VEGA COACHING INSTITUTE

KOHIMA :: NAGALAND
ESTIMATION

CHAPTER 1
PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATION
[Link] of Estimating :
[Link] :

The estimate is the probable cost of a work and is determined theoretically by mathematical calculations based on the
plans and drawing and current rates.

[Link] Cost :

It is known at the completion of the work . The actual cost shall not differ much from the estimated cost worked out at the
beginning.

[Link] Estimate :

Preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out the quantities of different items of work and then working out the
cost i.e the estimate is prepared in stages :

[Link] Measurement and Calculations of Quantities : The whole work is divided into different items of work
as earthwork , concrete , brickwork etc. and the items are classified and grouped under different sub-heads and details and
measurement of each item of work are taken out and quantities under each item are computed in prescribed form-Details
of Measurement form

Item No. Description or No. Length Breadth Height or Depth Content or

Particulars Quantity

[Link] of Estimate Form : The cost under item of work is calculated from the quantities already computed at
workable rate and the total cost is worked out in the prescribed form – Abstract of Estimate form .

Item No. Quantity Unit Rate Amount

[Link] Items of work :

[Link] : Earth work in excavation and earthwork in filling are usually taken out separately under different
items and quantities are calculated in Cum.

[Link] in foundation : The concrete is taken out in Cum by length * breadth * thickness.

1.4.3. Soling : When the soil is soft or bad , one layer of dry brick or stone soling is applied below the foundation
concrete. The soling is computed in sqm (length and breadth specifying the thickness).

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[Link] Proof Course : DPC is usually of 2.5 cm (1”) thick rich cement concrete 1 :1.5:3 or 2 cm ( ¾ “) thick rich
cement mortar 1 : 2 , mixed with standard water proofing material is provided at the plinth level to full width of plinth
wall and the quantities are computed in sqm. (length * breadth).

[Link] : Masonry is computed in cu m (length * breadth * height ) . Masonry in foundation and plinth is taken
under one item and masonry in superstructure is taken under a separate item. In storeyed building the masonry in each
storey as ground floor above plinth level , first floor etc is completed separately. In taking out quantities the walls are
measured as solids and then deductions are made for openings as doors , windows etc . and such other portion as necesaty.
Thin partition wall is measured in sqm. Honeycomb brick wall is taken under a separate item in sqm , no deductions is
made for holes . Stone masonry is calculated in the same manner as for brick masonry.

[Link] for opening ,bearing etc in Masonry.

No deduction is made for the following :

1. Opening each upto 1000 sq cm or 0.1 sq m (1 [Link] )

2. Ends of beam , posts , rafters , purlins , etc upto 500 sq cm or 0.05 sq m (72 sq in ) in section .
3. Bed plate , Wall plate , bearing of chajjas and the like upto 10 cm (4 “ ) depth.
Bearings of floor and roof slabs are not deducted from masonry wall

For other openings deductions are made in the following manner :

Rectangular opening : Full deduction is made.

Deduct : l * h * thickness of wall , where l is the length and h is the height

Doors and Windows with small segmental Arches –

Deduction is made for rectangular portion only upto the springing line. The segmental portion is considered as
solids to allow for the extra expenses in constructing the arch and the filling up with thin wall .

Deduction – l * h * thickness of wall , where l is the length and h is the height .

[Link] over Openings :

Lintels are either of R.C.C. or of R.B., quantities are calculated in Cum. Length of the lintel is equal to the clear span plus
two bearing . If dimensions of bearing is not given , the bearing may be taken as same as the thickness of lintel with a
minimum of 12 cm . Thus the length of the lintel l = s + 2t ,i.e clear span plus two bearings.

Quantity of lintel = l * t * thickness of wall

Deduction = l * t * thickness of wall , where l is the length of the lintel and t is the bearing of the lintel.

[Link] AND R.B. work :

RCC and R.B. (Reinforced Brickwork ) work may be in roof or floor slab, in beams , lintels , columns ,
foundation etc. and the quantities are calculated in cum. Length , breadth and thickness are found correctly from the plan
,elevation and section or from other detailed drawings. Bearings are added with the clear span to get the dimensions. The
quantities are calculated in cum exclusive of steel reinforcement and its bending but inclusive of centering and shuttering
and fixing and binding reinforcement in position. The reinforcement including its binding is taken up separately under

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steel works in quintal. For this purpose , 0.6 % to 1 % (usually 1 %) of RCC or RB work by volume may be taken for steel
, if other details are not given. The volume of steel is not required to be deducted from the RCC or RB work.

[Link] and Roofing :

1. Ground Floor : The base lime concrete and floor finishing of C.C or stone or marble or mosaic etc. are usually
taken as one job or one item (combined in one item ) and the quantity is calculated in sqm by multiplying the
length with the breadth.
2. Ist Floor , 2nd Floor etc – Supporting structure is taken separately in cum as R.C.C. , R.B etc and the floor
finishing is taken separately. In sqm as 2.5 cm or 4 cm CC or marble or mosaic etc.
3. Roof : Supporting structure is taken separately in cum and the lime concrete terracing is computed in sqm with
thickness specified under a separate item including surface rendering smooth. The compacted thickness of lime
concrete terracing is 7.5 cm to 12 cm .
Incase of tiled , galvanised iron sheet or asbestos cement sheet roofing , the roof covering are taken out in
sqm and measured flat including overlaps with all fittings and supporting trusses.

1.4.10. Plastering and Pointing : Plastering is usually 12 mm thick and is calculated in sqm. For walls the measurement
are taken for the whole face of the wall for both sides as solids and deduction for openings are made in the following
manner :

1. No deduction is made for ends of beams , posts, rafters etc.

2. For small opening upto 0.5 sqm (5 sqft )bno deduction is made and at the same time no additions are made for
jambs , soffits and of sills of this opening.
3. For opening exceeding 0.5 sqm (5 sqft ) but not exceeding 3 sq m (30 sqft) deduction is made for one face only
and the other face is allowed for jambs , soffits and sills which are not taken into account separately.
4. For opening above 3 sqm (30 sqft ) deduction is made for both faces of the opening and the jambs , soffits and
sills are taken into account and added.
Pointing : Pointings in wall is calculated in sqm for whole surface and deductions similar to plastering are made.

[Link] : Ornamental or large cornice is measured in running metre ( running foot ) for complete work which
includes masonry , plastering , moulding etc and paid for in r.m (r ft ) .

1.4.12. Doors and Windows :

1. Chowkhat or Frame : Doors and Window frames or chowkhats are computed in cum. Length is obtained by
adding the length of all the members of the chowkath , top and two verticals if there is no sill member and adding
bottom also if there is sill and this length is multiplied by the two dimension of the cross section of the member. If
there is horn projection these projection also should be added to the length. If there is no sill member , vertical
member shall be inserted into the floor by about 2.5 cm to 4 cm.
2. Door or Window leaves or Shutters : They are computed in sq m by multiplying the the breadth by the height of
the shutters , the rebats in the chowkhats shall be taken into consideration in finding the breadth and the height.
Shutters of different types as panelled , glazed , partly panelled and partly glazed , venetian etc should be
computed separately as the rates differs .

[Link] work : Wooden beams , burgahs , posts , wooden roof trusses , chowkhats etc come under this item and the
quantities are computed in cum .

[Link] Work : This is computed in weight in kg or quintal and the quantities are computed correctly by multiplying
the weight per running meter by the length.

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[Link] Washing or Colour Washing or Distempering :

The quantities are computed in Sq m and are usually same as for plastering . The inside is usually white washed or
distempered and this item will be the same as for inside plaster. The outside is colour washed and the quantities of the
colour washing will be the same as for outside plaster. These item need not be calculated separately but simple written as
same as for inside plaster or outside plaster .

[Link] :

Painting or Varnishing of doors and windows are computed in sqm , the dimension shall be taken for outer dimensions of
the chowkhati.e outer dimensions of doors and windows.

[Link] OF MEASUREMENTS IN METRIC SYSTEM

The principle for dimensions and measurements is to use milimetre (mm) for minute dimensions, centimetre (cm) for
small dimensions and metre (m) for big dimensions. Distances are measured in kilo metre (km).

The dimensional units for main item of materials and works for general construction works as used in metric system are as
follows:

Units of Dimensions for Materials and Works -

Sl No. Particulars of Materials and Works Dimensions Metric System

1 Bricks, stone blocks, etc. All dimensions cm.

2. Files, slates, wall board, glass panes, A.C. Length and breadth in cm or m.
sheets, sheets, etc. Thickness in mm,

3. Door, windows, etc. Height and breadth in cm or m.

4. Parts of doors and windows as pannels, cm or mm.

shutters

5. Timber Length in m and cross-sectional dimensions in cm, or mm.

6. Masonry (brickwork, stone masonry, etc.) Length and height in m.

Thickness or breadth in cm.

7. Cement concrete, Lime concrete, R.C.C. Length and breadth in m.

Flooring, etc. Thickness in cm.

8. White washing, Colour washing, Length and breadth or height

Distempering, Painting, etc. in, m.

9. Aggregates, tallast, grit, sand, et Size in mm.

10. Rolled steėl sections as I-beam, channel, Length in m, section in mm.

angle, etc.

11. Mild steel bars ... Length in m, Dia. in mm.

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[Link] OF MEASUREMENT FOR PAYMENT

Sl No Particulars of item Units of Measurement in MKS

EARTHWORK

1. Earthwork in excavation in ordinary soil, earth- Cu m

work in mixed soil with kankar, bajri, etc. earthwork in hard soil

2. Rock excavation Cu m

3. Earth filling in excavation in foundation Cu m

4. Earth filling in foundation trenches Cu m

5. Earth filling in plinth Cu m

6. Earthwork in banking, cutting, in road and irrigation channel Cu m

7. Surface dressing and levelling, cleaning, etc. Sq m

8. Cutting of trees (Girth specified) No.

9. Puddling, Puddle clay core Củ m

10. Sand filling Cu m

11. Quarrying of stone or boulder Cu m

12. Blasting of rock (Blasted stone stacked and then measured) Cu m

CONCRETE

1. Lime concrete (L.C.) in foundation Cu m

2. Lime concrete (L.C.) in'roof terracing, thick- ness specified sq m

3. Cement concrete (C.C.) Cu m

4. Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C.) Cu m

5. C.C. or R.C.C. Chujja, sun shade Cu m

6. Precast C.C. or R.C.C. Cu m

7. Jali work or jaffri work or C.C. tracery panels Sq m

(Thickness specified)

8. Cement concrete bed Cu m

DAMP PROOF COURSE

1. Damp proof course- Cement concrete, Rich cement mortar, Asphalt, sq m

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 etc. (Thickness specified)

BRICKWORK-

1. Brickwork in foundation and plinth, in super- structure, in arches, Cu m

etc., in cement, lime or mud mortar

2. Sun dried brickwork cu m

3. Honey-comb brickwork, thickness specified.. Sq. m

4. Brick work in jack arches, if measured sepa- rately cu m

5. Jack arch roofing including top finishing sq m

6. Brick work in well steining cu m

7. Half-brick work with or without reinforcement sq m

8. Thin partition wall sq m

9. Reinforced brickwork (R.B. work) Cu m

10. String course, drip course, weather course, coping etc. (Projection metre
specified)

11. Cornice (Projection and type specified) metre

12 Brickwork in Fire place, Chulla, Chimney Cu m

13. Pargetting Chimney, fire place flue metre

14. Brick edging (by road side) Brick edging (by road side)

STONE WORK

1. Stone masonry, Random Rubble masonry, Coursed Rubble Cu m

masonry, Ashlar masonry in walls, in arches, etc.

2. Cut stone work in lintel, beam, etc. Cu m

3. Stone slab in roof, shelve, etc., stone chujjas, stone sun shed, etc. sq m
(Thickness specified) ..

4. Stone work in wall facing or lining (Thickness specified) sq m

WOOD WORK-

1. Wood work., door and window frame or chow-khat, rafters beams, Cu m

roof trusses, etc.

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2. Door and window shutters or leaves, panelled, battened, glazed, part Sq m
panelled and part glazed, wire gauged, etc. (Thickness specified)

3. Door and window fittings as hinges tower bolts, sliding bolts, no.
handles, etc.

4. Timbering, boarding (Thickness specified) sq m

5. Timbering of trenches (Area of face supported) Sq m

6. Sawing of timber Sq m

7. Woodwork in partition, Ply wood, etc. Sq m.

8. Ballies (Diameter specified) metre

STEEL WORK

1. Rolled Steel joists, Channels, Angles, T-irons, Flats, Squares, quintal

Rounds, etc.

