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TASK -1: To study the different types of network cables and network topology.
Network Cables:
There are four types of cables
1. Coaxial Cables
Coaxial cables contain a centre conductor and a metal shield insulated by a plastic layer placed in between. The
metal shield in coaxial cables blocks any elements or interferences from the outside.
In a coaxial cable, the outer layer, known as sheath, protects the cable from physical damage. Meanwhile,the
metal shield protects the cable from any external interference,and the insulation between the metal shield and
the conductor protects the conductor – the core of the coaxial cable.
Coaxial cables were used in the earlier days of computer networks.

2. Shielded Twisted Pair Cables

These ethernet cables, also known as STP cables, are widely used for business installations. They were
developed for computer networks and are an excellent choice for areas with high interference. Shielded twisted
pair cables are also used to expand any distance between cables.
STP cables consist of coloured wires twisted around one another, forming pairs. Usually, shielded twisted pair
cables are composed of four colourful pairs of wires wrapped with metal shields and a singular plastic sheath.

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3. Unshielded Twisted Pair Cables
Unshielded twisted pair cables, or UTP cables, are widely used in industrial(industrial) computers and
telecommunication companies. The conductors present in UTP cables form a circuit that stops any EMI.
Similarly to STP cables, unshielded twisted pairs are colourful wires wrapped around each other and then
wrapped altogether in a plastic sheath.
When compared to STP cables, UTP cables are more affordable.

4. Fibre Optic Cables

Fibre optic cables are networking cables that contain either a glass or a plastic core, shielded by a cladding, a
buffer and a jacket. These layers protect fibre optic cables from potential damage and from external
interference. This networking cable is the perfect choice for carrying data around long distances and the
standard cable for connecting networks in different locations.
Fibre optic cables can be single-mode fibre or multi-mode fibre. SMF cables support longer distances, while
MMF cables carry more data.

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Network Topologies:
There are different types of Network Topologies
Point to Point Topology
Point-to-point topology is a type of topology that works on the functionality of the sender and receiver. It is the
simplest communication between two nodes, in which one is the sender and the other one is the receiver. Point-
to-Point provides high bandwidth.

Mesh Topology
In a mesh topology, every device is connected to another device via a particular channel. Every device is
connected to another via dedicated channels. These channels are known as links. In Mesh Topology, the
protocols used are AHCP (Ad Hoc Configuration Protocols), DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol),
etc.

Star Topology
In Star Topology, all the devices are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and
all other nodes are connected to the central node. The hub can be passive in nature i.e., not an intelligent hub
such as broadcasting devices, at the same time the hub can be intelligent known as an active hub. Active hubs
have repeaters in them. Coaxial cables or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers. In Star Topology,

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many popular Ethernet LAN protocols are used as CD(Collision Detection), CSMA(Carrier Sense Multiple
Access), etc.

Bus Topology
Bus Topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to a single cable. It is
bi-directional. It is a multi-point connection and a non-robust topology because if the backbone fails the
topology crashes. In Bus Topology, various MAC (Media Access Control) protocols are followed by LAN
ethernet connections like TDMA, Pure Aloha, CDMA, Slotted Aloha, etc.

Ring Topology
In a Ring Topology, it forms a ring connecting devices with exactly two neighboring devices. A number of
repeaters are used for Ring topology with a large number of nodes, because if someone wants to send some data
to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach
the 100th node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the network.
The data flows in one direction, i.e. it is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections
between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology. In-Ring Topology, the Token Ring Passing
protocol is used by the workstations to transmit the data.

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Tree Topology
Tree topology is the variation of the Star topology. This topology has a hierarchical flow of data. In Tree
Topology, protocols like DHCP and SAC (Standard Automatic Configuration) are used.
In tree topology, the various secondary hubs are connected to the central hub which contains the repeater. This
data flow from top to bottom i.e. from the central hub to the secondary and then to the devices or from bottom
to top i.e. devices to the secondary hub and then to the central hub. It is a multi-point connection and a non-
robust topology because if the backbone fails the topology crashes.

Hybrid Topology
Hybrid Topology is the combination of all the various types of topologies we have studied above. Hybrid
Topology is used when the nodes are free to take any form. It means these can be individuals such as Ring or
Star topology or can be a combination of various types of topologies seen above. Each individual topology uses
the protocol that has been discussed earlier.

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TASK – 2: Practically implement and test the cross-wired cable and straight through cable
using clamping tool and network lab cable tester.
Apparatus (Components):
RJ-45 connector, Climping Tool, Twisted pair Cable, Network lab cable tester.
Clamping Tool:

Network lab cable tester.

