvent
ald Binang oluton
when consttents n aitsolutn
th enicaled tenany solution
when contueds in foun
then queteny soatjo

+ Solvent k= Solutun

P in nelativey mal prapotioa

sowent. that
present n el atey lage
propoion the soluton and it's phyicl
Stete sme that st the
 " Impotanee o solti ons The w a peunhuay
sohtion
Cmposion. depends upn sbs

(i)Brs a humogeneows minhne Coppn

Zinc 93

(à) nenman silven s a hemegemeous minthn

Coppen, zinc amol nickel.
(m) Bnon ze
andl n. o hemegens mite coppen
! pond pen mlhonpant (I ppri) ot fuoride sns
in watrevenhoth
2 e teth bto beme' decay JS ppmnCawes
mottled(coleued) an
sAnghen concendretn anbesed es pjsen.
eyat kill sodivm fude.
(v) Soution h inenavenos injechoni shald haue
locHhe ene sjonic j ancentratn Hhat
blovdlplsm3
*Ty pes of Solutions A soluton Con he sobo,
Liguid js depending on

Solute Solvent Type of So Exampes

Aloys 22 Caat

(> Liquid soid Liguid in soGl Hyrated Sads

Sod has n Soll Dissolved

(3)
Chas
H, ineo
in

Ligvid Salt +wat

Glvcose + w n
Suyjost wetes
 Solvte Solvent Type of Son Examples
Methand
(s) Liquid Liguid ethan in wates

has Liguid has in Ligurd Aeraded dines

0, jn watey

() Solid
Loeine vepous sn

Lrgýd in has Humidity in ajr

Chlooofurm mine
th gas
has
as jn has Aiy (0, +N)

Amangst the he peo s solms, the

tudied
) Sdid- iqd sotions +A mall amount
ioicsolids) cisolved in
a olvent
dange guentty
". y the amein o olvend lange
Compared to heoute the
ekkerelto as a dslute [Link]
Solution in wates Caled aveos Soluton
anel the solutin whth wateris
not the olvent arecalle nn-gueous
Solution. The solventsh nnaqueos
souton wsaly Bemzene, ether,
Conbon tetrah eti

601klo
 when a sobel solde i added Lontinuouy
to a qvd olvent, the Solule koeps on
Oned he Con centroti

i called dssoluton.
A slage when solojeiso ves at
4given tempee cnd the oluk potdes
keep on eolliding on the sunfae ot soel
a Solute pantdey n gt separated out
o the soluton Thi prceu is known
(as ytllisaton
No solute i dissolred
'ssohed becawue the
hete Aissolutiom becmes eg ual to
eahed
yramie
eA uili brium
Solute t Solvent Soluton by
Solwon
TheiSolutn tth stege sad tot
be Sahuneed Souiatp
’ A Solotion serel to be
be Satued soutn
holds Hhe maimmn ame
soute atagiven temperatune in
ghven quandiby the souhon.
+ An nsaturated soutin is ne
mse Cans be
selute dissoed at the
hametemperhne
may be defined he
m amount os soili that can be
dissolved in I00 Jram oh solvent at
speuified tempeahe.
 the solubilty e
Sotid Lgwidiv
(i) Inter -ionde atratim ih the sote molecules
held togethen n t h e lattice de
to elechostete fort es thee fortes
motecole Atebiise and the e g
released Caled latte ene
" Late 3-D ananjement
s3-D o idemtical
points inthe spae wtich cpresent how
the cottent partdes (atom, io moleules)
ananged
Latiee enesy datined i cus the emeg
xelease 1 9ram inole of the
Compoundis jumed deto electro stete
attraetion beteen the jons

Intes -molecu lan attraction betven'sovent

molecules'
waten a, polen
poar solvent because t the
in electroNgatvity betueen hydrgn
and atms constttng
eniatms. watky moletes
This durene to the developmet
gves ise
o a stght iegatve change er
cjual poshe hage im ggen.4
hydngen Aoipde
coeatel

ottraton behwem waksmoleules

io45
H

wetr molecule 0 l
(Polar)

Diss oluton sf an jone Compond

Lke Nad in aa polo soled Ho)
 hemetined hatwateni 'the
bost Solvent Chaving hghest dielectye
chaving
Consteoar mmoNa gd ydg
uqid sul phun dioide
Solvents fsioric compound.
Common at y mie soule in water (5.3 me
Utse).
Pen btre) than Sugan (3'8 mes pen Ge).
’ for non-polar compounds biny isolved in
non- polaY Solvents the sclbity i due to andsolvent solvent
bimilan soute sote
'n terac hon

beween solute and Solvet moleules If the

thenthe enenggxeleaed
Solvent 1wetr
i8 calUed hydra emengg (enengaenod

’ 14 ydraton enegg lotce emng, hen

Solsthon easly tsmed. Both the
to oerLome he
the solte ge hydated
.ssaice the solute.