2. Steel reinforcement bars, etc., in R.C.C., R. B Work quintal

3. Bending, binding of steel reinforcement quintal

4. Fabrication and hoisting of steel work quintal

5. Expended Metal (X.P.M.), size specified Sq m

6. Fabric reinforcement, wire netting Sq m

7. Iron work in struss quintal

8. Gusset plate (Minimum rectangular size from which cut) quintal

9. Cutting of Iron Joists, channels Cm

10. Cutting, Angles, Tees, Plate sq cm

11. Threading in iron Cm

12. Welding, solder of sheets, plates (Welding of rails, steel, trusses, Cm

rods per no.)

13. Boring holes in iron Nos

14. Cast Iron (C.I.) pipe, Dia. specified metre

15. Rivets, Bolts and nuts, Anchor bolts, Lewis bolts, Holding down quintal

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 bolts, etc.

16. Barbed wire fencing metre

17. Iron gate (May also be by weight, quintal) Sq m

18. Iron hold fast quintal

19. Iron railing (Height and types specified) metre

20. ron grill, collapsible gate sq m

(May also be by weight, quintal)

21. Rolling shutter sq m

22. Steel doors and windows (type and fixing specified) Sq m

ROOFING-

1. Tiled roof - Allahabad tile, Faizabad tile, Mangalore tile, etc. sq m

including battens

2. Country tile roof including bamboo jaffri sq m

3. Corrugated iron (G.C.I)roof, Asbestos cement (A.C.) sheet roof sq m

4. Slate roofing, timber roofing sq m

5 Thatch roofing including bamboo jaffri (Thick- ness specified) sq m

6. Eave board (Thickness specified) sq m

7. R.C.C., R.B. slab roof (excluding steel) Cu m

8. Lime concrete roof over and inclusive of tiles or brick, or stone sq m

slab, etc. (Thickness specified)

9. Mud roof over and inclusive of tiles, or bricks, or stone slab, etc. sq m
(Thickness and type speci- fied)

10. Ridges, valleys, gutters, (Girth specified) metre

11. Tar felting, Bituminous painting sq m

12. Insulating layer in roof of sand and clay, asphalt, etc. sq m

13. Expansion, contraction or construction joint ... metre

14. Ceiling-Timber, A..C. Sheet plain, Cloth, Cement plaster on XPM, sq m

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 Paste board, etc. ...
15. Centering and shuttering, Form work-Sur- face area of R.C.C. or sq m
R.B. work supported
(May also be per cu m (cu ft) of R. C. C. or R.B.
'work)

PLASTERING, POINTING AND FINISHING

1. Plastering Cement mortar, Lime mortar, mud, etc. (Thickness, Sq m

proportion specified)
2. Pointing- Struck, Flush, Weather, etc. Sq m

3. Dado (Thickness and type specified) Sq m

4. Skirting (Thickness type and height specified) metre

5. Cement mortar or lime mortar rubbing sq m

6. White washing, Colour washing, Cement wash- ing (No, of coat sq m

specified)

7. Distempering (No, of coat specified) Sq m

8. Snow cement washing or finishing (No, of coat specified) Sq m

9. Painting, Varnishing (No. of coat specified)... sq m

10. Polishing of wood work (No. of coat specified) sq m

11. Painting letters and figures (Height specified) sq m

12. Oiling and clearing of doors and windows sq m

13. Coal tarring (No. of coat specified) Sq m

14. Removing of paint or varnish sq m

FLOORING

1. 2.5 cm (1") C.C. over 7.5 cm (3") L.C. Floor (including L.C.) sq m

2. Conglomerate floor, artificial patent stone floor 2.5 cm (1") C.C. sq m

over 7.5 cm (3") L.C: (including L.C.)

3. 4 cm thick stone floor flag stone floor over 7.5 cm (3") L.C. sq m
(including L.C.)

4. 2.5 cm (1") marble flooring over 7.5 cm (3") L.C. (including L.C.) Sq m

5. Mosaic or terrazo or granolithic floor over 7.5 cm (3") L.C. sq m

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 (including L.C.)

6. Brick flat floor over 7.5 cm (3") L.C. (including Sq m

L.C)

7. Brick on edge floor over 7.5 cm (3") L.C. sq m

(including L.C.)

8. 2.5 cm (1") or 4 cm (1½") C.C., floor Sq m

9. Door and window sill (C.C. or cement mortar plastered) sq m

MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS

1. Ornamental cornice (Projection, type specified) metre

2. Moulding String course, Drip course, Beading, Throating, etc. metre

3. Ornamental Pillar caps, Pillar base, Flowers, Brackets, etc. no.

4. Railing (Height and type specified) metre

5. Surface drain small (size, material, etc. specified) metre

6. Surface drain large (item wise)

(i) Masonry Cu m
(ii) Plastering sq m

7. Pipe - rainwater, sanitary, water pipe, etc. metre

(Dia. specified)

8. Laying pipe line - sanitary, water pipe, etc. metre

(Dia, depth, bedding etc. specified)

9. Jungle clearance (May also be per km for road and irrigation Sq m or hectare
channel)

10. Silt clearance in irrigation channels (Similar to earthwork) Cu m

(For thin layer upto 5 cm may be on area basis)

11. Trestle, Crate (size, type, etc. specified) no.

12. Cleaning flues no.

13. Cotton cords in sky light no.

(May also be by weight in kg)

14. Easing doors and windows no.

15. Fixing doors and windows no.

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16. Supply and -fixing of Hinges, Tower bolts, Hasp and staples, no.
Handles, Hardwares, etc....

17. Glazing Sq m

18. Glass panes (supply) sq m

19. Fixing of glass panes or cleaning no.

20. Renewing of glass panes no.

21. Well sinking (Masonary or tube well) metre

22. Pile driving or sinking metre

23. Furnitures -Chairs, tables, etc. (size shape specified) no.

24. Painting furnitures No.

25. Caning chairs no.

26. Pitching of brick, stone, kankar, etc. Cu m

(Brick pitching may also be on area basis in
Sq m)

27. Lining of Irrigation Channel, Tunnel, etc. Materials, thickness Sq m

specified (Thick lining may be in volume basis in cu m)

28. Kankar quarrying, kankar supply Cu m

29. Kankar consolidation, road metal consolidation Cu m

31. Bituminous road surfacing sq m

33. Dismantling of brick masonry Cu m

34. Grouting (Bituminous grouting of road metal, cement grouting of Sq m

concrete)

35. Grouting of cracks, joints, etc. metre

36. Electric Wiring or Electrification Light, Fan, Plug points point

37. Water closet (W.C.), Wash hand basin, Man- hole, etc. (size no
specified)

MATERIALS

1. Supply of bricks % nos.

2. Supply of Sand, Surkhi, Cinder, etc. Cu m

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3. Supply of cement bag of 50 kg

4. Supply of lime unslaked quintal

5. Supply of lime slaked quintal

(May also be in volume basis in cu m)

6. Supply of Brick ballast, Stone ballast, Aggregate, etc. Cu m

7. Broken bricks, Kankar, etc. Cu m

8. Supply of Timber Cu m

9. Supply of Steel quintal

10. Supply of Bitumen, Tar tonne

11. Supply of Coal tonne

12. Supply of A.C. sheets (Measured flat) Sq m

13. Supply of G.I. sheet quintal

14. Supply of switches, plugs, ceiling roses, bulbs, brackets, etc. no.

15. Supply of insulated electric wire (size specified) quintal

16. Supply of bare electric wire (size specified) quintal

17. Tents, sholdaries (size specified) no.

18. Supply of Water closet, W.C. (size specified) no.

19. Supply of Wash hand basin (size specified) ... No.

20. Supply of Cowl, Mica valve, Intercepting trap, etc. (size specified) no.

21. Supply of Bib cock, Stop cock, Ball cock, etc. (size specified) no.

22. Supply of Ferrule, C.I. Tank, Water meter, etc. (size specified) no.

23. Supply of pipe, C.I. pipe, S. W. pipe. Hume pipe, A.C. pipe, G.I. metre
pipe, etc. (Dia. specified)

24. Supply of lead, lead wool kg or quintal

25. Supply of varnish, oil, etc. litre

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 CHAPTER – 2
TYPES OF ESTIMATE
2. Estimate-

An estimate is the anticipated or probable cost of a work and is usually prepared before the construction is taken up.
Before undertaking any work or project it is necessary to know its probable cost which is obtained or derived by
estimating. The estimate is prepared by computing or calculating the quantities required and then calculating the cost at
suitable rates, to get the expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of the work or structure.

The estimate may be prepared approximately as a preliminary estimate by various methods without going into details of
the different items of work, to know the approximate cost or rough cost.

Accurate estimate is prepared in detail item-wise by Detailed Estimate. For 'Detailed Estimate' the work is divided into
different items of work, and the quantities under each item are taken out and then an 'Abstract of estimated cost' is
prepared at suitable rateş . Provision for contingencies, 3% to 5% of the estimated cost, is made in the estimate to cover
the miscellaneous petty expenditures which do not come under any item of work. Provision is also made in the estimate
for work charged establishment at 1.5 % to 2% of the estimated cost.

[Link] for Estimate

To make out an estimate for a work the following data are necessary (1) Drawing (plans, section, etc.), (2) Specifications,
and (3) Rates.

(1) Drawings.-Plan, sectional elevations, and detailed drawings to scale, fully dimensioned are required. The plan,
elevation and sectional elevations are usually drawn to a scale of I cm = lm ,and detailed drawings are prepared to scales
of 1 cm =10 cm to l cm= 29 cm

(2) Specification–

(i) General Specifications or Brief Specifications.-These gives the nature, quality and class of work and materials, in
general terms, to be used in the various parts of the work. General specifications help to from a general idea of the whole
building or structure and are useful in preparing the detailed estimate.

(i) Detailed Specifications.-These give the detailed description of the various items of work laying down the quantities
and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of preparation, workmanship and execution of work. Detailed
specification describe every item of work separately, in detail and are helpful for the execution of the different items of
work.

(3) Rates

The rates per unit of various items of work, the rates of various materials to be used in the construction, and the wages of
different categories of labour, skilled or unskilled as mason, carpenter, mazdoor, bhishti, etc., available for preparing
estimate. The location of the work and its distance from the source of materials and the cost of transport should be known.
These rates may be obtained from P.W.D. Schedule of Rate book or the rates may be worked out by the “Analysis of
Rate", method.

[Link] Types of Estimate-

The following are the different types of estimate :

(1) Preliminary Estimate or Approximate or Abstract Estimate or Rough Cost Estimate.

13
 (2) Plinth Area Estimate.

(3) Cube Rate Estimate or Cubical Content Estimate.

(4) Approximate Quantity Method Estimate.

(5) Detailed Estimate or Item Rate Estimate.

(6) Revised Estimate.

(7) Supplementary Estimate.

(8) Supplementary and Revised Estimate.

(9) Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate (A.R. or A.M. Estimate).

2.3.1. Preliminary or Approximate Estimate or Abstract Estimate -

Preliminary or Approximate or Abstract Estimate is required for preliminary studies of various aspects of a work or
project, to decide the financial position and policy for administrative sanction by the competent administrative authority.

This estimate is prepared showing separately the approximate cost of all important items of work as cost of land, cost of
each building, cost of roads, water supply sanitary works, electrification, etc. The estimate is accompanied by a brief
report explaining the necessity and utility of the project and showing how the cost of separate items have been arrived at.
This is also accompanied with a site plan or layout plan.

The preliminary estimate may be prepared by various ways for different structures and works

(a) Buildings

(i) Per unit basis,-Per student for schools and hostels, per class room for schools, per bed for hospitals, per seat for cinema
and theatre , per bay for factories, barracks and dormitories, per tenement for residential buildings.

Approximate cost of a hostel building for 100 students @ Rs. 10,000/- per student works out as Rs. 10 lakhs.

Approximate cost of a l00 bed hospital @ Rs. 50,000/- per bed comes to Rs. 50 lakhs.

(ii) Plinth area basis

(iii) Cubic content basis.

(b) Roads and Highways.-Per kilometre (per mile) basis depending on the nature of road, width and thickness of
metalling, etc. For 10 kilometre of a state highway approximate cost @ Rs. 5,00,000/ - per 1 km works out as Rs. 50
lakhs.

(c) Irrigation Channels-

(i) Per kilometre (per mile) basis depending on the capacity of the channel.

(i) Area of land commanded i.e., per hectare basis (per acre basis).

The approximate cost of 10 kilometre length of irrigation channel of 3 cu m per sec. capacity @ Rs. 70,000/- per km
works out as Rs. 7 lakhs.

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For an irrigation project having a commanded area 2000 hectares, approximate cost @ Rs. 1000/- per hectare comes to Rs.
20 lakhs.