Procedure:
To do these practical following steps should be done:
[Link] by stripping off about 2 inches of the plastic jacket off the end of the cable. Be very careful at this point,
as to not nick or cut into the wires, which are inside. Doing so could alter the characteristics of your cable, or
even worse render is useless. Check the wires, one more time for nicks or cuts. If there are any, just whack the
whole end off, and start over.

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[Link] the wires apart, but be sure to hold onto the base of the jacket with your other hand. You do not want
the wires to become untwisted down inside the jacket. Category 5 cable must only have 1/2 of an inch of
'untwisted' wire at the end; otherwise it will be 'out of spec'. At this point, you obviously have ALOT more than
1/2 of an inch of un-twisted wire.
[Link] have 2 end jacks, which must be installed on your cable. If you are using a pre-made cable, with one of
the ends whacked off, you only have one end to install - the crossed over end. Below are two diagrams, which
show how you need to arrange the cables for each type of cable end. Decide at this point which end you are
making and examine the associated picture below.

Diagram shows you how to prepare Cross wired connection

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TASK – 3: Study and familiarization with various network devices.

There are different types of network devices:
• Repeater
• Hub
• Switch
• Bridge
• Router
• Gate Way
[Link]:
Functioning at Physical [Link] is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a
higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer
distances. Repeater have two ports ,so cannot be use to connect for more than two devices

[Link]:
An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or concentrator
is a device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together and making them act as
a single network segment. Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. The device is a form of
multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it
detects a collision.

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[Link]:
Anetwork switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects network [Link] term
commonly refers to a network bridge that processes and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI
model. Switches that additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as
Layer 3 switches or multilayer switches.

[Link]:
A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. In
Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a device that behaves according to the IEEE 802.1D
standard. A bridge and switch are very much alike; a switch being a bridge with numerous ports. Switch or
Layer 2 switch is often used interchangeably with bridge .Bridges can analyze incoming data packets to
determine if the bridge is able to send the given packet to another segment of the network.

[Link]:
A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and selectively interchanges
packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address information that a router can use to determine
if the source and destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one
network to another. Where multiple routers are used in a large collection of interconnected networks, the routers
exchange information about target system addresses, so that each router can build up a table showing the
preferred paths between any two systems on the interconnected networks.

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[Link] Way:
In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with
another network that uses different protocols.
•A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching devices, rate converters, fault
isolators, or signal translators as necessary to provide system interoperability. It also requires the establishment
of mutually acceptable administrative procedures between both networks.
•A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different network protocol technologies
by performing the required protocol conversions.

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TASK – 4: Familiarization with Packet Tracer Simulation tool/any other related tool.
GNS3 ( Graphical Network Simulator -3) :
It is a network software emulator first released in 2008. It allows the combination of virtual and
real devices , used to simulate complex networks. It uses Dynamips ( dynamip s is an emulator
computer program that was written to emulate Cisco routers.) emulation software to simulate
Cisco IOS.

Installation of Packet Tracer:

Step 1 : First serach “ cisco packet tracer download ” in browser.

Searching in goggle

Result of search

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Step 2 : Now click on the website [Link] .

After clicking on the link

Step 3 : Now slide down and then we find page as shown in below and the we click on learn
more option.

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After clicking on learn more option.

Step 3 : To download cisco packet tracer we need to enroll as a student in the free [Link]
this we click on sign up today option.

Sign up today option

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When we go to the sign up today option, it show to choose language as shown in above
picture.

Step 4 : After choosing the language we get sign up page as shown in below.

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Step 5 : After enrolling we get an mail to active our account.

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Step 6 : After clicking on active account mail we have to create a password for account and
then they ask about personal information like DOB , Gender etc.

Password Creation

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After creating password part

After creating password part 2

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Final part after creating password and now click on create account option

Step 6 : After creating account successfully now we have resources option and we click on
resources option and get packet tracer option , click on that.

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After clicking on resources option we

get download packet tracer

Choose operating system

Step 7 : Installation of cisco packet tracer

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Step 8 : After choosing operating system packet tracer will be downloaded .

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After downloading the login page of cisco packet tracer

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TASK – 5: Study and Implementation of IP Addressing Schemes.