(i) Tempesatuve On the hara ektet

Aemperare Sslubiltyn luates the
Vaiws subtanes died ito
tee atego ies
whose s c i t creases Contny
with jncrere
for enample - Navg, KNO, Nal, kee.
(al)
Theseason fus thi behai
 Cse uch sibatonees, the proces
Aissoluon enlothene
Solute olvend + Heat soluton.
Aplying lu chateies poiniple , the tem perehn
is incseaed, equilbium sl11 shkif! n a dreetion
in whih the heat
heat iyi abso bed, ise n the
fos wend irec hon; Lonieqventy the solute
payses the Solution
(b) Those
with
whose aebity decrcases conduay
fox exam ple: Cesium sulhate, Cium Canbonate
sdm canbonte monayrate (Na, ca, H,o e.
The easn is that the proces s disolotion
these ubtances
accompani ed by evoluon s head
Those ancesuthose Salubiluty does not
bs tanhces
dectane conhmuoty
Thene anesome ibtancesihich
pauhcular tenpentm fyom
heahg
change a

Polymphjc fos m to otherke d4to p-fon

4 ammoium ithate) or frm
ene
hyduted fom to another ( Gacd,-s,0 ’Ged,4n,0)
oy from hydited ho ahydrs fom (Na, se, 1o),0-’
Na,so4)
’ The te One

the substence hangesjnt another i

Caled tronsihn temperatur
Abuve 31-4'c,
Na, su10h,u Selrw 314'c Nasy
 Solubibty hen
ploted ogaint tempentnes, the imes
obte'ned Called soubshy Cuoves

200 280
KNO3
100
WATER) 160 WATER) 240
NH NO
140 200
OF
OF

(100 100 (gH0 7

sOLUBI TY SOLUBI TY
9 120 g
160

NaNO CaCh2H20
80 10a 120
CaCl24H20
60
KCI 80
CaCl.8H20
40
Nazs04.10H20 Nazs04
NaCl
20 40
20 40 60 80 100 O 20 40 60 80 100
TEMPERATURE CC Entte3240'c TEMPERATURÉ(O
0) Continuous solubltý curves () Discontinuous sotubillty curvoa

Solubility curves

(a) iqd- Lqie solutons: when tuo tuo quics

ined, three difenent situaon eces;
<o misable UquidThe [Link] ahe
Corpletelyi holbe Thy ane misúble oywhen
ssot they
Same
hane, iilan
Berjes
bolong to

Lwetes Alcol (bot poar)

Bemzene t tolvene (bofh belong to Sre) Sei

Theoe i a ule'
Lke, dissolves Gke'-pdan luk. s l e
jn polas Solvet andinon- poar s t e
soble n non
b) paotaly misoble uguids Tis happems my
hen he 'in tex moleeuer frces k ne
liguid than that tthe othey
"Solobilty haene
temperune
Example Aine waty phen-watey
(c> Tmmiscble igvd pasiTuo
Lomponemts an
Completely ymmscible: Thi, happems when one
polar and the other
n-poar
Cuamp' Chlnfom wt,
Canbn haclosde wte
(3) has Gqtd sdutm: Cnases
Crases are gerenay
Solvble ate ennd t a Gme extet
3n othes solvents tn
sdubbt. houevcy depens
fachg.o

jennally oluble jn Com mm Solvents.

Example hases uke, a , Ha, NH, ete
soluble n wts beca
the Solvemd.
Cgoses ke
wetern

me Soluble Sn thy
and
same tempe satuse.
'me o e înwey
than ethy alcoi.
()) Natne i
easiby frm
3n Lieter than 'in oyher slvents
Tn fometn m then'sovents s
not an

(a4)

(5) Tempnehe: The soubibty. gs

decsease th
uith ncoeare in knperahe
ot the Bolum.
The dsselutm a ge, in a lquid s
an enothesmjc pro tess i;e panied

+ Solvemt o l u tHeat

Appy'ny le- chateies's priniple , its etdet

that imcoeese ott tempenetre wold hilt
the egui bivm in the backusd dieet,
i;e, thesolubitywold decoeasehot ý

Sobj
’
me panngy
bodule geres,, h s hyd and inent
in coeaes shghty
tempenae epecialy jn the non- ag vos
bolvents hydno canbons aleohs
amd aetne
imporand fachr abthg
the solw bity &
Jots nd by Memy's law
 * Henty's la:

haseeus
phase at
Pressuse, e
temp. T
Soluion
phese
(a)tt

solohon a gasin a qud, Considey

a systm sha in (a)
the
Surpuse
rate
in dynamic equibium
mea
and
learing out the lutn is same ruthich
meanb

Nain coeane the

a hn in fauye prese oeinthe System
Compresed a
(b)The
Smleylume
As gets
eHence
thetimwnbers
Umt olume
aseospeotdes
incoeas . As a reult, Hhe
umbe
peshde stiking the
anl
0nto tt aiinceases heme emte
a

is seetabished.
Thus,on increeny the
Presu d the
the soubiy
Quantitativey the
hdublity a as in aquel wes stuled
by Meny (in 1SU3) amd is caled Hemys leuw.
 Hensy's law ’ The mas a
a gren ot the uguid at contant
volume
temperare s propottronal
propot huna to the
eqviibtum with the iguid.
the ges present
mo p

may as be stated cy:

Henry's la
’ The solubilihy
Solubiiy agas in a iguid at
tempeatie is disetty
pashcula
Prupoional to the presue o the ges
in equibium with the qud at th
temperate
Dalton dning he seme penoel had coneudeJ
independenly that t mintune bg
a minte
ane bimltomeody in equ brium tk the
Lgudat a pevhwley temperate, the
solobsby prposh'nal tto hehe parsad
directy
inthe mite

(X:Ks (3)

Thi can a w

Memys cowtad.
 atma han kber
hane dibtend vae
functsm natue thgs
he
solubibty Hhe
The vale ky ine
ku hceases
tempenar implyiy Hat Hhe kity
deceeses with nce
tHe Same
presue.
tempenahe ad
t hi that
eantha aguate speeies
tel m

o, dssoled more than in war water

les).

only hem
T6 hot tou hygh and emperet

Aas shed nt undeng any denial hae

hot
dissoieo Undgo asiatun
the soluon
* Appli can ey's law:
Ia the prodebn st canbone
canbonate beve ages
Under
sabiy it s sealed

Ssea

In the funcion ngillix s9

"For cumbes perple iig at high althdes
Ogen level
 The percetae
’ enpreed t asoudion
eten ehes percenag
by p
mes by vome.
be enpreed in foloug gs:
(a) mos pencentage (wjw)
may be difined mass
sote p
Mas,esoluk
Total mass Solubon

(b) Veme percendege (Vv)

detined
Retoo ml
velmeot
Sote
Valume j· Al soluk: Volume f sotwte
ATo tad volume s soluhon
(c) mas by rolume pertentg (W/v):
ay he dtned, asthe mass^
pes lo0 mnl the o t
by' volome lo
Volume Soloson

(ii) farts per mlion (epm T* the part

dott Componet per mallion (1o) past
 Numben pats o
tonponendyLh6
Totad mbes 4 parh all
Componemtt he seluhon
() parta pes billion (ppb) J dfined
bne billion (1o) pasts by
mas 6h the soluton
mas n solote
prb X
mas

The strength s a solhon

astheamont Sete
in gram presen itre the
Solwton
Mas Sk Solue ingram
Shength salwbom Nolume f Soluson in tre

enpresed in aem| Lhe oralL oj

() Molanity '- I detined
moes presend16 One
Soluon
densted by M.

Numbes

0Y
M W x1o00 og solute
Wm

mal/
 s the numhen
fu mula mases the solte
% Aromm
sSolved per ihe % solutioni og t

1n cane iond e compods keNal,

No,co, ete. formaty
molarily l
(v) is defined as the
mben o moes soute ussoled
st in 1000Atam (1ka) the Solvent
2
humben mdes solute
n

tisolo

i) Mole frachon 1+ is defned as ratio

nemben Comporemt
to the totalmben moles os all
Componet presemt in the soluton .
re the

k So\wte. a e sohet
4hen Hhe mle freachon is
 no
nAtno
olotion, Sum mote frachons of
al the Com ponen ds Unty.

t
hA
natn

A X 3 n a t ng)

’Mdle frechm hes no

s aram equivalents 7 the sdute dissoled

pr ite iven luts.
solos.

noteby N.

Number k ram eqviveled Soluke

N

0Y

N sAremth in aróm per uhes

 * lqud valend mas

mas elmd ds the mass

wtsch conbines with o
d the element
displaces o8 pants by 'ms hydrgn
by mes chlodne.

4 an element Atomie mnas eemed

mas Valency hi elemut.

(9) Molecolan mas ad

mas an aud
Basicity
Basicty the nunben t dsplaceable H
H*

iows fr One moleules o the atd.

() a base
mleculas mes o base
mas
base

’ Acidity i he nunbes f isplaceable

0H jons from onemoleculeL athe base
(iv) Moleelay
|E mas S a salt
Total posihve vadeny t

mas an ioh fomada mas he o

(v) mas ondizihy/ mecdan /atomie may

Number
redcing gt elec trons lost
Reladionip
aoon
behen Nosmality and nelant
Normality = No d avom
gram Eg salote xlouo

Solut X

-)
mol nas
Vinml
n-fachr

) N =

) N Molahyx h-facts

)
M nfactr Vwheren'fachr
may be valey
audity,bauy ek

nosmalihy , is dulued to ml f the nomaih

N then,

Simlady.
M, xv, Mx V, molasty cquahn
 shuded in

will be,
molaniy opuahm
m,xv,
n, n,

he des TeatantL
n,
reacten 2.
(lst ,
* On mi ning tio henectng sduis,
molait wrll he
fmd nmeby amd
an
Caleleted

N, V, +