(d) Bridges and Culverts - Per running metre (running feet) of span depending on the roadway, nature and depth of
foundation, type of structure, etc. For small culverts approximate cost may also be per number of culverts of different
spans.

Approximate cost of a bridge of 3 spans of 50 metre each span @ Rs. 30,000/- per running metre of span comes to
3x50×30,000=Rs. 45 lakhs.

Approximate cost of bridges may also be worked out separately for sub-structure and superstructure.

(e) Sewarage Project and water supply project-

(i) On the basis of per head of population served.

(ii) On the basis of area covered i.e., per hectare basis (per acre basis).

Approximate cost of sewarage project for a population of one lakh @ Rs. 100/- head works out as Rs. 100 lakhs.

Approximate cost of water supply project for a population of 75000 people @ Rs. 90/- per head comes to Rs. 67.5 lakhs.

(iii) Over head water [Link] the basis of capacity, per litre (per gallon) of tank depending on the type of structure height
of tank etc.

Approximate cost of an overhead R.C.C. water tank of 50,000 litre capacity Rs. 2.00 per litre works out as
50,000×2.00=Rs. 1 lakh.

2.3.2. Plinth Area Estimate for Building (P.A. Estimate)-

Plinth area estimate is calculated by finding the plinth area of the building and multiplying by the Plinth area Rate. The
plinth area should be calculated for the covered area by taking external dimension of the building at the floor level.
Courtyard and other open area should not be included in the plinth area. Plinth area Estimate is only approximate, and is a
preliminary estimate, to know the approximate cost before hand.

The approximate cost of a building having plinth area of l00 sq m @ Rs. 900/-per sq m works out as Rs.90,000/-

For storeyed building, the Plinth Area Estimate is prepared for each storey separately.

[Link] Rate Estimate for Building :

Cube Rate Estimate is a preliminary estimate or an approximate estimate, and is prepared on, the basis of the cubical
contents of the building.

This is calculated by finding the cubical content of the building, (length x breadth x height) and multiplied it by the cube
rate. The length and breadth should be taken as the external dimensions of the buildings at the floor level and the height
should be taken from the floor level to top of roof (or half way of the sloped roof). For storeyed building the height should
be taken between the floor level of one storey to top of next-higher floor. The foundation and plinth, and the parepet
above roof are not taken into account in finding the cubical content.

Cube rate estimate is most accurate as compared to the Plinth Area Estimate as the height of the building is also
compared.
15
The approximate cost of a building of cubic content (volume) of 400 cu m @ Rs. 180/- per cu m comes to Rs. 72,000/-.

2.3.4. Approximate Quantity Method Estimate-

In this method approximate total length of walls is found in running metre and this total length muitiplied by the rate per
running metre of wall gives a fairly accurate cost. For this method the structure may be divided into two parts viz. (i)
foundation including plinth and (ii) superstructure.

The running metre cost for foundation and superstructure should be calculated first and these running metre rate should be
multiplied by the total length of walls.

To find the running metre rate for foundation, the approximate quantities of items such as excavation, foundation, brick
work upto plinth, and damp proof course are calculated per running metre and by multiplying by the rates of these items
the price or rate per running metre is determined.

Similarly for superstructure the price or rate per running metre is determined from the approximate quantities of
brickwork, wood works, roof, floor finishing, etc. For this method the plan or line plan of the structure should be
available.

2.3.5. Detailed Estimate or Item Rate Estimate-

Detailed estimate is an accurate estimate and consists of working out the quantities of each item of works, and working
the cost. The dimensions, length, breadth and height of each item are taken out correctly from drawing and quantities of
each item are calculated, and abstracting and billing are done.

The detailed estimate is prepared in two stages :-

(1) Details of Measurement and Calculation of Quantities --

The details of measurements of each item of work are taken out correctly from plan and drawings and quantities under
each item are computed or calculated in a tabular form.

(ii) A Abstract of Estimated Cost

The cost of each item of work is calculated in a tabular form from the quantities already computed and total cost is
worked out in Abstract of Estimate Form . The rates of different items of work are taken as per schedule of rates or
current workable rates or analysed rates or finished items of work. A percentage usually 3% of the estimated cost is added
to allow for contingencies for miscelaneous petty items which do not come under any classified head of items of work .

The detailed estimate is usually prepared work-wise, under each sub-work as main building, servant quarters, garage,
boundary walls etc.

The detailed estimate is accompanied with :

(1) Report.

(2) General specifications.

(3) Detailed specifications.

(4) Drawings :-Plan, elevation, Sectional elevations, Detailed drawings, Site plan or Layout plan or Index plan etc.

16
(5) Calculation and designs - Designs of foundation, beam, slab, lintel, design of channel in case of irrigation channel,
design of thickness of metal crust in case of road etc.

(6) Analysis of rates - if rates are not as per schedule of rates or for the non-scheduled items.

Detailed Estimate is prepared for technical sanction of the competent authority, for arranging contract and for the
execution of work.

2.3.6. Revised Estimate-

Revised Estimate is a detailed estimate and is required to be prepared under any one of the following circumstances :

(i) When the original sanctioned estimate is exceeded or likely to exceed by more than 5%.

(ii) When the expenditure on a work exceeds or likely to exceed the amount of administrative sanction by more than 10%.

(iii) When there are material deviation from the original proposal, even though the cost may be met from the sanctioned
amount.

Revised estimate should be accompanied by a comparative statement showing the Variations of each item of works, its
quantity, rate and cost under original and revised, side by side, the excess or saving and reason for variation.

2.3.7. Supplementary Estimate

Supplementary Estimate is a detailed estimate and is prepared when additional works are required to supplement the
original works, or when further development is required during the progress of work. This is a fresh detailed estimate of
the additional works in addition to the original estimate.

The Abstract should show the amount of the original estimate and the total amount including the Supplementary amount
for which sanction is required.

2.3.8 Supplementary and Revised Estimate-

When a work is partially abandoned and the estimated cost of the remaining work is less than 95 per cent of the original
work, that is less than 95 per cent of the original sanctioned estimate, or when there are material deviations and changes in
the design which may cause substantial saving in the estimate, then the amount of the original estimate is revised by the
competent authority. A supplementary and Revised Estimate is then prepared and fresh Technical sanction of the

competent authority is obtained. If at any time either before or during the execution of original work, it is found that the
original estimate is excessive, then Divisional officer may sanction a revised estimate of reduced amount. While giving
such sanction the Accountant General and other higher authorities are informed.

2.3.9 Annual Repair or Maintenance Estimate (A.R. or A.M. Estimate)-

Annual Repair or Amual Maintenance Estimate is a detailed estimate and is prepared to maintain the structure or work in
proper order and safe condition. For building; this incłudes white washing, colour washing, painting, minor repairs etc.

For road works the A.R. estimate provides for patch repairing, renewals, repairs of bridges and culverts, etc.

Further, there may be special repair estimate, Monsoon damage repair estimate, etc.

[Link]-

17
The terms Contingencies indicates incidental expenses of miscellaneous character which cannot be classified under any
distinct item sub-head, yet pertain to the work as a whole.

In an estimate a certain amount in the form of contigencies of 3 per cent to 5 per cent of estimated cost, is provided to
allow for the expenses for miscellaneous petty items which do not fall under any sub-head of items of work. Micellaneous
incidental expenses which cannot be classified under any sub-head or item, are met from the amount provided under
contingencies.

If there is any saving against the amount provided under contingencies, this amount may be utilised with the sanction of
the competent authority, to meet the expenses of extra items of work, any unforeseen, expenditure, expenses to minor
changes in design, etc.

[Link]-charged Establishment-

Work-charged Establishment is the establishment which is charged to works directly. During the construction of a
building or a project, a certain number of work-supervisors, chaukidas, mates munshies, etc., are required to be employed,
and their salaries are paid from the amount of work-charged establishment provided in the estimate.

For work-charged establishment a percentage of .5% to 2% of the estimated cost is included in the estimate. The work-
charged employees are temporary staff and their appointment shall have to be sanctioned by the competent authority for a
specified period. Their services are terminated at the expiry of the sanctioned period, if their services are required fresh
sanction shall have to be taken. Their services can, however., be terminated at any time but usually one month's notice is
given.

2.6. Tools and Plants (T. and P.) :

For big work or project a percentage of 1% to 1½ % of the estimated cost is provided in the Estimate for the purchase of
Tools and Plants which will be required for the execution of the work.

Normally the contractor has to arrange and use his own tools and plants.

2.7. Centage Charges or Departmental charges-

When the engineering department takes up the work of other department a percentage amount of 10% to 15% of the
estimated cost is charged to meet the expences of establishment, designing, planning, supervision, etc., and this
percentage charge is known as Centage Charge. The Centage Charge is also made on contributory and deposit works of
local bodies, private persons and others.

The Centage Charge is provided in the estimate of the work of Central Government when undertaken for execution. These
charges are also known as Supervision Charges for works.

[Link]-

Estimate is usually accompanied with a report which gives all information in brief, of the whole work or project. Report
should be such as to give a clear picture or idea of the whole project or work. Report should consist of the following main
points -

(i) Brief history, with reference to the proposal.

(ii) Object, necessity, utility and feasibility of the project with reasons.

18
(iii) Selection of site or selection of alignment.

(iv) Accommodation provided or brief description of the works provided in the estimate.

(v) Surveying.

(vi) Nature of soil, and topography' of the land, orientation, etc.

(vii) General specifications and basis of design calculations.

(viii) Arrangements for water supply, sanitary works and electrical installations.

(ix) Miscellaneous items as labour amenities, temporary accomodation for staff, etc. for big project.

(x) Roads and drains.

(xi) Manner of execution.

(xii) Total cost and how to be financed.

(xiii) Return or revenue income if any.

(xiv) Rent statement if any.

(xv) Time of execution.

2.9. Site Plan–

For all building plans site plans are prepared to a small scale of 1 cm = 5 m to 1 cm=10 m showing the orientation of the
building, boundaries of land, position of roads, drains, sewer line, water pipelines, and adjoining plots of lands with their
ownership. In site plan, the building and other details are drawn in line diagram. From the site plan, location of the work
with respect to the surrounding is known.

[Link] Plan -

For a project consisting of a number of buildings and structures, a Layout plan of the whole area is prepared to a small
scale of 1 cm = 10 m to l cm= 20 m , with all proposed buildings, structures, etc. showing their sizes, positions, locations
and orientations. Besides the buildings and structures the roads, lanes, drains, pipe lines, electric lines, parks, etc. are also
shown in the layout plan with their proper notations. The boundary, the main approach roads and adjoining areas with
their ownership, name, nature etc., are also indicated in the layout plan. In Layout plan the details are shown in line
diagram. The layout plan gives a general idea of the project at a glance.

[Link] Plan-

For Road project, Irrigation project, Water supply project, Sanitary work project, Major building project etc., an index
plan to a scale 1 cm=0.5 km is prepared showing alignment with position of culverts, outlets and other main works or
main outlines of the whole work so that at a glance an idea of the project may be formed. For big project the Index plan is
drawn with a much small scale and is known as key plan.

2.12. Electrification, Sanitary and Water Supply Works.-

In building work for internal Electrification, Sanitary and Water Supply works a percentage of about 20% of the estimated
cost of building is provided. The provision are usually made as given below
19
For Sanitary and Water Supply Works ... 8% of the estimated cost of building works.

For Electrification……8% of the estimated cost pf building works.

For Electric Fans ... 4% of the estimated cost of building works.

[Link]-head of Items of Work-

The term sub head is used to describe the sub-divisions into which the total cost of a work is divided for financial control
and statistical convenience.

The whole work is divided into different classes of items, and items of similar nature are grouped under sub-heads of
work are as follows

(i) Earthwork, (ii) Concrete, (iii) Brick-work, (iv) Stone work, (v) Wood work, (vi) Steel-work, (vii) Roofing, (viii)
Flooring, (ix) Plastering, and pointing, (x) Painting and Distempering. (xi) White washing and colour washing, (xii)
Miscellaneous items.

Under each sub-head there are different items of work. Under the sub-head 'Earthwork' the cost of all items of earthwork
as earthwork in excavation, earthwork in filling, dressing of earthwork etc., are taken. Similarly, under the sub-head
'Concrete' the cost of all items of concrete as lime concrete, cement concrete, reinforced cement concrete, etc., are taken,
and so on for other sub-heads.

The rates in the P.W.D. Schedule of Rates' áre grouped sub-head wise

2.14. Sub-work-

A large work or project may consist of several buildings or small works and each of thęse work is known as sub-work.
Detailed estimate of each sub-work is prepared separately and accounts of expenditure are kept sub-work wise.

A hospital project may consist of.