IPV6 Address: - An Internet Protocol Version 6 address is a numerical label that is used to identify a
network interface of a computer or other network node participating in an IPv6 network. An IP address
serves the purpose of uniquely identifying an individual network interface of a host, locating it on the
network, and thus permitting the routing of IP packets between hosts IPv6 is an Internet Protocol (IP)
for packet-switched internetworking that specifies the format of packets (also called datagram) and the
addressing scheme across multiple IP networks. In comparing the two protocols IPv6 expands upon
the addressing and routing capabilities of IPv4 in a number of ways including:
• In IPv6 the IP address size is increased from 32 bits to 128 bits.
• IPv6 supports a greater number of addressable nodes.
• IPv6 provides more levels of addressing hierarchy.
• IPv6 offers simpler auto-configuration of addresses.
• Ipv6 also supports simplified header format.

TYPES OF IPv6 ADDRESS

IPv6 addresses are classified by the primary addressing and routing methodologies common in
networking: unicast addressing, anycast addressing, and multicast addressing.
• UNICAST ADDRESS: - A unicast address identifies a single network interface. The Internet
Protocol delivers packets sent to a unicast address to that specific interface.
• ANYCAST ADDRESS: - An anycast address is assigned to a group of interfaces, usually
belonging to different nodes. A packet sent to an anycast address is delivered to just one of the
member interfaces, typically the nearest host, according to the routing protocol’s definition of
distance. Anycast addresses cannot be identified easily, they have the same format as unicast
addresses, and differ only by their presence in the network at multiple points. Almost any
unicast address can be employed as an anycast address.
• MULTICAST ADDRESS: - A multicast address is also used by multiple hosts, which acquire
the multicast address destination by participating in the multicast distribution protocol among
the network routers. A packet that is sent to a multicast address is delivered to all interfaces that
have joined the corresponding multicast group. IPv6 does not implement broadcast addressing.
Broadcast's traditional role is subsumed by multicast addressing to the all-nodes link-local
multicast group.
Working modes of router: - There are 5 mail modes of router: User Execution Mode, Privilege
Mode, ROM Monitor Mode, Sub interface Configuration Mode, Interface Configuration Mode,
Global Configuration Mode.
Link local:
• A link local address is an ipv6 unicast address that can be automatically/ manually configured
on anyinterface using the prefix “FE80:”
• These addresses mostly used for addressing on a single link for purposes such as automatic
addressconfiguration and neighbor discovery.
• All ipv6 enabled interfaces have a link local unicast address.
o No shutdown: This command enables an interface and brings it up. It is mostly used for
newinterfaces or troubleshooting purposes.
o Show IP route: It is used to show the list of the networks that router can reach, their metric.
o Show IP interface: It is used to list all the interface brief of all IP’s connected.

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Steps:
Step1: Scenario Created

Step2: To configure IPV6 address on PC0.

Step3: To configure IPV6 address on PC1.

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• Step4: To configure ipv6 routing in the network. Go to cmd interface of router0 and type
followingcommands:
o Enable
o Configure terminal
o Ipv6 unicast-routing
o Interface fastethernet 0/0
o Ipv6 enable
o Ipv6 address FE80::202:4AFF:FE9D:5630 LINK-LOCAL
o Ipv6 address 2000:1:1:1:1:1:1:1111/112
o No shutdown
o Press “CTRL” to exit from current working mode of router
o Configure terminal

o Ipv6 unicast-routing
o Interface fastethernet 0/1
o Ipv6 enable
o Ipv6 address FE80::202:4AFF:FE9D:5630 LINK-LOCAL
o Ipv6 address 4000:1:1:1:1:1:1:1112/112
o No shutdown
o Press “CTRL” to exit from current working mode of router

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• Step5: After completely executing these commands the IPV6 address scheme plan will be
enabledand all connections will be established.

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TASK – 6: Creation of Simple networking topologies using hubs and Switches

Principle:
Repeater: A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level
and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer
distances.
Hub: An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or concentrator is a device for
connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together and making them act as a
single network segment. Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) ofthe OSI model.
Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects network
segments.
Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (Layer2 of the OSI
model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a device that behaves according to the
IEEE 802.1D standard. A bridge and switch are very much alike; a switch being a bridge with
numerous ports. Switch or Layer 2 switch is often used interchangeably with [Link] can
analyze incoming data packets to determine if the bridge is able to send the given packet to another
segment of the network.
Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks,and lectively
interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address information that a router
can use to determine if the source and destination are on the samenetwork, or if the data packet must be
transferred from one network to another.
Gate Way: In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another
network that uses different protocols.

