1 Basic Maths

2
1 Binomial theorem  (a – b) = a2 + b2 – 2ab
2
 a – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
2 2
 (1 + x) = 1 + 2 × 1x + x 2 2
 (r – a) (r + a) ≈ (r2 – a2)2
if x <<< 1 then
2 Multiplication
(1 + x) = 1 + 2x
a c ac , Ex.: 2 5 10
MR* feel  = =
b d bd 3 7 21
(Career + love)2 = Carrier + 2 love
Because carrier >>> love  Division
n
n
 x+Δx Δx Δx
= Xn 1 + = xn 1 + n a/b ad 2/3 (2)(4) 8
x x  = , Ex.: = =
c/d bc 3/4 (3)(3) 9
Δ X <<<< X.
n
 (1 – x) = 1 – nx Addition

 (1 – x)
–n
= 1 + nx a c ad ± bc
 ± =
–n b d bd
 (1 + x) = 1 – nx
1 5 (1)(6) + (2)(5) 16 4
Q.1. The expression of gravitational potential Ex.: + = =
2 6 (2)(6) 12 = 3
GMm
energy is U =– R + h where, R is the
radius of the planet and h is the height 3 Componendo and
above the surface. Approximate the Dividendo Theorem
expression by using binomial expansion
when h«R. In Ratio and proportion problems. It states
that for any four numbers a, b, c, and d. if;
Sol. GMm GMm
U =–
R + h = – R (1 + h/R) a c
=
For h«R b d
–1 h Then,
(1 + h/R) ≈ 1–
R a+b c+d
Therefore, =
a–b c–d
GMm
U ≈– 1– h 4 AP series
R R

2 Important formulae Next term = Previous term + Common

difference
2
 (a + b) = a2 + b2 + 2ab a , a + d , a+2d , a + 3d , a + 4d.....
Common difference Common ratio;

d = n
th
term– (n–1)th term nth term
r=
Ex: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, ..... (n-1)th term
th
  d = 5 – 2 = 3 n term;

n
th
term; Tn = arn-1,

no. of Sum of infinites terms;

an = a + (n-1) d term a , valid when r < 1.
s∞ =
1-r
^ th st Common
n 1
diff. Q.2. Find the sum of given infinite series
term term

 For last term, an = l

(i) 1, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , ....
2 4 8 16
Sum of n term; -1 , 1 - 1 , 1 , - 1 , ....
(ii) 1, ,
2 4 8 16 32
no. of terms.
1 1
 Sn =
n
2a + (n-1) d Sol. (i) r = 1/4 = 1 , Sum = = =2
2 1/2 2 1-1 1/2
2
n st th
� Sn = (1 term + n term) 1 Sum= 1 1 2
2 (ii) r = - , =3 =
2 1--12 2 3
NOTE:-

 n = no. of terms not last term. 6 Quadratic equation

st
 Sum of 1 n-natural numbers
n(n+1) a, b, &
2
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + .... + n = ax + bx + c = 0 c are constant
2 in which a can not
 Sum of Squares of 1
st
n-natural numbers be zero

12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + ..... + n2 -b b2-4ac
X=
n (n+1) (2n+1) 2a.
=
6 -b
Sum of roots, x1 + x2 =
st a
 Sum of Cubes of 1 n-natural numbers
n(n + 1)
2 c
Products of roots, x1·x2=
= a
2
Q.3. Find roots of equation x2 – 5x + 6
5 GP series = 0; find value of a, b & c by comparing
with ax2 + bx + c = 0
Next term = Previous term × Common ratio Sol. a = 1, b = –5 & c = 6
2 3 4
a , ar , ar , ar , ar (-5)2- 4×1×6
- (-5)
X=
Ex: 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4, so on 2×1

2
Physics
 X1 = 5 + 1  log101 = 0
= 3 (Taking + sign)
2
 log103 = 0.48 ≈ 0.5
X2 = 2 (Taking – sign)
 loge(sin90°) = 0
2
Q.4. x – 4x = 0; then find roots of equation.
 log105 + log1020 = 2
Sol.
log103
2
x = 4x  log23 = 48
=
x = 4 wrong log102 30