(i) Main hospital building, (ii) Out patient ward, (iii) Emergency ward, (iv) Resident doctor's quarters, (v) Nurses
quarters, (v) Kitchen blocks, (vi) Roads, etc. and each will be a sub-work.

[Link] or Estimated Cost or General Abstract of Cost-

When the whole work or project consists of number of works or sub-works detailed estimate and abstract of estimated
cost are prepared for each sub-work separately, and at the end a Summary of Estimated Cost or General Abstract of Cost
is prepared for the whole work or project The Summary of Estimated Cost includes the cost of ecah sub-work and gives
the total cost of the whole work or project.

[Link] of rates -

Schedule of rates is a list of rates of various items of works. To facilitate the preparation of estimates, and also to serve as
a guide in setting rates in connection with contract agreements, a schedule of rates for all items of work is maintained in
the Engineering Department in the form of a printed books known as "Schedule of Rate Books."

Rate per unit of various items of work and materials, rates of wages of labour and rates of transport are given in the
Schedule of Rates'. P.W.D. maintain printed schedule of rate book for various items of the work and estimate is prepared
with these rates. The rates are workable rates for the completion of the items including materials, transport, labour, profit,
etc.
20
The Schedule of Rate is prepared on the basis of analysis of rates.

2.17. Administrative Approval or Sanction-

For any work or project required by a department, an approval or sanction of the competent authority of the department,
with respect to the cost and work is necessary at the first instance. The approval authorises the engineering department to
take up the work. Administrative approval notes the formal acceptance by the department concerned of the proposal, and
after the administrative approval is given, the engineering department (P.W.D.) take up the work and prepares detailed
designs, plans and estimates and then executes the work. The engineering department prepares approximate estimate and
preliminary plans and submits to the department concerned for administratıve approval.

[Link] Sanction-

Expenditure sanction means the concurrence of the Government of the expenditure proposed and represents allotment of
the money to meet the expenditure. No expenditure can be incurred before Expenditure Sanction is given. Expenditure
sanction means allotment of fund or money for a specific work and is usually, accorded by the Finance Department.

[Link] Sanction-

Technical sanction means the sanction of the detailed estimate, design calculations, quantities of works, rates and cost of
the work by the competent authority of the engineering department.

After the technical sanction of the estimate is given, then only the work is taken up for construction. In case of original
work the counter signature of the local head of the department should be obtained in the plan and estimate before
technical sanction is accorded by the engineering department. The power for Technical Sanction differs from state to state.

[Link] of Quantities-

It is a statement of the various items of work giving the description, quantities and unit of rates. It is prepared in a tabular
form similar to the 'Abstract of Estimated Cost of the detailed estimate, but the rate and amount columns are left blank
(unfilled), When Priced, that is, the rates and the amounts are filled up and totalled, this gives the estimated cost. It is

Primarily meant for inviting tender, and supplied to the contractor to fill up the rates and amounts columns. On receipt of
the tenders the rates and amounts are compared and decision about entrusting the work is finalised.

[Link] Area-

Plinth area is the built up covered area of a building measured at floor level of any storey. Pinth area is calculated by
taking the external dimensions of the building at the floor level excluding plinth offsets if any. Court-yard, open areas,
balconies and cantilever projections are not included in the Plinth area. Supported porches (other than cantilevered) are
included in the Plinth area.

[Link] Area.-

Floor area of a building is the total area of floor in between walls and consists of floor of all rooms verandahs passages
corridors staircase room, entrance halls, kitchen, stores, bath and latrine (W. Cs.) etc. Sills of doors and openings are not
included in the Floor area. Area occupied by walls, pillars, pilaster, and other intermediate supports are not included in the
Floor area. In short, Floor area is equal to Plinth area minus area occupied by walls.

[Link] Area.

21
Circulation Area is the floor area of verandahs, passages, corridors, balconies, entrance hall, porches, stair cases, etc.,
which are used for movements of persons using the building. The circulation Area of any floor shall comprise of the
following :-

(a) Verandahs and balconies, (b) Passages and corridors, (c) Entrance halls, () Stair case and mumties, (e) Shafts for lift,

The circulation area may be divided into two parts: (1) Horizontal circulation area and (2) Vertical circulation area.

[Link] Circulation Area.-

Horizontal area of a building is the area of verandahs , passages, corridors, balconies, porches, etc. which are required for
the horizontal movement of the users of the building. This may be 10% to 15% of the plinth area of the building.

[Link] Circulation Area.-

Vertical circulation area of a building is the area or space Occupied by stair cases, lifts and the entrance halls adjacent to
them which are required for vertical movement of the users of the building. This may be 4% to 5% of the plinth area of
the buildings.

[Link] Area :

Carpet Area of building is the useful area or liveable area or lettable area .This is the total floor area minus the
Circulation area, verandahs, corridors, passages, staircase lifts, entrance hall, etc. and minus other non-useable areas as
sanitary accommodations (Bath and [Link].), air conditioning room etc. For office building Carpet area is the lettable area
or useable area and for residential building Carpet area is the liveable area and should exclude the kitchen, pantry, stores
and similar other room which are not used for living purposes.

The carpet area of a building for any storey shall be the floor area excluding the following :

(a) Sanitary accommodation, (b) Verandahs, (c) Corridors and passages, (d) Kitchen ańd pantries, (e) Stores in domestic
buildings, (f) Entrance hall and porches, (g) Stair cases and mumties, (h) Shafts for lifts, (i)) Barsaties, () Garages, (k)
Canteens, (l) Air conditioning ducts and air conditioning plant room.

The Carpet area of an office building may be 60% to 75% of plinth area of the building With a target of 75%. The
planners should aim to achieve a target to 75% of the plinth area.

22
 CHAPTER 3
SPECIFICATIONS
[Link] :

It specifies or describes the nature and the class of the work, materials to be used in the work, workmanship, etc., and is
very important for the execution of the work. The cost of a work depends much on the specifications.

Specifications depend on the nature of the work, the purpose for which the work is required, strength of the materials,
availability of materials, quality of materials, etc.

Specifications are of two types :-

(1) General specification or Brief specification, and (2) Detailed specification.

3.2. General or brief specification – General specification gives the nature and class of the work and materials in general
terms, to be used in the various parts of the work, from the foundation to the superstructure. It is a short description of
different parts of the work specifying materials, proportions, qualities, etc. General specifications give general idea of the
whole work or structure and are useful for preparing the estimate.

For general idea, the general specifications of different class of buildings are given below.

3.3. General Specifications of a First Class Building

3.3.1. Foundation and plinth - Foundation and plinth shall be of l-class brickwork in lime mortar or 1:6 cement mortar
over lime concrete or 1:4: 8 cement concrete.

3.3.2. Damp proof course - D.P.C. shall be 2.5 cm (1") thick cement concrete 1:1.5 :3, mixed with one kg of Imper mo
per bag of cement or other standard water proofing materials as specified and painted with two coats of bitumen.

[Link] - Superstructure shall be of I-class brickwork with lime mortar or 1:6 cement mortar. Lintels over
doors and windows shall be of R.C.C.

[Link] - Roof shall be of R.C.C. slab with an insulation layer and lime concrete terracing above, supported over
R.S. Joists or R.C.C. beams as required. Height of rooms shall not be less than 3.7 m (12 feet).

3.3.5. Flooring - Drawing room and dining room floors shall be of mosaic (terrazo). Bathroom and W.C. Floors and dado
shall be of mosaic (terrazo). Floors of bedrooms shall be coloured and polished of 2.5 cm (1") cement concrete over 7.5
cm (3") lime concrete. Floors of others shali be of 2.5 cm (") cement concrete over 7.5 cm (3") lime concrete polished.

[Link] - Inside and outside walls shall be of 12 mm (½") cement lime plastered 1:1:6, Drawing, dining and
bedrooms-inside shall be distempered, and others inside white washed 3 coats, Outside shall be coloured snowcem
washed two coats over one coat of white wash

[Link] and windows - Chaukhats shall be seasoned teak wood. Shutters shall be teak wood 4.3 cm (1%") thick
panelled glazed or partly panelled and partly glazed as required, with additional wire gauge shutters. All fittings shall be
of brass. Doors and windows shall be varnished or painted two coats with high class enamel paint over one coat of
priming. Windows shall be provided with iron gratings or grills.

3.3.8. Miscellaneous - Rain water pipes of cast iron or of asbestos cement shall be provided and finished painted.
Building shall be provided with lst class Sanitary and Water fittings and Electrical installations. 1 metre wide 7.5 cm thick
C.C. 1:3:6 apron shall be provided all round the building

23
[Link] SPECIFICATIONS

The detailed specification is a detailed description and expresses the requirements in detail. The detailed specification of
an item of work specifies the qualities and quantities of materials, the proportion of mortar, workmanship, the method of
preparation and execution and the methods of measurement. The detailed specifications of different ițems of work are
prepared separately, and describe what the works should be and how they shall be executed and constructed.

Detailed specifications are written to express the requirements clearly in a concise form avoiding repetition and
ambiguity. The detailed specifications are arranged as far as possible in the same sequence of order as the work is carried
out. The detailed specifications if prepared properly are very helpful for the execution of work. The detailed specifications
form an important part of contract document.

The detailed specifications of various items of works are as follows

3.4.1. Earthwork in excavation in foundation -

Excavation - Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of foundation concrete and the sides shall be vertical.
If the soil is not good and does not permit vertical sides, the sides Should be sloped back or protected with timber shoring.
Excavated earth shall not be placed within 1 m (3) of the edge of the trench.

Trench filling - After the concrete has been laid masonry has been constructed the remaining portion of the trenches shall
be filled up with earth in layers of 15 cm (6") and watered and well rammed.

Measurement--The measurement of the excavation shall be taken in cu m (cu ft) as for rectangular trench bottom width of
concrete multiplied by the vertical depth of foundation from ground level and multiplied by the length of trenches

3.4.2. Cement concrete 1:2:4-

Materials-Aggregate shall be of invert materials and should be clean, dense, hard, sound, durable, non-absorbent and
capable of developing good bond with mortar.

Coarse aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt and other foreign matters.
The stone ballast shall be of 20 mm (4") size and down and all should be retained in a 5 mm square mesh (4" square) and
well graded such that the voids do not exceed 42 per cent. (The gauge of the stone ballast shall be as specified depending
on the thickness of concrete and nature of work. For building work 20 mm gauge and for road work and mass work 40 to
60 mm gauge may be used.

Fine aggregate shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp and angular grains and shall pass through screen of 5 mm
(3/ 16") square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specifications clean and free from dust, dirt, and organic matters. Sea sand
shall not be used. (Fine aggregate may also be of crushed stone if specified).

Cement shall be fresh portland cement of standard I.S.I. specifications, and shall have the required tensile and
compressive stresses and fineness.

Water shall be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters and suitable for drinking purposes.

Proportion - The proportion of concrete shall be 1:2:4 as cement : sand : stone : ballast by volume unless otherwise
specified. Minimum compressive strength of concrete of 1:2:4 proportion shall be 140 kg per sq cm (2000 lbs/sq in) on 7
days.

24
Stone aggregate and sand shall be measured by volume with boxes. Cement need not be measured by box, one bag of
cement (50 kg) should be considered as 1/30 cu m (1.2 cu ft). Size of measured box may be 30 cm x 30 cm x 38 cm or 35
cm x 35 cm x 28 cm equivalent to content of one bag of cement. All materials shall be dry. If damp sand is used
compensation shall be made by adding additional sand to the extent required for the bulking of damp sand. Mixing shall
be of machine mixing. For small work hand mixing by batches may be allowed.

Slump--Regular slump test should be carried out to control the addition of water and to maintain the required consistency.
A šlump of 7.5 cm to 10 cm (3" to 4") may be allowed for building work, and 4 cm to 3 cm (1/½" to 2") may be allowed
for road work.

Formwork : Formwork centering and shuttering shall be provided as required, as per standard specifications before laying
concrete to confine to support or to keep the concrete in position. The inner surface of shuttering shaH be oiled to prevent
concrete sticking to it.

Laying : Concrete shall be laid gently (not thrown) in layers not exceeding 15 cm (6") and compacted by pinning with
rods and tamping with wooden tampers or with mechanical vibrating machine until a dense concrete is obtained.

Curing : After about two hours' laying when concrete has begun to harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with wet
gunny bags or wet sand for 24 hours, and then cured by flooding with water making mud walls 7.5 cm (3") high or by
covering with wet sand or earth and kept damp continuously for 15 days.