Steps
Step 1: Connect the switch to the LAN. a. Using the proper cable, connect the FastEthernet0/0
on Customer Router to the FastEthernet0/1 on Customer Switch. b. Using the proper cable,
connect the Customer PC to the Customer Switch on port FastEthernet0/2. c. Using the proper
cable, connect the Local Server to the CustomerSwitch on port FastEthernet0/3.

Step 2: Verify the switch configuration. a. From the Customer PC, use the terminal emulation
software to connect to the console of the customer Cisco Catalyst 2960 switch.
b. Use the console connection and terminal utility on the Customer PC to verify the
configurations. Use cisco as the console password. c. Enter privileged EXEC mode and use the
show runningconfig command to verify the following configurations.

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Step 2: Verify the switch configuration. a. From the Customer PC, use the terminal emulation
software to connect to the console of the customer Cisco Catalyst 2960 switch.
b. Use the console connection and terminal utility on the Customer PC to verify the
configurations. Use cisco as the console password. c. Enter privileged EXEC mode anduse the
show runningconfig command to verify the following configurations.

The password is cisco123.

• VLAN1 IP address = [Link]

• Subnet mask = [Link]

• Password required for console access

• Password required for vty access

• Password enabled for privileged EXEC mode

• Secret enabled for privileged EXEC mode f. Verify IP connectivity between the Cisco Catalyst
2960 switch and the Cisco 1841 router by initiating a ping to [Link] fromthe switch CLI.

• Click the Check Results button at the bottom of this instruction window to check your work.

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TASK – 7: Stimulation of web traffic in Packet Tracer.

Steps:

• Select ‘Switches’ from Toolbox

• Select ‘2960-24TT’ switch from the panel and place it on the workspace
• Go to ‘End devices’ on Toolbox and select any four end devices such as computer or laptop.
• Go to ‘Cables’ and select Copper-straight through cable and attach the switch with all the
devicesthrough fast Ethernet.
• Go to ‘End devices’ on Toolbox and select a server to store a webpage and give it an IP
addresshere ([Link])
• Go to ‘Switches’ on Toolbox and create a network with these devices
• No open the web browser on any of the computer devices and enter the IP address in the
searchengine
• It will display the web data that was transferred

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TASK – 8: Study and implementation of various router configurationcommands

Steps:

• Select ‘Router’ from the toolbar and select any router.

• Click on the router and then from the window select the CLI option and focus the terminal.
• In the terminal write ‘enable’ and then press enter. This will enable the router cli now
we can runcommands on the terminal.
• Perform some basic commands like giving the hostname, password, setting up an interface,
give Ip address and subnet mask etc.
• For this first type ‘configure terminal’ and press enter.
• To give host name type ‘hostname [hostname]’ here (MainRouter)
• To give a password enter ‘enable secret [password]’ e.g., 123
• To set up an interface use ‘interface f0/0’
• To then set an IP address to this interface use ‘Ip address [ip_address] [subnet_mask]’
e.g., [Link] [Link]
• To exit the terminal use ‘exit’ to go back

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TASK -9: Creation of Networks using routers

Steps:

• Toolbox ->Routers -> Any required Router e.g., 4321

• Toolbox -> End devices -> 6 PCs
• Toolbox -> Switches -> 2 switches
• Toolbox -> cables -> Cooper straight through cable to connect PCs with router
• Click on Router-0 and open ‘Config’
• Go to Interface ->
o Gigbitethernet0/0/0: IP address [Link] and ‘on’ the Port Status
o Gigbitehernet0/0/1: IP address [Link] and ‘on’ the Port Status
• Go to PC1, PC2, PC3 and give them IP addresses starting from [Link] and default gateway
as [Link]
• Go to PC4, PC5, PC6 and give them IP addresses starting from [Link] and default gateway
as [Link]
• Send a packet and test.

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TASK -10: Configuring networks using the concept of subnetting

Topology

100 Hosts

40 Hosts
2 Hosts

20 Hosts

Objectives
1. Design an IP Addressing Scheme (VLSM)
2. Assign IP Addresses to Network Devices and Verify Connectivity
Scenario
In this activity, you are given the network address of [Link]/24 to subnet and provide the IP
addressing for the network shown in the topology. Each LAN in the network requires enough space for,
at least, 25 addresses for end devices, the switch and the router. The connection between R1 to R2 will
requirean IP address for each end of the link.

Design an IP Addressing Scheme

Step 1: Subnet the [Link]/24 network into the appropriate number of subnets.
• Based on the topology, how many subnets are needed?