 Concept of Anti-log
x(x - 4) = 0
log ex = Y
x = 0 ; x = 4 correct
By taking Anti-log
(convert into concept of power)
Q.5. x2 – 4x + 3 = 0; then find roots. y
x=e
2
Sol. x – 3x – x + 3 = 0
MR* ka tadka
x(x-3) –1 (x – 3) = 0 log → Concept of Power
(x - 3) (x – 1) = 0 Power
23 = 8 log 28 = 3
x = 3, x = 1 Base ↑Result

Base wahi rahega (Power Result

7 Logarithms interchange hoga)

logy x = log x on the base y 8 Exponents

loge x = 2.303 log10 x A quantity multiplied by itself one or more
Properties of Logarithms times is indicated by an exponent. The
exponent, shown as a superscript, denotes
 loga (xy) = loga x + loga y how many times the multiplication occurs,
for example:
x
 log = log x – log y x =x
1
y
x · x = x2
1
 logy x = x · x · x = x3
logx y
x · x · x · x = x4 ...... so on
1/n 1
 logex = loge x
n The concept of exponents with a few
n examples are shown in table:
 logex = n logex
Base
 logba × loga b = 1 x2 x3 x4
x
 logaa = 1 1 12 = 1 13 = 1 14 = 1
2 22 = 4 23 = 8 24 = 16
Some numerical value of Logarithms
3 32 = 9 33 = 27 34 = 81
 loge1 = 0 4 42 = 16 43 = 64 44 = 256
5 52 = 25 53 = 125 54 = 625
 log102 = 0.30

3
Basic Maths
6 62 = 36 63 = 216 64 = 1296  Multiplication with fraction.

7 72 = 49 73 = 343 74 = 2401 1 4
0.5 = 1.33×12 = × 12 = 16
2 3 4
8 8 = 64 8 = 512 8 = 4096 2 3
9 2
9 = 81 3
9 = 729 94 = 6561 6 1
0.6 = 0.25×16 = × 16 = 4
10 4
10 102 103 104
= 100 = 1000 = 10000 4 3
0.4 = 0.75×16 = × 16 = 12
10 4
Rule of Exponents
2 1
0.66 = 0.33×15 = × 15 = 5
 If Power of any non-zero number is zero 3 3
then result will be one. 4 3
1.33 = ⇒ 0.75 = ⇒ 0.33 = 1
Ex: 8° = 1 3 4 3
 Negative Property of exponent (x is non Important property
zero number)
2∞ = ∞ e∞ = ∞
1 1 = x-n
xn = n 1∞ = 1 e–∞ = 0
x
–n x
4–∞ = 0 eo = 1
1
= 10-3
10

3
Ex: (8)2/3=(8)(1/3)×2=(2)3×(1/3)×2=22=4
3/5
Product Property of Exponent (32) =(25)3/5=23=8
n m n+m
x x = x
9 Square root
3 4 7
Ex: 10 × 10 = 10
A square root represents a quantity that,
Division Property
when multiplied by itself, gives the original
xn n-m 103 3-2
=x Ex: = 10 number. It is indicated by the radical symbol
xm 10 2

1
Power of a Power: ( ) or by an exponent of . For example:
2
(xn)m = xnm 1
x= x2 .
Ex: (102)3 = 106
Square root Square root of Decimal
Ex: 102 + 103 = 100 + 1000 = 1100
Fractional exponent 1=1 0.01 = 0.1
3/2
(x) = (x3)1/2 4=2 0.04 = 0.2
-6 6
 The powers of 10 from 10 to 10 :
9=3 0.09 = 0.3
100 = 1
1 –1 16 = 4 0.16 = 0.4
10 = 10 10 = 0.1
2 -2
10 = 100 10 = 0.01 25 = 5 0.25 = 0.5
3 -3
10 = 1000 10 = 0.001 36 = 6 0.36 = 0.6
4 -4
10 = 10,000 10 = 0.0001
49 = 7 0.49 = 0.7
5 -5
10 = 100,000 10 = 0.00001
6 64 = 8 0.64 = 0.8
10 = 1,000,000 10-6 = 0.000001