3.5. Reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C.) -

Steel : Steel reinforcing bars shall be of mild steel or deformed steel of standard specifications and shall be free from
corrosion, loose rust scales, oil, grease, paint, etc. The steel bar shall be round and capable of being bent (doubled over)
without fracture. Bars shall be hooked and bent accurately and placed in position as per design and drawing and bound
together tight with

Centering and shuttering : Centering and shuttering shall be made with timber or steel plate close and tight to prevent
leakage or mortar, with necessary props, bracings and wedges, sufficiently strong and stable and should not yield on
laying concrete and made in such a way that they can be slackened and removed gradually without disturbing the
concrete. A coat of oil washing should be applied over the shuttering or paper should be spread to have a smooth and
finished surface and to prevent adherence of concrete. Centering and shuttering should not be removed before 14 days in
general (4 days for R.C.C. columns, 10 days for roof slab, and 14 days for beams).

Proportion of cement concrete -Cement concrete shall be of 1:2:4 proportion by volume for slabs, beams and lintels, and 1
: 1½:3 porportion for columns unless otherwise specified.

Materials for concrete Cement, sand and coarse aggregate shall be same as for cement

concrete in item 4.

Mixing : Same as for cement concrete in item 4.

Laying : Same as Item No 4

Curing : Same as for cement concrete in item 4.

Finishing : If specified the exposed surface shall be plastered with 1:3 cement sand mortar not Exceeding 6 mm (4")
thickness and the plastering shall be applied immediately after removal of the centering while the concrete is green.
Immediately before applying the plaster the surface of concrete shall be wetted and neat cement wash shall be given.
25
Measurement : Measurement shall be taken in cu m (cu ft) for the finished work and no deduction shall be made for the
volume of steel. Steel reinforcement shall be measured under a separate item in quintal (cwt). Plastering, if any, shall not
be included in the measurement. The rate for R.C.C. work shall be for the complete work excluding steel but including
centering and shuttering and all tools and plants.

3.6. Damp proof course 2.5 cm (1") c.c. 1 : 1½:3–

Materials : Damp proof course shall consist of cement, coarse sand and stone aggregate of 1: 1½:3 proportion with 2% of
impermo or cem-seal, or Acco proof by weight of cement or other standard water proofing compound (1 kg per bag of
cement). The damp proof course shall be applied at the plinth level in a horizontal layer of 2.5 cm thickness. The cement
shall be fresh portland cement of standard specifications. The sand shall be clean, coarse of 5 mm size and down, and the
stone aggregate shall be hard and tough of 20 mm size well graded and free from dust and dirt.

Mixing : Mixing shall be done in a masonry platform or in a sheet iron tray in the proportion of 1 : 1½:3 by measuring
with measuring boxes. The cement is first mixed thoroughly with the water proofing compound to the required quantity,
and then mixed dry with the sand in the porportion of 1 : 1.5 . The mix of cement and sand shall then be mixed dry with
stone aggregate to have the proportion 1: 1½:3. Clean water shall then be added slowly and gradually while being mixed,
to the required quantity to give a plastic mix of the required workable consistency. The mixing shall be done by turning at
least three times to give a uniform and homogeneous concrete.

Laying : The level of the surface of the plinth shall be checked longitudinally and transversely. The top of walls at damp
proof course should be laid with frogs of the brick downward. Side forms or shuttering of strong wooden batten of 2.5 cm
thickness shall be fixed properly and firmly on both sides to confine the concrete so that the shuttering does not get
disturbed during compaction and mortar does not leak through. The inner edges of the shuttering shall be oiled to prevent
concrete adhering to it. The surface of the wall shall be cleaned and the masonry shall be wetted by watering before
concrete is laid. The concrete shall be laid within half an hour of mixing and compacțed thoroughly by tamping to make
dense concrete and levelled, both longitudinally and transversely. After two hours of laying the surface of concrete shall
be made rough and chequered so as to form a key with the wall above. The damp proof course shall be laid in
continuation in one day without any joints.

Curing : The damp proof course shall be cured by watering and kept wet for 7 days, and the construction of wall above
may be started.

3.7. Brickwork 1st class-

Bricks : All bricks shall be of first class of standard specifications made of good brick earth thoroughly burnt, and shall be
of deep cherry red or copper colour. Bricks shall be regular in shape and their edges should be sharp and shall emit clear
ringing sound on being struck and shall be free from cracks, chips, flaws and lumps of any kind. Bricks shall not absorb
water more than one-sixth of their weight after one hour of soaking by immersing in water. Bricks shall have a minimum
crushing strength of 105 kg per sq cm (1500 lbs per sq in).

Mortar : Mortar shall be specified and materials of mortar shall be of standard specifications. Proportion of cement sand
mortar may be of (1 :3 to 1:6 as specified).

Soaking of brick : Bricks shall be fully soaked in clean water by submerging in a tank for a period of 12 hours
immediately before use. Soaking shall be continued till air bubbling is ceased.

Laying : Bricks shall be well bonded and laid in English bond unless otherwise specified. Every course shall be truly
horizontal and wall shall be truly in plumb. Vertical joints of consecutive course shall not come directly over one another,

26
vertical joints in alternate course shall come directly over one another. No damaged or broken bricks shall be used.
Closers shall be of clean cut

Curing : The brickwork shall be kept wet for a period of at least 10 days after laying. At the end of days work the tops of
walls shall be flooded with water by making small weak mortar edging to contain at least 2.5 cm (1") deep water.

Protection-The brickwork shall be protected from the effect of sun, rain, frost, etc., during the constructions and uptil such
time it is green and likely to be damaged.

Scaffolding : Necessary' and suitable scaffolding shall be provided to facilitate the construction of brick wall. Scaffolding
shall be sound and strong and supports and members sufficiently strong so as to withstand all loads likely to come upon
them.

Measurement : Brickwork shall be measured in cu m (cu ft). Different kinds of brickwork with different mortar shall be
taken under separate items. The thickness of wall shall be taken as multiple of half brick as half brick 10 cm, 1 brick 20
cm, 1.5 brick 30 cm and so on. The rate shall be for the complete work including scaffolding and all tools and plants.

3.8. Plastering cement mortar or lime mortar-

The joints of the brickwork shall be raked out to a depth of 18 mm (") and the surface of the wall shall be washed and kept
wet for two days before plastering.

The thickness of plastering shall be as specified usually 12 mm (1/2") applied in two or three coats. To ensure uniform
thickness of plaster, patches of 15 cm x 15 cm (6") strips 1 m (3’ ) apart or 10 cm (4") wide plaster shall be applied first at
about 2 m (6') apart to act as a guide. First mortar shall be dashed and pressed over the surface and then brought to a true
smooth and uniform surface by means of float and trowel. External plastering shall be started from top and worked down
towards floor. Internal plastering shall be started wherever the building frame is ready and centering of the roof slabs have
been removed. Ceiling plastering shall be completed before starting of wall plaster.

Curing shall be started as soon as the plaster has hardened sufficiently not to be damaged when watered .The plaster shall
be kept wet for at least I0 days. Any defective plaster shall be cut in rectangular shape and replaced.

3.9. Pointing (cement or lime mortar)-

The joints of the brickwork shall be raked out to a depth of 20 mm (4") and the surface of the wall washed and cleaned
and kept wet for two days before pointing.

The materials of mortar cement and sand, or lime and surkhi or sand, or kankar lime as specified, shall be of standard
specifications. The materials of mortar shall be first dry mixed by measuring with boxes to have the required proportion as
specified (1 : 2 or 1:3 for cement sand mortar, 1:1for lime surkhi mortar or kankar lime mortar), and then mixed by adding
water slowly and gradually and thoroughly mixed.

Mortar shall then be applied in the joints slightly in excess and pressed by a proper tool of the required shape. Extra
mortar if any is removed and surface finished. Mortar shall not spread over the face of bricks, and the edges of bricks shall
be clearly defined to give a neat appearance. After pointing the surface shall be kept wet for seven days.

3.10. 2.5 cm (1") cement concrete floor-

The cemcnt concrete shall be of proportion 1:2:4 or 1:2.5:3.5 as specified. Cement shall he fresh portland cement of
standard specifications. The coarse aggregate shall be hard and tough (granite stone) of 20 mm (4") gauge, well graded

27
and free from dust, dirt, etc. The sand shall be coarse of 5 mm (3/ 16") maximum size and down, well graded, clean and
free from dust, dirt and organic matters.

3.11. Mosaic or terrazo floor-

The mosaic floor consists of two layers, the bottom layer 2 cm to 2.5 cm (3/4 " to 1") cement conerete, 1:2:4 (or 1:2.5:
3.5, as specified), and the upper layer 6 mm (1/4") thick consistíng of a mix of marble chips and cement in the porportion
of 1:1½, one part of cement and 1% parts of marble chips. The top layer is laid on the following day. It shall be laid more
than the specified thickness in order to get the specified thickness after cutting and finishing.

3.12. White washing -

Fresh white lime slacked at site of work should be mixed with sufficient water to make a thin cream. The approximate
quantity of water required in making the cream is 5 litres of water to 1 kg of lime. It shall then be screened through a
coarse cloth and gum (glue) in the proportion of 100 grams of gum to 16 litres (three chattacks of gum to 6 gallons) of
wash shall be added. The surface should be dry and thoroughly cleaned from dust and dirt. The wash shall be applied with
'moonj' or jute brush, vertically and horizontally alternately and the wash kept stirred in the container while using. Two or
three coats shall be applied as specified and each coat shall be perfectly dry before the succeeding coat is applied over it.
After finishing the surface shall be of uniform colour

3.13. Colour washing-

Colour wash shall be prepared with fresh slaked white lime mixed with water to make thin cream adding the coloured
pigment to the required quantity to give the required tint. Gum (glue) in the proportion of 100 gm of gum to 16 litres
(three chattacks of gum to six gallons) of wash shall be added. The colour wash may be applied one or two coats as
specified. The method of application should be same as for white washing (item 2.12). For new work the priming coat
shall be of white wash.

3.14. Distempering-

The distemper shall be of best quality and the colour should be as specified. The distemper should be mixed and prepared
and water added, as laid down in the instructions of the manufacturer. First a paste is made by adding little hot water to
the distemper powder and stirred thoroughly, and the paste is allowed to stand for a few minutes. The paste is then thinned
with water to have a thin cream to the consistency of oil paint and stirred thoroughly all the time while applying. If the
surface is rough, it should be smoothened with sand paper. The surface must be perfectly dry before distempering is
commenced.

The number of coats shall be two or as specified. The distemper shall be kept well stirred in containers and shall be
applied with broad brushes first horizontally and immediately crossed vertically. Brushing should not be continued too
long to avoid brush marks. The second coat shall be applied after the first coat is dried up.

3.15. Painting-

The brand of the paint shall be specified and ready-made paint of the required colour should be used. If thinning is
required, pure turpentine may be added to the required extent. The surface shall be made perfectly smooth by rubbing with
sand paper of different grades, first with coarse one and successively with fine sand papers. All holes and open joints
should be filled with strong putty or with a mixture of glue and plaster of paris and smoothened by rubbing with sand
paper.

The number of coats shall be as specified in new work one priming coat and then two coats of paints shall be applied.

28
3.16. Varnishing-

Knots, holes, cracks, etc., shall be filled and covered with putty made of whiting and linseed oil. The wood work shall be
rubbed down with sand paper sufficiently smooth to remove any grain marks and it shall be cleaned before-hand. Two
coats of boiled linseed oil or two thin coat of glue as specified shall be applied and each such coat shall be allowed to dry
up and rubbed down smooth with a fine sand paper. The varnish shall be applied with brushes using strong firm strokes,
of brushes and spread evenly.

3.17. Wood work (carpenter's work)-

All wood work of which the scantling exceeds 20 sq (3 sq in) section and which is not specially moulded or carved comes
under carpenter's work. This include all timber work in chaukhats of doors and windows, in roof works as beams, struts,
ties, rafters purlins in timber bridge, etc. Timber shall be as specified, may be teak, shisham, sal, deodar, etc.

All portions of timber built into or in contact of masonry or concrete shall be given two coats of solignum or tar or other
approved preservations. Exposed surfaces of timber shall be painted with two coats of approved paint over a coat of
priming.

All beams shall be bedded on plates with a minimum bearing of 25 cm and 6 mm clear air spaces shall be left on each
side. No wood work shall be fixed within 60 cm of any fire place or flue.

Measurement of wood work shall be taken in cu m (cu ft) for the finished work fixed in position including sawing,
planning, joining, nails, screws, etc. Painting of wood work shall be measured under separate item.

3.18. Doors and windows -

Timber shall be of the kind as specified, may be teak, shisham, sal, deodar, etc. The timber shall be of the best quality,
well seasoned and free from sap, knots, warps, cracks, and other defects.

All wood work shall be planed, and neatly and truly finished to the exact dimensions. All joints shall be neat and strong,
truly and accurately fitted, and glued before being fitted together.

