College of Engineering, Pune

Depart. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

SY Project – 2021-22

Project Name:FIRE ALARM SYSTEM USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

Done by:

1. 112007030 Nitin Khetade

2. 112007037 Amruta Mhetre
 -Table of Contents

Sr. No. Topics Page No.

1. Abstract 3

2. Introduction 4

3. Objectives 5

4. Block Diagram 6

5. Implementation 7

6. Result 14

7. Advantages 17

8. Disadvantages 17

9. Conclusion 18

10. Reference 18

11. Appendix 19
Abstract:
Fire Alarm Circuit is a simple circuit that detects the fire and activates the
Buzzer. Fire Alarm Circuits are very important devices to detect fire in the right time
and prevent any damage to people and their property. Fire Alarm Circuits and Smoke
Sensors are the part of the security systems which help in detecting and preventing
damage. Installing Fire Alarm Systems and Smoke Sensors in commercial buildings like
school, colleges, offices, movie theatres, shopping malls and other public places is
compulsory.

There are many expensive and sophisticated Fire Alarm Circuit in the
form of stand-alone devices, but we have designed very simple Fire Alarm Circuits
using common components like 8051 micro - controller, ADC0804, 16 x 2 LCD display,
etc. This is a very simple alarm circuit using MQ 2 smoke sensor and a Buzzer. The
primary purpose of fire alarm system is to provide an early warning of fire so that
people can be evacuated& immediate action can be taken to stop or eliminate of the
fire effect as soon as possible. Alarm can be triggered by using detectors.
Introduction:
A fire alarm system is one of the basic systems that is required to be
installed in every household and building in many countries. Having the system
installed helps alert people of a possible fire, give them early warnings; automatically,
minimize the time it takes for the fire department to come; lower the risks of false fire
alarm; in the event of fault, it can tell the exact problem, it also have reduced damage
of property due to fire.

An automatic fire alarm is designs to detect the unwanted presence of

fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion.

 The fire alarm system is classified as either automatically actuated,

manually actuated or both.
 The main objective of this project is To detect the automatically operated
fire and to control the spread of fire or smoke.
Objectives:
The objectives of this project are:
 To design a system that monitors smoke due to fire in an enclosed area
(home, car or industry);
 To design a system that display msg on LCD during detection of smoke.
 To design a system that alarms the user of smoke detection through a buzzer.
 Smoke
Block Diagram:
Sensor

ADC

Power 8051 16 x 2
Supply Micro LCD
Controller

Buzzer
 Implementation:
Hardware required:

1. AT89C51 microcontroller ic:

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes

of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using
Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard
MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed
in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a
highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of
RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full
duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static
logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.
The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system
to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator
disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Pin Diagram:
2) MQ-6 Gas Sensor

MQ-6 is a semiconductor type gas sensor which detects the gas leakage. The sensitive
material of MQ-6 is tin dioxide (SnO2).It has very low conductivity in clean [Link] Gas sensor not
only has sensitivity to propane and butane but also to other natural gases, low sensitivity to cigarette
smoke and alcohol.

The concentration range of MQ-6 gas sensor is 200-1000ppm. This sensor is available in 6
pins package, out of which 4pins are used for fetching the signals and other 2 pins are used for
providing heating current. This sensor has fast response time. The power required by the sensor is 5V.
The sensor has different resistance value in different concentration.

They are used in gas leakage detecting equipment forhomes and industries. They are
suitable for detecting ofLPG, iso-butane, propane, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), very high
concentrations of alcohol, cooking fumes and cigarette smoke.

The features of an MQ-6 gas sensors are:

 High sensitivity to LPG, iso-butane, propane;

 Small sensitivity to alcohol, smoke;
 Fast response;
 Stable and long life; and
 Simple drive circuit.
 3) 16 x 2 LCD Display:
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. The 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix
display is capable of displaying 224 different characters and symbols.

The 16×2 LCD pinout is shown below.

 Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the GND terminal of the
microcontroller unit or power source.
 Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to connect the supply pin of the
power source.
 Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display, used to connect a changeable
POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
 Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or data register, used to connect a
microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode, and 1 = command mode).
 Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read or writes operation, and it is
connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 = Write Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).
 Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute Read/Write process, and it is connected
to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high.
 Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. In 8-wire mode, 8-pins are connected
to microcontroller unit like 0 to 7.
 Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
 Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.
 4) Buzzer:
An audio signaling device like a beeper or buzzer may be electromechanical
or piezoelectric or mechanical type. The main function of this is to convert the signal from audio
to sound. Generally, it is powered through DC voltage and used in timers, alarm devices,
printers, alarms, computers, etc. Based on the various designs, it can generate different sounds
like alarm, music, bell & siren.