4
Physics
 81 = 9 0.81 = 0.9 10 Cube root

100 = 10 1.00 = 1.0 The cube root of a number x is a value

that, when multiplied by itself three times
121 = 11 1.21 = 1.1
(raised to the power of three), gives the
144 = 12 1.44 = 1.2
number x. Mathematically, if y is the cube
169 = 13 1.69 = 1.3 root of x, then:
y3 = x
196 = 14 1.96 = 1.4 3
y = x.
225 = 15 2.25 = 1.5
Example Cube root Because
256 = 16 2.56 = 1.6 Description

289 = 17 2.89 = 1.7 Cube root 3

8=2 23 = 2 × 2 × 2
of 8 =8
324 = 18 3.24 = 1.8
Cube root 3
27 = 3 33 = 3 × 3 × 3
361 = 19 3.61 = 1.9 of 27 = 27

Cube root 3
64 = 4 43 = 4 × 4 × 4
400 = 20 4.00 = 2.0
of 64 = 64
Square Roots involving Even exponents
Cube root 3
125 = 5 53 = 5 × 5 × 5
Expression Simplified form of 125 = 125
6/2
106 10 = 103 Cube root 3 (–2)3 = –2 ×
–8 = –2
of –8 –2 × –2 = –8
10–4 10–4/2 = 10–2

5 × 104 5 × 104 = 2.24 × 10

2
11 Trigonometry

1.3 × 10–8 1.3 × 10–8 = 1.14 × 10–4 Arc = Rθ; Algebraic function Rθ

9 × 10–2 9 × 10–2 = 3 × 10–1 = 0.3 θ

R

Square Roots involving Odd exponents

Angle
sinθ/cosθ/tanθ; Trigo. function
Expression Simplified form
Angle is dimensionless.
10 5
10 × 10 4
= 3.16 × 102
For algebraic function, we always use
10–3 10 × 10–4 = 3.16 × 10–2 S.I. unit radian but for trigonometric
function we may use radian or degree.
3 × 105 30 × 104 = 5.48 × 102
–4
180° = π rad
6 × 10–7 60 × 10–8 = 7.75 × 10
π 180°
–3 1° = rad; or 1rad =
0.000025 25 × 10 –6
= 5 × 10 180 π

5
Basic Maths
 and tangent—are defined based on the
angles in a right triangle as follow:
(Anti-clock)
+ ve

Opposite side = P
rotation
=H
u se
(clock wise) ten
– ve po
rotation Hy

θ
Q.6. Total Angle moved by object in
Adjacent side = B
π-rotation?
Sol. - θ = π(2π) = 2π2 rad.  Sin θ = P , Cos θ = B , Tan θ = P
H H B
Trigonometric function:
1 1 1
 Sinθ = , Secθ = , Tanθ =
A right triangle has two perpendicular sides. Cosec θ Cos θ Cot θ
The hypotenuse, which is opposite the right  From Pythagoras theorem
angle, is always the longest side. The three
P2 + B2 = H2
main trigonometric functions—sine, cosine,

Angle θ 0º 30º 45º 60º 90º 120º 135º 150º 180º

Sin θ O 1
2
1
2
3
2 1 3
2
1
2
1
2 O
Cos θ 1 3
2
1
2
1
2 O -1
2 –
1
2 – 32 –1
Tan θ O 1
3 1 3 Not - 3 -1 -1
3 O
define (a)

Trigonometric quadrant graph:  cos (90 – θ) = sin θ

+y axis  cos (90 + θ) = –sin θ

 sin (–θ) = – sin θ
II Quadrant I Quadrant  cos (–θ) = cos θ
+sin θ All
+cosec θ  tan (–θ) = – tan θ
–x axis +x axis Unique Relation
I Quadrant IV Quadrant
2 2
+tan θ +cos θ  Sin θ + Cos θ = 1 ⇒ 1+cot2θ = Cosec2 θ
+cot θ +sec θ 2 2
 Tan θ + 1 = Sec θ
–y axis
Some Important Triangles
� Sin (90 + θ) = cos θ
 sin (180 – θ) = sin θ 10 13 25
6 12 7
 sin (90 – θ) = cos θ
37° θ θ
 cos (180 – θ) = – cos θ 8 5 24