Chaukhats.-The chaukhats shall be properly framed and joined by mortise and tenon joint with hard wooden pins, and the
joints shall be coated with white lead before being fitted together.

Shutters or leaves (Joinery),-The shutters may be panelled, glazed, part panelled and part glazed battened, or venetian as
specified. The thickness of shutters shall be (14" to 2") 3 cm to 5 cm as specified.

Measurement.- The rate shall be for the complete work including hanging and fixing in position. The chaukhat shall be
measured in cu m (cu ft) under wood work for the finished work, and the length of tenons, horns, etc., shall be added to
right lengths. The measurement of shutters shall be taken in sq m (sq ft) for the finished work in closed position overlaps
of two shutters shall not be measured. The painting shall be measured separately under a separate item in sq m (sq ft).

3.19. Glazing-

Glass shall be of the best quality and free from bubbles and other imperfections. The tthickness of glass be 3 mm or as
specified. The glass panes shall be fixed in 15 mm rebate of the wooden frame leaving 1.5 mm clear gap all round for
allowing for expansions.

3.20. Centering and shuttering :

29
Shuttering shall be either of hard wooden planking 30 mm thick or of steel plates stiffened by angle Iron. The shuttering
shall be supported on battens, beams, props and wedges and properly cross braced together so as to make the form work
sufficiently rigid strong and stable to support the wet concrete work and should not yield on working and laying concrete.

Centering and shuttering shall not be removed before 14 days in general (4 days for R.C.C. columns, 10 days for roof slab
and 14 days for beams).

3.21. Coursed rubble stone masonry :

The stone shall be hard, sound and durable of approved quarry. Stones shall be hammer dressed on bed and top and also
on sides so that the stones will come to close proximity and each stone can be laid in course. Stone with round surface
shall not be used. Each course shall consist of stone not less than l0 cm (6") thick. Stone should be laid with broader face
downward and vertical joints should be broken.

Mortar shall be as specified, may be cement mortar 1:3 to 1: 6 or lime mortar 1 :2 to 1:3.

All stones shall be thoroughly wetted before laying. At the end of day's work the masonry shall be flooded with 2.5 cm
(1") water at the upper surface. The masonry shall be kept moist for a period of at least 10 days and shall be protected
from sun, rain, frost and other weather effect.

3.22. Random rubble stone masonry -

The stone shall be hard, sound and durable of approved quarry. Stone shall be hammer dressed to secure close joint so that
the stones when laid will come into close proximity. Stones shall be fairly equal in size and every stone shall be fitted to
the adjacent stones. No stone shall be less than 15 cm (6") in size. Stone with round surface shall not be used.

Mortar shall be as specified, may be of cement mortar1:3to 1:6 or lime mortar 1 :2 to 1:3.

All stones shall be thoroughly wetted before laying. At the end of day's work the masonry shall be flooded with 2.5 cm
(1") water at the upper surface. The masonry shall be kept moist for a period of at least 10 days and shall be protected
from sun, rain, frost and other weather effect.

3.23. Galvanized corrugated iron sheet (G.C.I. sheet) roofing-

The corrugated iron shall be of the gauge as specified, 22 B. G. (8 mm thick) or 24 B. G. (.64 mm thick). The sheets shall
be free from rust and the zinc covering at the time of fixing shall be in perfect condition.

The sheet shall be laid on wooden or steel purlins with an end overlap 15 cm (6") and side overlap of two corrugations,
Holes for nails, screws, rivets, etc., shall be punched on the ground (before taking in roof) in the ridges with very sharp
punches from below upward in such a manner that the hole will come on the ridge of the sheets. The sheets shall be joined
together with galvanized bolts and nuts and with bitumen washer and G.I. washer and fixed to the purlins with galvanized
hook bolts of J or L type of 8 mm (5/ 16") in diameter, with bitumen and limpet washers.

Ridges and hips shall be covered by special ridge or hip sections and shall be bolted or clipped in the sheets, with a 30 cm
(l ft) lap on cach side so as to prevent the rain driving under it.

Measurement shall be taken for the complete laid roof in sq m (sq ft) for the flat superficial area, not girthed. Wind ties
shall be measured under a separate item. Supporting purlins and structures shall be taken under separate item.

30
 CHAPTER 4
RULES AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF WORKS AND TAKING OUT QUANTITIES

[Link] :

Measurement of works occupies a very important place in the planning and execution of any work or project, from the
time of the first estimate are made until the completion and settlement of payments. The methods followed for the
measurement are not uniform and the practices as prevalent differ considerably in between the States

The uniform methods of measurement to be followed which is applicable to the preparation of the estimates and bill of
quantities and to the side measurement of completed works have been described below.

[Link] RULES :

1. Measurement shall be item wise for the finished item of work and the description of each item shall be held to include
materials, transport, 1labour, fabrication, hoisting, tools and plants, overheads and other incidental charges for finishing
the work to the required shape, size, design and specifications. The nomenclature of each item shall be fully described so
that the work involved in item is self-explanatory.

2. In booking dimensions the order shall be in the sequence of length, breadth and height or depth or thickness.

3. All work shall be measured net subject to following tolerances unless otherwise stated-

(a) Dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 metre, i.e., 1 cm (½").

(b) Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq m (0.1 sq ft).

(c) Cubic contents shall be worked up to the nearest 0.01 cu m (0.1 cu ft).

4. Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured separately under separate items.

5. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions and workmanships, and accurately represent the
work to be executed. Work which, by its nature cannot be accurately taken off or which requires site measurements, shall
be described as Provisional.

6. In case of structural concrete, brickwork or stone masonry, the work under the following categories shall be measured
separately and the heights shall be described-

(a) from foundation to plinth level; (b) From plinth level to first floor level; (c) From first floor level to second floor level
and so on.

Principle of units--The. units of different works depend on their nature, size and shape. In general the units of different
items of work are based on the following principle :

i) Mass, voluminous and thick works shall be taken in cubic unit or volume. The measurement of length, breadth and
height or depth shall be taken to compute the volume or cubic contents (cu m).

ii) Shallow, thin and surface work shall be taken in square units or in area. The measurement of length and breadth or
height shall be taken to compute the area (sq m).

iii) Long and thin work shall be taken in linear or running unit, and linear measurement shall be taken (running metre).

31
iv) Piece work, job work, etc., shall be enumerated, i.e., taken in number.

4.3. EARTHWORK :

Earthwork shall be taken in cu m (cu ft) and the length, breadth and height or depth shall be measured to get the cubic
content.

Earthwork of different nature as in excavation in foundation, in trenches, etc., and in filling in plinth, in banking, etc.,
shall be measured under separate items.

Earthwork in different kinds of soil as ordinary soil, hard soil, ordinary rock, hard rock, etc., shall be classified separately
and measured under separate item.

Excavation shall include throwing of the excavated earth at least one metre clear of the edge of excavation.

Dressing or trimming and levelling or grading, ramming and consolidation thickness of each layer, etc., shall be described
and included in the item of earthwork.

Measurement of excavation or trenches or borrow pits shall be taken for average dimensions.

For road earthwork in banking, the profile or fill measurement may be taken and usual Settlement or shrinkáge allowance
shall be given. The volume or quantity shall be obtained by multiplying sectional area by the length.

Quantity = Length 'x ½ (Top width +Bottom width) x Height.

Lead and lift -The measurement shall be taken separately for every 30 m (100 ft) lead or distance and every 1,5 m (5 ft)
lift or height or depth. The lead shall be measured from the centre of the area of excavation to the centre of the area of
spoil heap. Similarly lift shall be measured from the centre of excavation to the centre of spoil heap.

Foundation trench - Unless otherwise specified the foundation trench shall be measured in cu m for rectangular section,
bottom width being width of concrete and the depth shall be measured as vertical depth even though the contractor might
have excavated with sloping sides for convenience.

Return, fill and ram--Returning, filling and ramming excavated earth shall be taken in cum (cu ft) under a separate item
and shall include spreading in layers of 20 cm (8") in depth, watering, ramming and levelling.

Puddling - Clay puddle work shall be taken in cu m (cu ft) and shall be described including supply of clay, its
preparation, placing in layer of 15 cm (6"), ramming, etc.

Surface dressing - Trimming and dressing of natural ground to remove vegetation and small irregularities not exceeding
15 cm (6") deep shall be taken in sq m (sq ft) under a separate item 'Surface Dressing'.

Cutting down trees exceeding 30 cm (12") girth shall be açcounted separately and enumerated, ie., taken in numbers,
stating the girth at 1 m (3') above ground and paid separately.

Surface excavation - Excavation exceeding 1.5 m in width as well as 10 sq m in plan but not exceeding 30 cm in depth
shall be described as Surface excavation and measured in sq m.

[Link] :

For concrete kind, size, grading and proportion of materials, method of mixing, cutting, etc., shall be described. Different
kinds of concrete work as Lime concrete, Cement concrete. Reinforced cement concrete, etc., of different proportions,
32
different materials shall be taken under Separate items. Concrete foundation, roof, wall, mass concrete, etc., shall be
classified and measured under separate items.

Concrete- Concrete shall be taken in cu m (cu ft) and measurements of length, breadth and height o thickness shall be
taken to the nearest 1 cm , except that the thickness of slabs, partitions, post, beams, and the like shall be measured to the
nearest 0.5 cm . No deduction shall be made for openings up to 0.1 sq m (1 sq ft).

Formwork, centering and shuttering shall be taken under separate item in sq m (sq t) otherwise herein provided.
Formwork shall be measured as the actual surface in contact with the concrete. For slabs vertical sides (edges) shall not be
measured.

R.C.C. work : Reinforced cement concrete shall be kept separate from unreinforced concrete. R.C.C. work shall be taken
in cu m (cu ft) excluding steel and the steel reinforcement shall be measured under a separate item in quintal (cwt)
authorised overlaps hooks cranks, etc.. of bars shall be measured. Normally, centering and shuttering (formwork) shall not
be measured separately but included in the rate of R.C.C. or C.C. work. Binding wire is not measured separately. The
volume occupied by reinforcement shall not be deducted from the measured concrete volume. The item of R.C.C. work
shall include R.C.C. slabs, beams, lintels, columns, chujjas, staircases, foundation, ratts and footings, etc., and each of
them shall be classified under a separate item. The exposed surface shall be fair fiņished which shall not be measured
separately. Chujjas may be measured in running metre stating the projection and its average thickness, if specified.
Special light weight partitions shall be measured in sq m stating thickness and fully described.

Precast cement concrete - Precast C.C. reinforced or plain shall be taken separately in cu m (cu ft) and shall be described
as including all moulds, finished faces hoisting and setting in position. Reinforcement if any shall be described and
included in the item or measured separate if specified.

Expansion joints - Expansion joints in roofs, floors, walls, road, etc., shall be measured in running metre (r ft), the depth
and width of joint and materials used for filling shall be described.

Joints - Jallies or Jaffries, louvers shall be described and thickness specified and taken in sq m (sq ft). Reinforcement
shall be described and included in the item.

Concrete posts - Fencing posts, corner posts, struts etc., shall be taken in cu m and reinforcement and formwork shall be
includèd and described.

Concrete piles - Concrete piles shall be described and taken in cu m (cu ft) and classified according to the section and
length. Steel reinforcement shall be included with the item and fully described.

Damp proof course - Damp proof course shall be fully described and taken in sq m (sq ft) stating the thickness. The item
shall include formwork finishing, levelling, curing, etc. The horizontal and vertical damnp proof courses shall be
measured separately.

[Link]

The description of the bricks, and of the materials of mortar with proportion shall be stated.

Different kinds and classes of brickwork shall be taken under separate items. The brickwork of foundation and plinth, of
first floor, of second floor, etc., shall be measured under separate items

Scaffolding works are not measured separately but included in the item of brickwork.

33
Brickwork shall be taken in cu m (cu ft), and measurements of length, breadth or thickness and height shall be taken to
compute the quantity. The length and height shall be measured to the nearest l cm (½").

Deduction-No deduction or addition shall be made for the following

(a) Opening up to 0.l sq m (1 sq ft) in section.

(b) Ends of joints, beams, lintels, posts, rafters, purlins, corbels, steps, etc.

(c) Wall plates and bed plates, bearing of slabs, chajjas and the like where the thickness does not exceed 10 cm and the
bearing does not extend over the full width (thickness) of wall.

[Link] MASONRY :

The description of stone, materials or mortar and their proportion and the nature and type of walling shall be stated,
Different kind of stone masonry as Random or Uncoursed rubble walling, coursed rubble walling, ashlar walling, etc.,
shall be taken under separate items.