5) ADC:
ADC0804 is an IC (integrated circuit) which converts the input analog voltage to its
equivalent digital output. It is used to givd digital input to the microcontroller. We have used
ADC section of arduino board.

6) Power supply:
We have used power supply of 5V for this project.

Software used:
1) Keil

2) Proteus
Circuit Diagram:

 LCD –
 RS : P1.0
 RW : P1.1
 EN : P1.2
 Data Lines : P2

 Gassensor : P1.0  Buzzer : P3.0

 So, we have made all the required circuit connections as per above circuit
diagram. We have used keil software for programming microcontroller and then we have
created hex file and burned it into the microcontroller.
Result:
A] Before detection of smoke
B] After detection of smoke
Voltage requirement for all components:
1. AT89C51
Minimum operating voltage = 4V
Maximum operating voltage = 5.5V
Maximum operating temperature = 125 ˚C

2. MQ 2 sensor
Minimum operating voltage = 3.5V
Maximum operating voltage = 5V
Maximum operating temperature = 250 ˚C

3. 16 x 2 LCD display
Minimum operating voltage = 4.7V
Maximum operating voltage = 5.3V
Maximum operating temperature = 85 ˚C

4. Buzzer
Minimum operating voltage = 1.5V
Maximum operating voltage = 12V
Maximum operating temperature = 260 ˚C

5. ADC
Minimum operating voltage = 2.5V
Maximum operating voltage = 6.5V
Advantages:
 Low cost
 Reliable
 Fast response
 Circuit can be easily constructed
 High level security
 Easy to design
 Easy to modify
 Low power consumption
 Early warning benefits
 Can easily be installed anywhere in commercial buildings
 Early warning is essential to effective fire safety because fires can occur at any time any
place
 Detection distance
 Speed of response
 Sensitivity
 Range of applications
 Portable

Disadvantages:
 False alarm sometimes
 Blinded by thick smoke
 Senses near range smoke/heat (fire) only
 Uses continuous power supply
Conclusion:
In the practical part, a system was developed with 8051 micro controller as the main
control unit, connected with other devices, such as: a smoke/gas sensor, an LED, a buzzer, a 16x2
LCD. The sensors monitored constantly, operated fire detectors in a fire alarm system, the LED and
buzzer acted as alarms. After some tests, the system worked successfully.

Also, the system has distinguished advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, the
advantages are its low cost, easy installation, maintenance, replacement, and improvement the
system. On the other hand, the system has some disadvantages. The most notable disadvantage is
that the system is not connected to the fire department like a normal system. There are also a few
drawbacks about Micro controller such as the connection and short lifespan.

Finally, there are some suggestions that would improve the system, for example: -
Having a separate back-up power system - Ability to connect multiple sensors wirelessly - Creating an
app as a wireless control method, which would make controlling the system easier in general. These
improvements would make the system more reliable and give it more applications for real life
situations.

Reference:

8051 Microcontroller datasheet

:[Link]

Keil :[Link]

Proteus :[Link]

MQ 2 smoke sensor :[Link]

Appendix
Keil Programing:

#include<reg51.h>
#define lcd P2 // check

sbit GAS=P1^0;
sbit rs=P1^1; //register select
sbit rw=P1^2; //RW
sbit en=P1^3; //enable
sbit buzzer = P3^0;

void lcd_init();
void cmd(unsigned char);
void dat(unsigned char);
void delay();
void lcd_string(char *s);

void main(){
buzzer = 0;
GAS = 1;
lcd_init();
lcd_string(" Fire Alarm ");
cmd(0xc0);
lcd_string(" System ");
while(1) {
if(GAS == 1) {
cmd(0x01);
lcd_string("Fire Detected");
buzzer = 1;
delay();
}
else {
cmd(0x01);
lcd_string("Fire Alarm");
cmd(0xc0);
lcd_string(" System ");
}
}
}
void lcd_init(){
cmd(0x38);
cmd(0x01);
cmd(0x10);
cmd(0x0c);
cmd(0x80);
}

void cmd(unsigned char a){

lcd=a;
rs=0;
rw=0;
en=1;
delay();
en=0;
}

void dat(unsigned char b){

lcd=b;
rs=1;
rw=0;
en=1;
delay();
en=0;
}

void lcd_string(char *s){

while(*s) {
dat(*s++);
}
}

void delay(){
unsigned int i;
for(i=0;i<20000;i++);
}