6
Physics
 a b c
Sin 37º = 3
� 4
5 Cos 37º = = =
53º 5 sin A sin B sin C
5 3
4 3 Some trignometric function and their
Sin 53º = Cos 53º =
37º 5 5 maximum & minimum value
4

Cos (-60°) = 1 1
Sin (-30°) =– 2
Trigonometric Maximum Minimum
2 function Value Value
tan (-135°) =1 Y = 3 sin θ Ymax = 3 Ymin = –3
Trigonometric formulae Y = 4 sin (5θ) Ymax = 4 Ymin = –4
 Sin (A + B) = Sin A cos B + cos A sin B Y = 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ Ymax = 5 Ymin = –5

 Sin (A – B) = Sin A cos B - cos A sin B Y = 3 sin θ + 4 sin θ Ymax = 7 Ymin = –7

 Cos (A + B) = Cos A cos B - Sin A sin B

Y = 5 -2 sin θ Ymax = 7 Ymin = 3

 Cos (A - B) = Cos A cos B + Sin A sin B 4

Q.7. Force acting on object F =
tan A + tan B 3sinθ + cosθ
 tan (A + B) =
1 -tan A tan B Then find minimum magnitude of force.

tan A - tan B Sol. y = Asinθ + Bcosθ

 tan (A - B) =
1 + tan A tan B Ymax = + 2
A +B
2

(a) A = B = θ Ymin = – 2
A +B
2

Sin (A + B) = Sin 2θ = 2sinθ Cos θ 4

2 2
Cos (A + B) = Cos 2θ = Cos θ – Sin θ Fmin =
(3sinθ + cosθ)max
2
(b) 2 Cos θ = 1 + Cos (2θ).
4 4
2
2 Sin θ = 1-Cos (2θ) Fmin = =
9+1 10
 If Angle is Small:-

Sin θ ≈ θ tan θ ≈ θ cos θ = 1 12 Phasor diagram

Note: A phasor is a rotating vector that
Sin (2°) = 2° (wrong) represents a sinusoidal function in terms of
its magnitude (amplitude) and phase angle.
Sin (2°) = 2 × πrad = π rad
180° 90° Phasors are typically represented in
Cos (4°) = 1 the complex plane with the real axis
πrad corresponding to the cosine component and
tan 3° = 60
the imaginary axis corresponding to the
Sin Law sine component.
The phase difference
C
b a Δφ = θ2 – θ1
 Vector representation of trigonometric
A B
c function

7
Basic Maths
 Cos θ 5 °)
13
-30° sin (θ + 60°) (θ
+
or Cos (θ – 30°) sin
60° ) or Cos θ
+ 45
-Sin θ sin (θ) Let (θ cos (θ - 60°)
s 45°
Co or sin (θ + 30°)
-Cos θ 30°
sin θ
-Sin θ 40°

-Cos θ sin (θ - 40°)

Equation-1 Equation-2 Phase difference

I = Io sin (θ + π/3) I = Io sin (θ - π/6) π π
Φ = θ– 6 – θ + 3 = 90°

I = Io sin (θ + π/3) I = Io cos (θ - π/6) Φ = 0°

I1 = Io sin (θ) I = Io cos (θ + π/6) Φ = 2π/3
I1 = sin (θ - π/3) I = Io cos (θ + π/3) 7π
Φ= = 210°
6
I1 = sin (θ - 60°) I = Io cos (θ - 30°) 2π
Φ= = 120°
3

d
13 Differentiation DC = - ve  (tanx) = sec2 x
dx
If x and y are variables, then d
dy  (cosec x) =- cosec x cot x
the rate of change in y w.r.t. x = dx
dx
= Slope of y-x graph. d
 (secx) = sec x tan x
2
dx
� d y n
2 = Double diff of y w.r.t. 'x' d
dx  (cotx) = - cosec2 x
dx
dy
= The rate of change in w.r.t. 'x' d d 1
dx
 (logex) = (lnx) =
= Slope of Slope dx dx x
= Change in slope w.r.t. 'x' d
 [sin(90°)] = 0
dx
Differentiation of some function d
n
 (ex) = ex
dy d x dx
 If y = x , then
n
= = nxn-1
dx dx d
 (e2) = 0 ( e2 is const)
dx
dy
 If y = Constant, = 0
dx Rules
d
 (sinx) = cos x (i) Addition Rule:-
dx
dy dA dB
d Y = A + B , = +
 (cosx) =- sin x dx dx dx
dx

