DARK ROOM INSTRUMENTS
1. Trial box
2. Trial frame
3. Lenses- concave ,convex,cylinder
4. Pinhole
5. Stenopic slit
6. maddox rod
7. Amsler grid
8. Red green glasses
9. Near vision chart
10. Far vision chart
11. ishihara chart-colour vision
12. Schiotz tonometer
13. Gonioscope
14. retinoscope- MIRROR ,STREAK
15. Fundus examination lenses- 20D,90D,78D
17. Exophthalmometer
TRIAL BOX
TRIAL FRAME
Eyeglass frame designed to permit insertion of
different lenses in order to test and prescribe
correction refractive errors.
Properties- made of plastic/metal
lightweight
nose resting
easily adjustable
LENSES TYPES
SPHERICAL LENSES
LENSES
Concave spherical lens Convex Spherical lens
Thin in the centre and thick at the centre
thick at the periphery and thin at the
Object seen minified periphery
Objects move in the Object seen magnified
same direction as the Objects move in
direction of movement opposite direction of
of the lens movement of lens
CYLINDRICAL LENSES
Concave cylindrical lens Convex cylindrical lens
PRISM
ACCESORIES
OCCLUDER
SNELLEN’S FAR VISION CHART
Visual acuity is loosely defined as the ability of the eye to
discriminate two adjacent points as distinct.
The nodal point is roughly located between the anterior 2/3rd
and the posterior 1/3rd of the lens.
For the eye to appreciate two adjacent points as distinctly
separate, the minimum angle of separation is 1' of arc.
When two points are separated physically by a distance that
subtends an angle of 1' at the nodal point, these two points are
then relayed back into the retina; and are separated by a
distance of 4.5 microns on the retina.
Recording Visual Acuity
The convention is to check the right eye first, but some schools of thought
say that the eye with worse subjective vision should be tested first.
Either way, vision in each eye should be tested while the opposite eye is
closed, and the patient reads each line on the chart from above
downwards.
The numerator denotes the distance at which the eye being tested
perceives the letter, while the denominator denotes the distance at which
a normal eye can perceive the letter.
For example, a vision of 6/60 means that a normal eye can read the letter
on the 6/60 even at 60 metres, but the eye that is being tested can read
the letter only at 6 metres.
RETINOSCOPY
Area of fundus illuminated by light reflected into
patient’s eye
Serves as an object ( IMMEDIATE SOURCE )
Rays from illuminated fundus illuminates
pupillary area
Image is formed at far point of patient’s eye.
“ When immediate source of light is moved
across the eye, the behavior of reflex
in the pupil will depend upon the
reractive status of the eye”
•STREAK RETINOSCOPE- Light source is a linear
(uncoiled) filament
•Two operating systems :
1. Projecting system
2. Operating system
•Retinoscope works on Focault's principle
•Retinoscopy is based on the fact that when light is
reflected from a mirror into the eye, the direction in
which the light will travel across the pupil will depend
upon the refractive state of the eye
AMSLER GRID
ISHIHARA PSEUDOCHROMATIC TEST CHART
SCHIOTZ TONOMETER
GOLDMAN 3 MIRROR GONIOSCOPE
FUNDUS LENSES
EXOPHTHALMOMETER