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Digital Signal Processing Exercises

The document is an exercise set on digital signal processing, focusing on various signal transformations and sketches. It includes tasks such as modifying discrete time signals, finding even and odd parts, and generating new signals based on given sequences. Additionally, it requires calculations related to interpolation and the representation of signals as numeric sequences or sums of steps and ramps.

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EddieLoh
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9 views3 pages

Digital Signal Processing Exercises

The document is an exercise set on digital signal processing, focusing on various signal transformations and sketches. It includes tasks such as modifying discrete time signals, finding even and odd parts, and generating new signals based on given sequences. Additionally, it requires calculations related to interpolation and the representation of signals as numeric sequences or sums of steps and ramps.

Uploaded by

EddieLoh
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Exercise 1

1. A discrete time signal x[n] is shown in Figure 1.1.

1
2

n
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 1.1
Sketch and label carefully each of the following signals;
i. 𝑥[𝑛 − 2]
ii. 𝑥[𝑛 + 3]
iii. −𝑥[2𝑛]
iv. 𝑥[−𝑛]𝑢[−2 − 𝑛]
v. 𝑥[𝑛]𝛿[𝑛 − 5] − 𝑥[𝑛]

2. Let 𝑥[𝑛] = 2𝑛 𝑢[𝑛 + 1] − (1 + 2𝑛 )𝑢[𝑛 − 4] + 𝑢[𝑛 − 6]


Sketch and find its sequence number for each of the following signal;

i. 𝑥[𝑛]
ii. 𝑥[𝑛 − 3]
iii. 𝑥[4 − 𝑛]
iv. 𝑥[−𝑛]𝑢[−1 − 𝑛]
v. 𝑥[𝑛]𝛿[𝑛 − 5] + 𝑥[𝑛]
3. Let 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑟[𝑛 + 3] + 𝑟[𝑛] − 5𝑢[𝑛 − 3] − 2𝑟[𝑛 − 6] − 10𝑢[𝑛 − 9]. Find and sketch the
following signal;

i. The even and odd parts of 𝑥[𝑛]


ii. The decimated signal 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[3𝑛]
iii. The zero-interpolated signal 𝑓[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛/2]
iv. The linearly interpolated signal ℎ[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛/3]
⇓
v. 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑢[𝑛] = {1, 1 ,1 1, ⋯ }

⇓
4. Generate the following signal if 𝑥[𝑛] = {0, 4, 6, 10, 1}

i. 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑒 𝑥[𝑛]
ii. 𝑦[𝑛] = cos(0.5𝑛𝜋) 𝑥[𝑛]
iii. 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛] + cos (0.5(𝑛 + 1)𝜋)

5. Refer to the Figure 1.2.


x[ n ]
6

4 4

2 2 2 2 2

–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
n

–2

–3 –3

Figure 1.2
i. Described the signal of Figure 1.2 as a numeric sequences and a sum of steps and
ramps.
ii. Calculate 𝑔[𝑛] = 𝑥[3𝑛 − 3].
iii. Calculate the linear interpolation signal ℎ[𝑛] = 𝑥[0.25𝑛 − 4].
iv. Calculate and sketch its odd and even parts.

⇓
7. Let 𝑥[𝑛] = {1, 2, 4, 5, 2}. Find and sketch the following signals;
i. Even and Odd parts of 𝑥[𝑛]
ii. 𝑦[𝑛] = 𝑥[−𝑛 + 2]
iii. Step-interpolated and linearly interpolated signal ℎ[𝑛] = 𝑥[0.5𝑛 − 2].

8. Given 𝑔[𝑛] as in Figure 1.3, state 𝑔[𝑛] as;


i. A numeric sequence.
ii. A sum of shifted impulses.
iii. A sum of steps and ramps.

g [n ]
(4) (4)

(3)

(2)
(2)

(0)

–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n

(– 2)

(– 4) (– 4)

Figure 1.3

Common questions

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Zero interpolation in signal reconstruction, exemplified by f[n] = x[n/2], provides an initial estimate of missing values by introducing zeros between samples. This method simplifies initial signal approximation before more sophisticated techniques, like linear interpolation, are applied. While it maintains the original signal shape, it can introduce artifacts or distortions if not further processed .

Step functions, such as u[n], can be used to model the onset and continuation of signals in discrete time. For example, the signal x[n] = 2^n u[n+1] - (1 + 2^n) u[n-4] + u[n-6] involves shifts in the original signal based on specified delays and advances through the step function, thereby building or modifying signal behavior based on time-domain constraints .

Analyzing shifted signals, such as x[n-3], provides direct insight into how systems respond to input signals with inherent delays. The delay shifts the time axis of the signal, revealing the system's adaptability and persistence in behavior over time. It highlights the dependency on prior states, thereby indicating memory or feedback characteristics within the system .

Reflecting a signal, like x[-n] u[-2-n], provides an intuitive method to analyze how systems respond to time-reversed inputs, which is essential for examining causality and stability. Reflection can reveal inherent symmetries and anti-symmetries in the system response. Stable systems should exhibit bounded outputs for such time-reversed signals, ensuring the system behaves predictably over time .

The significance of signal decimation, such as y[n] = x[3n], is to reduce the sample rate of a signal by selecting every nth sample. This achieves an efficient representation of a signal, though it may result in the loss of some high-frequency information if not properly handled. Decimation is important in applications requiring bandwidth reduction without altering essential information .

The use of cosine modulation in y[n] = cos(0.5𝑛𝜋)x[n] results in frequency shifting, effectively altering the spectrum of the original signal x[n]. The cosine function modulates x[n] by adding or subtracting frequencies around 0.5𝜋, which can introduce new frequency components or attenuate existing ones depending on the phase and frequency alignment of the original and modulating signals .

Decomposing a signal into its even and odd components simplifies signal processing tasks by separating symmetry-related properties. Even parts can signify in-phase components, while odd parts identify anti-phase behavior. This decomposition helps in convolution and Fourier analysis, where symmetrical properties can simplify transforms or calculations involving linear time-invariant systems .

Linearly interpolated signals, such as h[n] = x[n/3], provide a method for estimating value points between known samples in a discrete signal. By applying interpolation, it enhances resolution and aids in reconstructing or analyzing signals at points where direct samples are unavailable. This is crucial in maintaining continuity and assessing the nuances in transient signal changes .

Impulse functions effectively represent discrete signals because they allow a signal to be expressed as a series of weighted impulses at shifted positions. For instance, g[n] can be deconstructed into a sequence of deltas, each located at specific time points and scaled in amplitude. This decomposition is invaluable for analyzing and processing signals in systems where convolution operations are performed .

Calculating a linear interpolation signal like h[n] = x[0.25n - 4] enhances understanding by filling gaps in a discrete signal, enabling continuity and smoother transitions between sampled points. This detail is crucial for accurately resolving immediate changes and assessing the overall behavior of signals in time-based systems, ultimately affecting interpretations in filtering and detection applications .

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