8
Physics
(ii) Substraction Rule:- dy
Q.10. y = sin (3x); then find
dy dA dB dx
Y = A - B , = -
dx dx dx dy
Sol. d(3x)
(iii) Multiplication Rule:- dx = Cos (3x) dx
dy A dB B dA
Y = A B , = + = 3 cos(3x)
dx dx dx Q.11. If radius of sphere is increasing 1/π
(iv) Division Rule:- m/s then find rate of change in volume
A dy dA dB w.r.t. time when radius is 3m.
Y = , = B -A
B dx dx dx
Sol. V = 4 πR3
B
2 3
Q.8. If Y = t2, find dy dv = 4 π3R2 dR
dt 3 dt
dx
dy dt 2
dy dt = 4πR2 1
Sol: π
= , = 2t
dx dx dx dx dv 2
dt = 4R = 4(3) = 4×9 = 36
2

The MR*
Outside Inside Rule
14 Maxima and minima
Y = f(z(x)) = y is function of z and
z is a function of x. MR* for maxima/minima
dy
differentiation  For location of maxima/minima put
dy diffn of Inner dx
dx = of outer function × n
fu w.r.t x (slope) = 0 and find value where x will be
keep inside as it is m
max /min .
m

dy  For exact maxima and minima dont

Q.9. Find for given function.
dx check double differentiation. Just put
sx
(i) y= e value of 'x' and find 'y'.
(ii) y = (x2 + 4)3
 Double differentiation check nahi karna
(iii) y = e–4x
just 'x' ki value put kark 'y' nikala jo
(iv) y = sin (4x2)
'y' jayda wo maximum 'y' ko kam wo
(v) y = A sin(wt – kx) minimum 'y'.
(i) (iii)
(5x) Maxima
Y = e Y = e-4x
dy dy dy d2 y
= 5e5x = -4 e-4x = O; = - ve
dx dx dx dx2
(ii) (iv) Slope
2
Y = (x +4) 3
Y = sin(4x2)
dy 2
2
2 d(x +4) dy
=3 (x +4) 2
ymax
dx dx dx = Cos(4x ) × 8x
= 3(x2+4)2 × 2x
(v) Y = A sin (ωt - kx) ymin
dy
dx = A cos (ωt - kx) × (-k) x1 x2

9
Basic Maths
Minima Chain Rule → MR*
dy d2 y Applicable when power of x is one
= O; = + ve
dx dx2 Integration of outer
function keep inside as it is.
Slope y dx =
Coefficient of (x)
15 Integration (2x +3)5
4
(2x+3) dx = +C
5[2]
→ Area under the curve → Inverse of
differentiation –cos(3x-4)
sin(3x-4) dx = +C
xn+1 3
xn dx = + C Not valid for n = -1
n+1

Integration of some function:

16 Co-ordinate geometry
 (u + v). dx =  [Link] + [Link] and graph

 sin x dx = - cosx + c. y Q (x2 y2)

 cos x dx = sinx + c.

x x
P (x1 y1) x
 e dx = e + c
Distance (PQ) between two points in x-y
 1
x dx = lnx + c. plane

PQ = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2
 sec2dx = tan x + c
3x Slope (m) of straight line
3x
e
 e dx = + c.
3 y2 − y1
m tan=
= θ
x2 − x2
Graphical representation of sinθ & cosθ
NOTE:-
θ
Sin  Slope of straight line remains same at all
the point
3
 +1 +1 2

O –1 –1 2  If 0° ≤ θ < 90° then slope is positive

2 θ
 If 90°< θ ≤ 180° then slope is negative
Cosθ  If θ = 90° then slope is infinite

 If θ = 0° then slope is zero

++ +
  If straight line parallel to x-axis then slope
O 2 – –
3
2
2
θ
zero

10
Physics
 y m3 K is value Jitna Jayda graph utna upar shift
m2 m3 > m2 > m1 hoga.
 y
m1

x yx = 7
yx = 5
S yx = 2 x
R
Q x ka pawer jitna jayda graph utna niche

P mP = mQ = mR = mS jayga.

