1. What is Expository writing?

Expository writing is that in which the author tries to inform or explains the subject to the
reader. It is intended to spread information and has a logical sequence. Eg: Technical writing,
Encyclopaedias.
2. What is Persuasive writing?
Persuasive writing states the opinion of the writer precisely and tries to influence the reader
using justifications, argument and reasons. Eg: Editorial pieces, critical analysis.
3. What is Narrative writing?
Narrative writing has the author telling stories often using first person narration. It is mostly
personal and imaginative. Eg: Stories, Poems.
4. What is Descriptive writing?
Descriptive writing is a type of expository writing that uses our sensual experiences to
elaborately define things. This method might employ detailed imageries as well. Eg: Diaries,
Journals.
5. What are the common characteristics of academic writing?
 A formal tone
 Unbiased expressions
 Provides evidence through research
 Clarity with regards to structure
 Provides accurate information devoid of plagiarism
6. What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is appropriating and stealing information that belongs to another person. It can be
in the form of written texts published by others, using it in one’s own text without citing the
original author.
7. How can one improve the effectiveness of academic writing?
 Use of proper punctuation, correct spelling and an up-to-date vocabulary
 Avoid slang, abbreviations and reduce use of jargon
 Have a structured process: plan, draft, edit and format. Identify a topic, research and
collect information, outline and plan, start with a draft, review, edit and format.
 Be aware of the target reader
 Familiarise oneself with writing and editing software or online tools that can help in
the process.

What is Communication?
◦ Etymology of the term
◦ Originated from Latin – “Communico” or “Communicare”
◦ Original meaning of the term : To Share, To share publically
◦ Current usage : To share knowledge and information.
◦ Definition:
Communication means transfer of ideas, feelings, plans, messages, or information from one
person to another. It is considered effective only when it gets the desired action or response.

Different forms of communication

• Vocal – using voice
• Written- using printed or digital media- books, magazines, websites or emails.
• Visually – using logos, maps, charts or graphs
• Non-verbally – using body language, gestures and the tone and pitch of voice.

Expository Writing
• Mode of writing in which the author tries to inform or explain the subject to the reader.
• It is intended to spread information and has a logical sequence
• Eg: Technical Writing, Encyclopedia

Expository Writing (Example)

Travelling
There is nothing quite like traveling, like seeing a new place for the first time or returning to
a favorite one. People of all ages, from all around the world, go to foreign places for different
reasons – mainly, for work, family, and leisure. Whether by plane, train, ship or by
automobile, traveling is generally a pleasurable experience, at least for the people who can
financially afford comfortable and safe methods of travel. But it has more benefits than
satisfying one’s need to make money, like, for example, to see loved ones and enjoy oneself
on vacation. There are other benefits of traveling worth mentioning and trying out.

Persuasive Writing
Persuasive Writing • States the opinion of the writer precisely.
• It tries to influence the reader using justifications, arguments and reasons.
• Eg: Editorial Pieces, Critical analysis
Persuasive Writing (Example)
Travelling
Travelling is not about the destination but the journey itself. That’s why I choose to travel as
a backpacker most of the time without any traveling agency, and If I’m lost, let it be habibi, I
like the hassle and I like the troubles doing my very own stuff. Along the way to my
destinations, I learn a lot, the people that I met along the way, really makes the journey a
memorable day, I learn to appreciate my life more and more. I travel not to compare what’s
good about my own country or what’s bad about other country and it’s people, I travel to
understand how other people lives, to see their culture, to make a connections. We should be
happy and always be grateful wherever we are born, we are not asking to be born here (in our
very own country) and they too are not asking to be born there, it’s "God" decision and what
we can do is to make friends all over the world.