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• How many bits must be borrowed to support the number of subnets in the topology table?
• How many subnets does this create?
• How many usable hosts does this create per subnet?
Note: If your answer is less than the 100 hosts required, then you borrowed too many bits.
• Calculate the binary value for the first five subnets.

Net 0: 193. 162. 98 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Net 1: 193. 162. 98.

Net 2: 193. 162. 98.
Net 3: 193. 162. 98.
Net 4: 193. 162. 98.

• Calculate the binary and decimal value of the new subnet mask.
Subnet 0 Mask: 255.255.255. Subnet 3 Mask: 255.255.255.

Subnet 1 Mask: 255.255.255. subnet 4 Mask: 255.255.255.

Subnet 2 Mask: 255.255.255.
• Fill in the Subnet Table, listing the decimal value of all available subnets, the first and
lastusable
host address, and the broadcast address. Repeat until all addresses are listed.
Note: You may not need to use all rows.
Subnet Table

Sub First Last

net Subnet Usable Host Usable Broadcast
Nu Address Address Host Address
mbe Address
r
0
1
2
3
4
5
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6
7
8
9
10
Step 02: Assign the subnets to the network shown in the topology.

• Assign Subnet 0 to the LAN connected to the GigabitEthernet 0/0 interface of R1.

• Assign Subnet 1 to the LAN connected to the GigabitEthernet 0/1 interface of R1.

• Assign Subnet 2 to the LAN connected to the GigabitEthernet 0/0 interface of R2

• Assign Subnet 3 to the LAN connected to the GigabitEthernet 0/1 interface of R2

• Assign Subnet 4 to the WAN link between R1 to R2

Step 3: Document the addressing scheme.

Fill in the Addressing Table using the following guidelines:

• Assign the first usable IP addresses to R1 for the two LAN links and the WAN link.

• Assign the first usable IP addresses to R2 for the LANs links. Assign the last usable IP address
forthe WAN link.

• Assign the second usable IP addresses to the hosts.

• Assign the last usable IP addresses to the hosts.

Addressing Table

Devi Interfac IP Subnet Default

ce e Address Mask Gatewa
y
G0/0 N/A

R1 G0/1 N/A
S0/0/0 N/A
G0/0 N/A
G0/1 N/A
R2
S0/0/0 N/A
PC1 NIC
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PC2 NIC
PC3 NIC
PC4 NIC
Assign IP Addresses to Network Devices and Verify Connectivity
Most of the IP addressing is already configured on this network. Implement the following steps
tocomplete the addressing configuration.

Step 1: Configure IP addressing on R1 LAN interfaces.

Step 2: Configure IP addressing on S3, including the default gateway

Step 3: Configure IP addressing on PC4, including the default

[Link] 4: Verify connectivity.

Verify connectivity from LAN to every other LAN. However, you should be able to ping every IP address
listed in the Addressing Table.

Note:

1. Take the screen shot of the results which is verified in Simulation Mode /Real mode and write
theinference.
After the completion of the experiment, answer all the viva question given below in the lab itself

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TASK -11: Practical implementation of basic network commands and network

configuration commands like ping, ipconfig, netsat, traceart etc. for troubleshooting
network related programs

Tracert
This command is used to diagnose path-related problems. On an IP network, routers exchange IP
packets between the source and the destination. They take IP packets from the source host and
forward them in a sequence until they reach the destination host. The sequence of routers between
the source and destination is known as the path. A path consists of all routers in a sequence that IP
packets sent from the source host traverse to reach the destination host.

The tracert command prints the path. If all routers on the path are functional, this command prints
the full path. If a router is down on the path, this command prints the path up to the last operational
router

The tracert command uses the following syntax.

tracert Destination Name or IP address

The following command traces the path to the host named [Link].

tracert [Link]
The following image shows the output of this command.

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The following table lists some important options of the tracert command.

Optio Description
n
-d Do not resolve the IP addresses of intermediate routers to their names.
-h Specifies the maximum number of hops (routers) to search on the path. The default is 30 hops.
-w Specifies the amount of time in milliseconds to wait for a reply message from the router. If not
receiveddefault time-out is 4000 (4 seconds).

Ping
The ping command is used to test connectivity between two hosts. It sends ICMP echo request
messages to the destination. The destination host replies with ICMP replies messages. If the ping
command gets a reply from the destination host, it displays the reply along with round-trip times.

The ping command uses the following syntax.

ping destination host IP or name

The following command tests connectivity between the host computer and Google's server.

ping [Link]
The following image shows the output of this command.