1
m1 y=
m1 = m2 = m3 x 1
m2 y= 2
m3 x

2
y y = x +23
y= x
3
y x
y = mx + c y -3
y = –x2
+ve +c
= y = mx – c y = –x2 – 3
m
x e
+v y y y = -x2 + 4
= c = –ve 2
m y = x -4 +4
x x
y
y
-4
+c
m = –ve
x m y
=
–v c = –ve y = x2
y = –mx + c e
y =x
y = –mx – c
 If two straight line perpendicular to each y = x
other then product of their slope is –1.
x
17 Rectangular Hyperbola
 graph for PV = nRT
K
y y = P
x
T2 > T1

T2
x T1
V

11
Basic Maths
 P2 1 MR* For Slope
 K.E. = graph b/w K.E. and m for
2m
constant momentum.

K.E. g¡lrk gqvk jkeyky jksrk gqvk jkeyky

Slope always Slope always
increasing decreasing

1
m For magnitude of slope → Now we are
talking about value of slope, we will ignore
+ve & –ve only consider magnitude.
MR*
Jisko x- & y-axis pe plot krenge uska MR* → Locate where slope is zero
power dekhte hai.  Starting me zero then increasing
magnitute of slope.
T2 T
T2 = KR3  Last me zero then decreasing magnitude
of slope and becomes zero.

R3 R

y = e–x y y= e
x

Slope → Increasing Slope → Decreasing

magnitute of slope magnitute of slope
x
1st decreasing then 1st increasing then
increasing decreasing

18 Equation of Circle
y y
2 2 2
(x – x0) + (y – y0) = R
R is radius & centre is at (x0, y0)
2 2 2
Ex: x + y = 5 centre at (0, 0) R=5
(x + 4) + (y – 3)2 = 49 centre at (–4, 3)
2
x x
R=7
Slope → decreasing increasing
Magnitute → decreasing increasing
19 Ellipse
y y
x2 y2
2 +
a b2 = 1
y
x x
2b
x Slope → decreasing increasing

2a Magnitute → increasing decreasing

12
Physics
20 Some Basic Geometry Shapes Trapezoid Triangle
a

Equilateral Triangle of side (a) h h

b a
1 1
 Area = (a + b)h  Area = ah
2 2
3a
2 h
60° 60° 30° b
A Elipse
Circle r
a/2 a
a/2

 Distance from base to centre  Circumference =2πr  Area = πab

2
 Area = πr
h
tan 30° =
a/2
Cube Cylinder
a
h = r
2 3
 Distance from centre to corner h

3a 2 a a
= × =
2 3 3  Area = 6a
2
 Area = 2πr
2
+ 2πrh
2
3a 3 2
Area =  Volume = a  Volume = πr h
4

Hexagonal of side ‘a’ Cone Sphere

h l
o r
r
a 60° a
60° 60° Area = πr2 + πrl Area = 4πr2
A a B 1 4
Volume = πr2h Volume = πr3
3 3
Distance from centre to corner = a 2 2
where, l = r +h

Square Rectangle 21 Average of a varying quantity

If y = f (t) then
H
t2 t2
t1  ∫   ydt t1  ∫   ydt
B <y> = t2 =
 Area = l
2
 Area = BH t1  ∫dt
t2-t1
 Perimetre = 4l  Perimetre = 2(H+B) Y may be any physical quantity.