Stone masonry work shall be taken in cu m (cu ft). The thickness of wall shall be measured to the nearest 1 cm , fracțions
including 0.5 cm (4") and above shall be measured as 1 cm (5") and fractions below 0.5 cm (4") shall be ignored.

[Link] :

Carpenter's work. -Generally all woodwork of which the scantling exceeds 20 sq cm (3 sq in) in section and which is not
specially moulded or carved comes under carpenter's work. This includes all timber work in door and window chaukhats,
in roof works as beams, struts, ties, rafters, purlins (all work in roof trusses), in timber bridge in verandah posts, in
centering and shuttering, in shoring, and the like.

[Link] OF TIMBER :

(a) Batten - Battens are pieces of sawn timber, whose dimensions do not exceed 5 cm (2") either in breadth or in
thickness.

(b) Scantlings: Scantlings are pieces of sawn timber whose cross-sectional dimensions exceed 5 cm (2") in both directions
and do not exceed 20 cm (8") in both directions.

(c) Baulks - Baulks are pieces of sawn timber whose cross-sectional dimensions exceed 5 cm (2") in one direction and 20
cm (8") in other direction.

(d) Plank: Planks are pieces of sawn timber whose thickness does not exceed 5 cm (2) and at the same time the width
exceeds twice the thickness.

[Link]'S WORK :

Different kind of wood and different nature of woodwork shall be taken under separate item and shall be fully described
stating the wood and the work.

Woodwork (carpenter's work) shall be taken in cu m (cu ft). Length shall be measured to the nearest 2 cm (1"). Width and
thickness shall be measured to the nearest 2 mm (1/ 16"). All work shall be measured net as fixed and tolerance of 2 mm
(1/ l6") may be allowed. No allowance shall be made for the sawn or wrought faces for the finished work. Scantlings,
battens etc., in sections other than rectangular, shall be measured as the least rectangular form which the section can be
obtained.
34
All woodwork shall include nails, screws, spikes etc., required for fixing.

Boarding - Roof boarding, ceiling, floor shelves, partition, etc., shall be taken in sq m (sq ft) stating the finished
thickness and shall be fully described. Şupporting beams, framework, shall be taken separately in cu m (cu ft).

Centering and shuttering -Normally centering and shuttering (formwork) shall not measured separately but included in
the rate of C.C. or R.C.C. work.

Roof battens. --Roof battens, where not included with the item of roof, shall be taken as surface area of the roof in sq m
(sq ft) stating the size of battens and the spacing.

Fillets. -Fillets, beadings, etc., shall be measured in running metre (r ft) stating the width and thickness. Finishing of fillet
as edges chamferred, rounded or moulded shall be described.

Ballies.-Ballies shall be measured in running metre (r ft) stating the mnean diameter which shall be average of the two
diameters at the ends.

Wood piles,–Wood piles shall be measured in running metre (r ft) stating the size. Steel shoes and heads of piles shall be
enumerated separately stating their weights.

Sheet piles shall be measured separately in sq m (sq ft) stating the thickness and shall be described.

[Link]:

Description and quality and kind of wood shall be stated and joinery of different kind of work shall be taken under
separate items.

Joinery work shall be taken in sq m (sq ft) of the surface stating the thickness. All joiner's work shall include nails, screws,
keys, wedges, pins, glue, etc., required for fitting and all fittings shall be included in item.

Door and window shutters -Shutter shall be taken in sq m (sq ft) stating the thickness and the kind of wood and both
faces shall be described.

Glass panes - For supply glass shall be measured in sq m (sq ft) stating the thickness and type of glass, Measurement,
length and breadth shall be taken to the nearest 5 mm

Door and window chaukhat. - Chaukhats mullion and transomes shall be taken in cu m (cu f) and the length of tenons,
horns etc., shall be added to the sight lengths.

Wooden staircase -Work of staircases shall be measured under separate headings.

Landing including bearers shall be measured under a separate item in sq m (sq ft) of the upper surface, stating the
thickness.

Treads and risers shall be taken in sq m (sq ft) stating thickness, the area being obtained by multiplying the length of tread
by the exposed width of the tread, plus the rise from step to step and the work shall be described stating the kind of
timber's method of jointing, fixing, etc.

Hand rails shall be taken in running metre (r ft) and measured along the top centre line stating the extreme section of the
straight portions and mouldings and rounding.

Balusters shall be taken in numbers stating the size and shall include framings at ends shall be fully described.
35
Newals shall be described and measured in running metre (r ft) stating the section and the nature of finishing.

Miscellaneous items.-Towel rails, contain brackets, plate racks, toilet fixtures, small fittings, furnitures etc., shall be taken
in numbers stating the size and shall be fully described.

Glazing. -Glazing shall be measured in sq m (sq ft) stating the quality, weight and thickness.

[Link] AND IRON WORK :

In general steel and iron work shall be measured by weight in quantial (cwt) and fully described.

Bolts.-Bolts, holding down bolts, anchor bolts, etc., shall be measured in quintal (cwt) separately including nuts and head
and washers shall be grouped according to the diameter.

Grills grating, framed gaurd bars, ladders, brackets, etc., shall be measured in quintal (cwt) separately and shall be fully
described. If specified grills, gratings, etc., may be taken in sq m and fully described.

Iron hold fasts shall be taken by weight in quintal (cwt), or enumerated stating the length, breadth and thickness of flat
iron

Flue pipes shall be measured in running metre (r ft) stating the diameter and the type of pipe, gauge or weight per unit
length and the method of jointing and fixing shall be described.

Cast iron balusters and newals shall be enumerated and fully described including the methods of fixing.

Cast iron railings shall be measured in running metre (r ft) stating the height and fully described including the method of
fixing.

Spiral staircase -Cast iron spiral staircase shall be enumerated (i.e., counted as one for the complete work) stating the
overall diameter, total number of treads and total height above ground level. The description shall include tread, riser and
sleeves in one piece including hand rails, balusters, etc.

Cast iron chequered plates shall be described and measured in quintal (cwt).

Expanded metal, wire netting etc., shall be measured in sq m (sq ft) stating gauge and mesh. No deduction shall be made
for openings up to 0.2 sq m (2 sq tt). Different items shall be kept separate.

Steel reinforcement.-Bar reinforcement shall be measured by weight in quintal (cwt) stating the diameter and shall include
cutting to length, hooked ends cranking or bending etc.

Fabric reinforcement shall be taken in sq m (sq ft) stating the mesh and size of strands.

Wire netting in wrappings to steel work embedded in concrete or plaster, in encasing steel work all be measured
separately in sq m (sq ft) stating the mesh and gauge.

Wire fencing,-Plain or barbed wire in fencing shall be measured in running metre (r ft) and shall be described stating the
gauge. Each line of wire shall be measured. Fencing posts shall be measured separately.

[Link] COVERING :

General.-Roof covering shall generally be taken in sq m (sq ft) and measurements of laid roof shall be taken without any
allowance for laps. Opening up to 0.4 sq m (4 sq ft) shall not be described.

36
Supporting structure of the roof shall be taken under separate item. Timber trusses (rafters, ties, purlins, etc.) shall be
taken in cu m (cu ft) and steel trusses shall be taken in quintal (cwt).

[Link] ROOF

Sheet roofing shall be taken in sq m (sq ft) of the laid work net. The gauge of the metal, whether black or galvanized,
plain or corrugated and the methods of fixing including side and end laps shall be described.

Corrugated sheeting shall be measured flat not girthed.

Ridges, hips, valleys flashings, etc., shall be measured in running metre (r ft) stating the girth, lap, etc., and shall be
described including the method of fixing.

[Link] TERRACED ROOF :

Flat terraced roof shall be taken in sq m (sq ft) stating the thickness, size and quality of bricks, tiles, or stone slabs. The
spacing, number of layers, type of joint, kind of mortar and its mix, pointing, and the method of laying shall be described.
The finish on top and underside of roof shall be included with the roofing. Different kind of terraced roof shall be taken as
separate item.

[Link] :

Ceiling shall be taken in sq m (sq ft) and the materials, thickness and the method of fixing shall be described. No
deduction shall be made for opening not exceeding 0.4 sq m (4 sq ft).

[Link] AND PAVINGS :

Floors and pavements shall be taken in sq m (sq ft) and net area covered shall be measured stating the thickness, kind of
materials, size, mortar and its mix. The method of bedding, jointing and surface finishing shall be described including the
formwork.

[Link] AND POINTING :

[Link],- Plastering shall be taken in sq m (sq ft) stating thickness, mortar and its mix. Plastering of all roofs
ceiling, walls, etc., shall be measured under separate items.

Deductions

(a) No deductions shall be made for ends of joists, beams, posts, etc., and openings not exceeding 0.5 sq m (5 sq ft) each
and no addition shall be made for reveals, jambs, soffits, sills, etc., of these openings nor finishing plaster around ends of
joints, beams, posts, etc.

(b) For openings exceeding 0.5 sq m (5 sq ft) but not exceeding 3 sq m (30 sq ft) each deduction shall be made for one
face only and the other face shall be allowed for jambs, soffits and sills which shall not be measured.

(c) When the two faces are plastered with different mortars or if one side is plastered the other pointed, deduction shall be
made on the side of chaúkhat of door and windows on which the width of jambs or reveals is less than on the side.
(Usually, deduction shall be made for the outer face only).

(d) In case of openings of area above 3 sq m (30 sq ft) each deduction shall be made for both faces of the openings, and
the jambs and sills, shall be measured and added. In taking measurement of jambs, soffits and sills, chaukhat if any shall
be neglected and the whole shall be measured.
37
[Link] : Pointing shall be taken in sq m (sq ft) and measured flat of the whole surface area stating the type of
pointing mortar and its mix. Various types of pointing as, struck flush, keyed, truck, etc., shall be taken separately.
Pointing of wall, floor, roof, etc., shall be kept separate. Raking of joints shall be included in the item.

Deductions shall be dealt in the same way as for plastering.

[Link] WASHING, COLOUR WASHING AND DISTEMPERING

All works falling under this shall be taken in sq m (sq ft). Preparation of surface as cleaning, brooming, scraping, etc.,
shall be included in the item. The items shall include repairs of surfaces as holes, cracks, patches, etc., not exceeding 0.1
sq m (1 sq ft) with materials similar to existing surface.

Different types of works shall be measured separately and described. Deduction shall be dealt in the same way as for
plastering.

Doors and windows,-Painting of doors and windows shall be measured closed and flat not girthed in sq m (sq ft) .

38
 NPSC PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
DIPLOMA 2015 7. A truck usually carries ______ bricks
1. The most accurate estimate is (1) 3500 (2) 4000
(1) Plinth area estimate (3) 4500 (4) 7500
(2) Detailed estimate
(3) Cubic rate estimate 8. While mixing cement mortar by volume, the
(4) Supplementary estimate volume of a cement bag is specified as
(1) 35 litres (2) 50 litres
2. To work out exact quantities of various items of (3) 35 cu m (4) 0.35 cu m
work is called
(1) Valuation 9. Thickness of plastering is usually taken as
(2) Mensuration (1) 8 mm (2) 12 mm
(3) Quantity surveying (3) 25 mm (4) 40 mm
(4) Estimating Q Ans Q Ans Q Ans Q Ans Q Ans

3. Quantity of wood for doors and windows is Q1. (2) Q3. (3) Q5. (1) Q7. (2) Q9. (2)
calculated in Q2. (4) Q4. (4) Q6. (2) Q8. (1) XX XX
(1) m (2) m2
(3) m (4) Lump sum
DIPLOMA 2016
4. Which of the following statements is incorrect? 1. The order of booking dimensions is
(1) Unit of measurement for brickwork in walls is (1) Length, Breadth, Height
cu.m (2) Height, Breadth, Length
(2) Revised estimate is prepared when sanctioned (3) Breadth, Length, Height
estimate in likely to exceed more than 5% due to (4) Length, Height, Breadth
any reason.
(3) Scrap value of a building is taken as 10% of the 2. Brick walls are measure in sq.m if the thickness
total cost of construction. of the wall is
(4) Courtyard area is always included in the plinth (1) 15 cm (2) 20 cm
area estimate (3) 25 cm (4) 30 cm