Narrative Writing
Narrative Writing • The author tells a story, often using first person narrative.
• It is either personal or imaginative.
• Eg: stories, poems

Narrative Writing (Example)

Travelling
It is hard for me to remember much about my first trip abroad (to Egypt, namely) because it
was about fifteen years ago and I was almost a child at that time, so a lot of memories have
been lost somewhere on the way. But the only thing I remember about that trip is that
everything from the very beginning went wrong – not terribly wrong; it was this mildly
frustrating “wrong” that doesn’t actually cause any harm or problems, but makes the whole
experience of something a bit specific – not the way you would like it to be. To begin with,
the flight was first delayed and then canceled due to sudden and terrible deterioration of the
weather. Some altercations with the travel agency followed, apologies received, but we didn’t
manage to fly anywhere that day.
When the time finally came, we, surprisingly got to our destination without any problems.
They awaited us in Egypt. What do people usually go to Egypt for? To look at the Pyramids,
of course, and that was the idea of our group, but, due to some problems, we didn’t manage to
get to the necessary excursion. The weather for the entirety of our stay there was rather
cloudy (which is unusual for Egypt), so the usual option of sunbathing was also out of the
question for some time. And, to crown it all, at the day of our departure a terrible, never-
ending rain started, which, according to the owner of our hotel, happened for the first time in
the last 17 years.

Descriptive Writing
Descriptive Writing • A type of expository writing that uses our sensual experiences to
elaborately define things.
• This method employs detailed imageries.
• Eg: Diaries, Journals
Descriptive Writing (Example)
Travelling
Out of many places I visited all around the world, the place I like the most is the beautiful
city of Agra. It’s a quite town located on the North of India. When we talk about Agra one
image that comes in mind is Taj Mahal. Yes one of the seven wonders is here. Agra is full of
architectural monuments. And I also visited Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, and Buland
Darwazaand. Food was not really good. Besides Taj Mahal, Agra is famous for handicrafts,
leather and fine arts. It was fun shopping at Agra. Taj Mahal. (Mahal is the word in urdu
language used for Palace) How can I describe The Taj Mahal? You can’t its impossible. You
just have to experience it. To gaze in wonder at that magnificent dome and elegant gardens
will be a moment that you remember for the rest of your life. It is one of the greatest sights in
the world, some say the greatest, and like Victoria Falls, The Grand Canyon, and Macchu
Picchu, it simply is one of those things you have to see in your life. The architectural grace
and symmetry of the Taj Mahal just takes your breath away. We had chosen our visit
carefully--the sun was setting and the light that washed over the Taj was golden in color. The
minarets were now stark against the setting sun . The actual dome was a surprise, it is not
yellow-white but bluewhite and covered in inscriptions and detail. From below it looked like
something out of "Arabian Nights." But inside were the tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah
Jahan. The central tomb is a lofty chamber with light streaming through fine latticework, and
hanging above was an elaborate lamp. Words cannot describe its beauty when you stand on
that marble platform overlooking the Yamuna, with the setting sun turning it into a golden
ribbon.
Writing for Special Purposes
◦ Journalist – Newspaper Reports
◦ Reports for college Magazines or other journals
◦ Academic Writing – Exams, Assignments, Projects, Thesis, Research Papers
◦ Features of Academic Writing
◦ Formal tone
◦ Unbiased Expressions
◦ Provides evidence through research
◦ Clarity with regards to structure
◦ Provides accurate information devoid of plagiarism.

Plagiarism
◦ Definition
◦ Plagiarism is appropriating and stealing information that belongs to another person.
◦Instances of Plagiarism
◦ Not using quotation marks while quoting others
◦ Giving incorrect citation details
◦ Copying ideas and words without acknowledging the author.

How to improve effectiveness in writing?

◦ Use proper punctuation marks, correct spelling and make the vocabulary updated
◦ Avoid slangs, abbreviations
◦ Reduce use of jargons
◦ Have a structured process: plan, draft, edit and format.
◦ Identify a topic
◦ Research and collect information
◦ Outline and plan
◦ Start with a draft
◦ Review
◦ Edit
◦ Format

How to improve effectiveness in writing?

◦ Know the audience/ target reader
◦ Familiarise yourself with writing and editing software that can help in the
process.
◦ Google Docs
◦ Proof reading softwares : Grammarly, Hemingway editor