13
Basic Maths
MR* ka tadka  If wire of Length L is Bended as shown
find Radius R.
yi + yf
 if y is varying linearly then yAvg = Arc length = L
2
L Rθ = L
 If x+y = constant then xy will be maximum Bend to form
R L
C square. Find side length of θ \R =
for x = y = θ
square
2 L = Perimeter of square
For whole circle
If sum of two number is constant then L = 4l L
L
product of these two number will be \ l(side length of square)= θ = 2Π \ R = 2Π
4
maximum, only when both number are For circle of n number of loops
L = n(2ΠR)
equal.
L
\R= θ
n2Π

22 Important concept and Question 23 Percentage changes

 Length of Rod 20m is divided in the ratio  Case 1: If % changes is less than 5%
1 : 3 : 5 then find length of each Part. y = kxn [K = constant]
1x + 3x + 5x = 20 Δy
then = nΔx
y x
9x = 20 If Momentum of object is increased by 3%.
20 Find % change in kinetic energy.
x =
9 2
P ΔK.E.
20 20 100 =
=> K.E = \ = 2ΔP
x = m 3x = m 5x = m 2m K.E. P
9 9 9 ΔK.E. ΔP
\ × 100% = 2 × 100%
K.E. P
 Spring of lengh L and spring constant k
divided into length ratio 3 : 2, then the = 2 (3)
percetage change
ew spring constant of bigger part
in Kinetic Energy = 6%
3x + 2x = L 1
k ∝
l  Case 2: If % change is greater than 5%
L
x= \ k 1 l 1 = k2 l 2 Xfinal – Xinitial
5 % change in x = × 100%
3L 3L Xinitial
3x =
5 KL = K' If kinetic energy is increased by 300%,
5
then percentage change in momentum
5
K' = K will be
3
Sol.
 If n identical liquid sphere of radius r
cobine to form single large sphere the find MR*
redius of bigger sphere
K.E → ↑ by 300% P = 2m K.E
Total volume will be consant It Means K.E. ↑ to P α K.E.
4 4 400% \ Pfinal = 2 (Pinitial)
\ 3x πr3 = πR3 \ [Link] = 4 ([Link])
3 3 \ Momentum
\ nr = R3
3 increasest to 200%
or it increases by
1
R = (n) 3 r 100 %

14
Physics
 If kinetic energy is decreased by 19% then Q. 14 A Disc of Radius R/2 cut from a disc
% change in Momentum? of mass (M,R) as shown in Fig. then
find mas of remaining portion.
Sol.
MR*
K.E → ↓es by 19% \ Momentum
\ K.E is reduced to 81% is reduced to
\ [Link] = 81
[Link] 9
× 100% R/2
100 10
P α K.E. \M  omentum is R
\ Pfinal =
9
Pfinal reduced by 10%
10
(or reduced to 90%)

Linear mass density:

M
 Mass per unit length Ans. σ = Areal mass density
ϖR2
1
Mass of removed part m = σ Area of
λ = dm dm= λdL removed
dL
M 3M
mass of remaining = M– 4 = 4
Scalar Unit kg/m

If λ = constant, mass = λ × (length) M ϖ R 2 M

× =
ϖR
2 2 4
Q. 12 Find mass of rod if λ = 3 kg/m and
length 12m Volume mass density (ρ)
Ans. dm = λdL  Mass per unit volume
∫dm = ∫3dL
dM
ρ = dM = ρdV
12
mass = 3(L) 0 = 3(12-0) = 36 kg. dV
Surface mass density or Areal mass
density kg/m3
dm unit kg/m2 if ρ = constant, mass = ρ × volumes
σ =
dA
Q. 13 Find mass of a disc if σ = ϖ kg/m2of Q. 15 A sphere of Radius R/2 is cut from
Radius R = 2m. a sphere of mass m and Radius R as
shown in figure.
Ans. mass = σ Area = ϖ (ϖR)2 = ϖ2(2)2= 10
× 4 = 40 kg Find mass of remaining part.
Areal mass density (s)

 Mass per unit Area

σ = dM dM = σdV
dA R/2
kg/m2 R

if σ = constant, mass = σ × Area

15
Basic Maths
Sol. Mass = ρ Volume 3
4 R
Volume of removed part = ϖ
3 2
Same = v/8
Mass volume R3
Mass of removed part = m

Jitna volume remove hoga same 8
propotion me mass removes hoga.
m 7m
Remaining mass = m– =
8 8

MR*
tc VwV ds fc•j tkvksxs le> tkvks vc
fu•j tkvksxs

16
Physics