5. Rate of an item of work depends on its ________ 3. The expected out turn of cement concrete 1:2:4
(1) Specification (2) Dimension per mason per day is
(3) Type (4) Excavation (1) 3.5 m3 (2) 1.5 m3
(3) 2.5 m3 (4) 5.0 m3
6. A project costing more than one crore is termed
as 4. Pick up the item of work not included in the
(1) Minor project (2) Major project plinth area estimate
(3) Substantial work (4) Petty work (1) W.C. Area (2) Verandah Area
(3) Room Area (4) Courtyard Area
39
5. The measurement is not made in square metres 11. Dado is usually provided in
in case of (1) Dining halls (2) Bathrooms
(1) R.C. Chhajja (3) Living rooms (4) Roofs
(2) Damp Proof course
(3) Form Works 12. Carpet area of building is known as
(4) Concrete jaffries (1) Circulation area (2) Liveable area
(3) Corridor area (4) Passage area
6. The item of the brick structure measured in
sq.m. is 13. The unit of broken bricks, kankar etc. would be
(1) Broken glass coping in
(2) Reinforced brick work (1) Cu m (2) Sq m
(3) Brick edging (3) m (4) Kg
(4) Brick work in arches
14. The unit of payment of steel is calculated in
7. The most reliable estimate is (1) per m (2) per m3
(1) Detailed estimate (3) per m2 (4) per tonne
(2) Plinth area estimate
(3) Preliminary estimate 15. For super structure which type of brickwork is
(4) Cube-rate estimate used?
(1) Fourth class brick (2) Third class brick
8. For 12 mm thick cement plastering 1:6 on 100 (3) Second class brick (4) First class brick
sq.m new brick work, the quantity of cement
required is 16. Estimate the quantity of plastering required in a
(1) 0.200 m3 (2) 0.247 m3 wall 4 m long, 3 m high and 0.30 m thick
(3) 0.274 m3 (4) 0.295 m3 (1) 6 m2 (2) 12 m2
(3) 24 m2 (4) 36 m2
9. The area of a sloping surface of a protective
embankment of mean height ‘d’side slopes S:1 and 17. What is the usual thickness of plaster fora wall?
length L is (1) 1 mm (2) 4 mm
(1) d x d x S (2) √𝑑 + 𝑑𝑆 (3) 8 mm (4)12 mm
(3) L√1 + 𝑆 (4) 2Ld√1 + 𝑆
18. In construction, D.P.C. stand for
10. The excavation exceeding 1.5 m in width and 10 (1) Dip proof course
sq.m in plan area with the depth not exceeding 30 (2) Damp pump course
cm, is termed as (3) Damp proof course
(1) Vertical excavation (4) Damp proof concrete
(2) Surface dressing
(3) Cutting 19. What is the multiplying factor for prefix ‘tera’
(4) Surface excavation (1) 1010 (2) 1011
40
(3) 1012 (4) 1013 4. Most reliable estimate is
(1) Plinth Area Estimate
20. The surface painting shall be taken in (2) Detailed Estimate
(1) m (2) sq. m (3) Cube rate Estimate
(3) Cu. m (4) tonne (4) Preliminary Estimate

21. The dimensions of batten should not be 5. Concrete mix of grade M20 has ingredients
increased more than (cement, sand and aggregate) in ratio of
(1) 5 cm (2) 4 cm (1) 1:4:8 (2) 1:3:6
(3) 3 cm (4) 2 cm (3) 1:2:4 (4) 1:1.5:3

22. Dimensions shall be measured to the nearest of 6. Concrete mix of grade M25 has ingredients in
(1) 0.1 m (2) 0.01 m ratio of
(3) 0.001 m (4) 0.0001 m (1) 1:0.5:2 (2) 1:1:2
(3) 1:2:1 (4) 1:2:3
23. Pick up the excavation where measurements
are made in sq.m for payments 7. The quantity of wood for the shutters of door
(1) Ordinary cuttings up to 1 m and window is paid in
(2) Surfacing dressing up to 15 cm depth (1) m2 (2) m
3
(3) Surface excavation up to 30 cm depth (3) m (4) lump-Sum
(4) Both (2) and (3)
Q Ans Q Ans Q Ans Q Ans Q Ans 8. The item of the brick masonry measured in sq.
1. (1) 6. (1) 11. (2) 16. (3) 21. (1) m, if it is
2. (1) 7. (1) 12. (2) 17. (4) 22. (2)
3. (4) 8. (3) 13. (1) 18. (3) 23. (4) (1) Reinforced brick work
4. (4) 9. (3) 14. (4) 19. (3) xx xxx (2) One Brick wall
5. (1) 10 (4) 15. (4) 20. (2) xx xxx (3) Thin partition wall
(4) Brick work in arches.
2017 DIPLOMA
1. The thickness of one brick wall is equal to
(1) 15 cm (2) 23 cm 9. The area can be measured to the nearest
(3) 25 cm (4) 30 cm (1) 0.01 m2 (2) 0.02 m2
(3) 0.03 m2 (4) 0.1 m2
2. The Density of the cement is taken as
(1) 1250 kg/m3 (2) 1440 kg/m3 10. The volume can be measured to the nearest
(3) 1800 kg/m3 (4) 2000 kg/m3 (1) 0.01 m3 (2) 0.02 m3
(3) 0.03 m3 (4) 0.05 m3
3. The density of steel is
(1) 6850 kg/m3 (2) 7850 kg/m3 11. For a 3 cm thick, 80 sq. m. cement concrete
(3) 8850 kg/m3 (4) 9850 kg/m3 (1:2:4), floor the quantity of cement require is
(1) 0.50 m3 (2) 0.56 m3
(3) 0.60 m3 (4) 0.90 m3
41
 5. A specification of a project is it's
12. The floor area includes the area of the balcony (1) Detailed estimation
up to (2) Act of arbitration
(1) 25% (2) 75% (3) Detailed description
(3) 50% (4) 100% (4) act of tendering

Q Ans Q Ans Q Ans Q Ans Q Ans

Q Ans Q Ans Q Ans Q Ans 1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (1) 5. (3)
1. (2) 4. (2) 7. (1) 10. (1)
2. (2) 5. (4) 8. (3) 11. (1)
3. (2) 6. (2) 9. (1) 12. (3) 2021 DIPLOMA

1. The most reliable estimate is

2019 DIPLOMA
(1) Detailed estimate
1. After an estimate has been technically (2) Preliminary estimate
sanctioned, it may be decided to make a change in (3) Plinth area estimate
the method originally decided. In such a case the (4) Cube rate estimate
original estimate should be recasted, so as to show
the cost of labour and material deviation. This is 2. Pick up the item of work not included in the
called plinth area estimate
(1) Preliminary estimate (1) Wall thickness (2) Room area
(2) Approximate estimate (3) Veranda (4) Court yard
(3) Lump-sum estimate
(4) Recasting of estimate 3. Due to change in price level, a revised estimate is
prepared if the sanctioned estimate exceeds
2. The net cost or purchase cost of an article at the (1) 2.0% (2) 2.5%
shop is called (3) 4.0% (4) 5.0%
(1) Provisional sum (2) Prime cost
(3) Actual cost (4) Capital cost 4. The floor area also include the area of the
balcony up to
3. The plan which gives the idea of relative position (1) 100% (2) 75%
of all different unit, to be constructed on the (3) 50% (4) 25%
ground is called
(1) Site plan (2) Layout plan 5. The brick work is not measured in cu m in case of
(3) Index plan (4) Key plan (1) One or more than one brick wall
(2) Brick work in arches
4. The built-up covered area measured at the floor (3) Reinforced brick work
level of the basement is called (4) Half brick wall
(1) Plinth area (2) Floor area
(3) Covered area (4) Rentable area 6. The measurement is not made in square metres
in case of
(1) D.P.C (2) Form works
42
(3) Concrete jaffries (4) R.C. Chajja
14. Pick up the excavation where measurement are
7. The unit of measurement is per quintal for the made in square meters for payment
following (1) Ordinary cutting up to 1 m
(1) Collapsible gates with rails (2) Surface dressing up to 15 cm depths
(2) Rolling shutters (3) Surface excavation up to 30 cm depths
(3) Expanded metal wire netting (4) Both (2) and (3)
(4) M.S. reinforcement of R.C.C. works
15. The measurement is made for stone work in
8. The area is measured correct to the nearest square meters in case of
(1) 0.01 sq.m (2) 0.02 sq.m (1) Wall facing
(3) 0.03 sq.m (4) 0.04 sq.m (2) Columns, lintels, copings
(3) Dressed stones in chajjas
9. The weight of an item is measured correct to (4) (1) and (2) of the above
nearest
(1) 0.25 kg (2) 0.50 kg 16. According to ISI method of measurement, the
(3) 0.75 kg (4) 1.00 kg order of the sequence is
(1) Length, breadth, height
10. In long and short wall method of estimation the (2) Breadth, length, height
length of long wall is the centre to centre distance (3) Height breadth, length
between the walls and (4) Length, height, breadth
(1) Breadth of the wall
(2) Half breadth of wall on each side 17. The plinth area of a building does not includes
(3) One fourth of wall on each side (1) Area of the walls at the floor level
(4) One third of wall on each side (2) Area of cantilevered porch
(3) Area of stair cover
11. The total length of a cranked bar through a (4) Lift and wall including landing
distance (d) at 45° in case of beam of effective
length L, is 18. D.S.R. stand for
(1) L+0.42 d (2) L+ (2 x 0.42 d) (1) Dubai schedule of rates
(3) L-(0.42 d) (4) L-(2x 0.4 d) (2) District schedule of rates
(3) Delhi schedule of rates
12. The damp proof course (D.P.C.) is measured in (4) Daily schedule of rates
(1) Cu. m (2) Sq. m
(3) Meters (4) Feet 19. In order to keep the structure and roads etc. in
proper condition, annual repair are carried out
13. The expected out turn of 2.5 cm cement annually for which an estimate is prepared. It is
concrete floor per Manson per day called
(1) 2.5 sq.m (2) 5.0 sq.m (1) Revised estimate
(3) 7.5 sq.m (4) 10 sq.m (2) Quantity estimate
43
(3) Annual repair estimate [Link].m stand for
(4) Extension estimate (1) Cost in meter (2) Cube meter
(3) Cost in millimetre (4) Cubic meter
20. Estimate to find out an approximate cost in
short time 26. _________ cost includes the cost of preliminary
(1) Rough cost estimate work, miscellaneous items and supervision charges
(2) Cubic content estimate (1) Capital cost
(3) Detailed estimate (2) Project cost
(4) Typical bay estimate (3) Index of building cost
(4) Item cost
21. _____is maintained by the Sub divisional officer
(S.D.0. or A.E.) with sole purpose of checking the 27. The carpet area of residential building may be
measurement made by a section officer ______ of the plinth area
(1) Ordinary measurement book (1) 60% to 70% (2) 50% to 65%
(2) Check measurement book (3) 80% to 90% (4) 30% to 50%
(3) Standard measurement book
(4) Measurement book 28. R.C.C. slab is calculated in
(1) Sq.m (2) mm
22. It indicates the incidental expense of (3) Cu.m (4) m
miscellaneous character which cannot be classified
under any distinct item or sub- head, yet pertains 29. The abstract form is generally known as
to the work as a whole. It is called (1) Estimate
(1) Technical sanction (2) Bar bending schedule
(2) Competent authority (3) Bill of quantities
(3) Contingencies (4) Rate of items
(4) Record drawing
30. ______ is the record of attendance, payment
23. It is a booklet prepared by the P.W.D. or the made, unpaid wages and work done by daily labour
Government containing detailed description of all engaged on the execution of work is used for
item of work together with their currents rates keeping a complete
(1) Analysis of rates (1) Measurement book
(2) Schedule of rates (2) Muster roll
(3) Measurement book (3) Casual labour roll
(4) Standard measurement book (4) Ordinary measurement book

24. What is the measurement unit of "Mild steel 31. The percentage for steel of beams may be
bars" in dia? taken
(1) Meter (2) Centimeter (1) 11% to 15% (2) 0.6 to 0.8%
(3) Millimeter (4) Feet (3) 3.0% to 2.0% (4) 1.0 to 2.0%

44
32. _____ gives the information of reinforcement Q An Q Ans Q Ans Q Ans Q Ans
bars in a tabular from.
(1) Schedule of bars 1. (1) 8. (1) 15. (4) 22. (3) 29. (3)
(2) Schedule of rates
(3) Bill of quantities
2. (4) 9. (4) 16. (1) 23. (2) 30. (2)
(4) Bar bending schedule

33. The built up covered area of a building 3. (4) 10. (2) 17. (2) 24. (3) 31. (4)
measured at floor level of any storey is called
(1) Carpet area (2) Plinth area 4. (3) 11. (2) 18. (3) 25. (4) 32. (1,4)
(3) Floor area (4) Circulation area
5. (4) 12. (2) 19. (3) 26. (1) 33. (2)
34. The floor area of verandahs, corridor passage,
halls is known as
6. (4) 13. (3) 20. (1) 27. (2) 34. (3)
(1) Carpet area (2) Plinth area
(3) Circulation area (4) Floor area
7. (4) 14. (4) 21. (2) 28. (3) xx xx

45