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If you specify the hostname as an argument, the ping command uses the configured DNS client
service to automatically translate the hostname into the IP address.

Arp
To send IP packets, a computer needs two addresses. These addresses are the MAC address and the
IP address. A MAC address is the physical or hardware address of the NIC. An IP address is the
logical or software address of NIC. If a computer knows the IP address of the destination computer
but it does not know the MAC address of the destination computer, it uses the ARP protocol to
know the MAC address of the destination computer.

The ARP protocol broadcasts a given IP address over a local network. The corresponding host
responds to the broadcast with its MAC address. To avoid repetition, ARP stores the answer in
a table knownas ARP table. ARP maintains a separate ARP table for each NIC.

To view the ARP table, you can use the following command.

arp By default, this command displays the ARP table of the active NIC. If multiple NICs are
installed on the computer, you can use the -a option with this command. If the -a option is used, the
ARP command displays all ARP tables.

The following image shows the output of the arp command when used with the -a option.

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To display the ARP cache entry for a specific IP address, specify the IP address with the -N option.
For example, the following command displays the ARP cache table for the interface that is assigned
the IP address [Link].

Arp -a -N [Link]
The following image shows the output of the above command.

Netstat
This command displays active connections, ports on which the computer is listening, Ethernet
statistics,the IP routing table, and IP statistics.

The output of this command is organized in rows and columns. Each row represents a new
connection or an entry in the output. It contains four columns. These columns provide the following
information about the row.

Proto: - This column displays the name of the protocol (TCP or UDP).

Local Address: - This column displays the IP address of the local computer and the port number

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being used. If the port is not yet established, the port number is shown as an asterisk (*).

Foreign Address: - This column displays the IP address and port number of the remote
computer towhich the port is connected.
State: - This column displays the status of the connection.
The following image shows the sample output of this command.

Options and parameters

Option Description

-a Displays all active TCP connections and the TCP and UDP ports on which the
computer is listening.

-e Displays Ethernet statistics, such as the number of bytes and packets sent and
received.

-n Displays active TCP connections, however, addresses and port numbers are
expressed numerically and no

attempt is made to determine names.

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-o Displays active TCP connections and includes the process ID (PID) for each
connection.

-p Shows connections for the protocol specified by Protocol. In this case, the Protocol
can be

TCP, UDP, tcpv6, or udpv6.

-s Displays statistics by protocol. By default, statistics are shown for the TCP, UDP,
ICMP, and IP protocols.

-r Displays the contents of the IP routing table.

The following table lists some common options of the netstat command.

Ipconfig
This command displays

all current TCP/IP network configuration values and refreshes Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS) settings. This command is mainly used to view
the IP addresses on the computers that are configured to obtain their IP address automatically.

The following image shows the sample output of this command.

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The following table lists some important options of the ipconfig command.

Used Displays the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway for all adapters.
without
parameters
/all Displays the full TCP/IP configuration for all adapters.

/renew [Adapter] Renews DHCP configuration for all adapters (if an adapter is not specified) or for a
specific
/release Sends a DHCPRELEASE message to the DHCP server to release the current DHCP
[Adapter] configurall adapters (if an adapter is not specified) or for a specific adapter if the
Adapter parameter i
/flushdns Flushes and resets the contents of the DNS client resolver cache.

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TASK – 12: Implementing Static and default routes using ROUTER Configuration

Steps:

• Go to Toolbox and select any three routers. Here Router-PT

• Go to the Toolbox and select the cables and attach the routers in a linear order
• Click on Router0 and open its config, there in se/2 give the IP address and subnet mask as
o [Link] and [Link] respectively
• Click on Router1 and open its config, there in se/2 give the IP address and subnet mask as
o [Link] and [Link] respectively
• For the same router configure the interface se/3 and give the IP address as [Link] and
subnetmask as [Link]
• Click on Router2 and open its config, there in se/2 interface give the IP and subnet mask as
o [Link] and [Link] respectively
• Now try send message from Router0 to Router1 (successful), Router1 to Router2 (successful)
andRouter0 to Router2 (FAILED)
• The message from Router0 to Router2 failed because there is no path from Router0 to
Router2 asshown from using ‘show ip route’ command

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• Now to enable messaging from Router0 to Router2 set a static route from Router0 to Router2
• Click on Router0 and open config then in settings > static fill the fields of IP address, subnet
maskand Next hop as [Link], [Link], [Link] respectively.
• Now again try sending now it will be successful
• Do similar for Router2 so it can also send messages to Route

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