Fertilizer
1. Which of these is NOT one of the main categories of plant nutrients?
a. Structural b. Primary c. Complementary d. Secondary
2. Nitrogen was established as an essential nutrient for plants in:
a. 1804 b. 1839 c. 1860 d. 1844
3. Which nutrient makes up approximately 45% of a plant's dry matter?
a. Carbon b. Oxygen c. Hydrogen d. Both a & b
4. The average concentration of potassium in plant dry matter is:
a. 9.8 g/kg b. 0.98 g/kg c. 98 g/kg d. 980 g/kg
5. Complex fertilizers contain how many primary nutrients chemically combined?
a. One b. Two or three c. Always three d. Four
6. A fertilizer labeled 20-10-5 contains what percentage of potash (K2O)?
a. 20% b. 10% c. 5% d. 0%
7. Urea is an example of which type of fertilizer?
a. Low analysis b. High analysis c. No analysis d. Medium analysis
8. Fertilizers that increase soil acidity are called:
a. Alkaline-forming b. Acid-forming c. Neutral d. pH balancers
9. A fertilizer's acid equivalent is defined as:
a. Amount of pure b. Amount of sulfuric
c. Its percentage of d. Its solubility
CaCO3 required to acid produced per
ammonium content in acidic soils
neutralize its acidity 100 kg
10. Calcium nitrate is an example of a/an ______ fertilizer.
a. acidic b. neutral c. alkaline d. organic
11. Which of these nutrients was the last to be established as essential for plants?
a. Nickel b. Chloride c. Molybdenum d. Zinc
12. The essentiality of iron for plants was established by Gris in:
a. 1844 b. 1922 c. 1923 d. 1926
13. Which of these micronutrients is required in a higher concentration by dicots
compared to monocots?
a. Boron b. Molybdenum c. Chloride d. Manganese
14. 1 ppm is equal to:
a. 1 g per kg b. 1 mg per kg c. 0.1% d. 0.1 liter per 100 liters
15. Fertilizers that supply only one primary plant nutrient are called:
a. Straight fertilizers b. Complex fertilizers c. Mixed fertilizers d. Organic fertilizers
16. Which of these is NOT an example of a straight fertilizer?
a. Urea b. Monoammonium phosphate c. Potassium chloride d. Ammonium sulfate
17. Mixed fertilizers are made by physically combining:
a. Two or more b. Two or more c. Straight and d. Organic and
straight fertilizers complex fertilizers complex fertilizers inorganic fertilizers
18. The fertilizer grade refers to:
a. Particle b. c. Minimum guaranteed nutrient d. Acid
size Solubility percentages equivalent
19. A fertilizer with a grade of 28-28-0 has what ratio of nitrogen to phosphate?
a. 1:1 b. 2:1 c. 1:2 d. 0:28
20. Which of these is an example of a high analysis fertilizer?
a. SSP (0-16-0) b. Chilean nitrate of soda (16-0-0) c. DAP (18-46-0) d. Both b & c
21. Single superphosphate is an example of a ____ fertilizer.
a. low analysis b. high analysis c. no analysis d. liquid
22. Urea prills are an example of which physical form of fertilizer?
a. Crystalline b. Powdered c. Granular d. Liquid
23. Liquid fertilizers that require constant agitation to maintain uniformity are called:
a. Solution fertilizers b. Suspension fertilizers c. Emulsions d. Colloids
24. The acid equivalent of urea is:
a. 80 kg CaCO3/100 b. 110 kg c. 128 kg d. 93 kg CaCO3/100
kg CaCO3/100 kg CaCO3/100 kg kg
25. Most crops grow best in a soil pH range of:
a. 4.0 to 5.5 b. 6.0 to 7.5 c. 8.0 to 9.5 d. 10.0 to 11.0
26. Which of these elements is NOT classified as a structural nutrient for plants?
a. Carbon b. Hydrogen c. Oxygen d. Nitrogen
27. The average nitrogen concentration in plant dry matter is:
a. 0.14% b. 1.4% c. 14% d. 45%
28. Which of these nutrients is required in the highest concentration by plants after C,
H, and O?
a. Nitrogen b. Phosphorus c. Potassium d. Calcium
29. The essentiality of which nutrient was established in 1860 by Salm-Horstmar?
a. Magnesium b. Iron c. Manganese d. Sulfur
30. In a fertilizer grade, the numbers are always in the order:
a. P2O5-N-K2O b. K2O-P2O5-N c. N-K2O-P2O5 d. N-P2O5-K2O
31. Which of these is NOT a benefit of using fertilizers?
a. Optimize crop b. Increase soil c. Enhance d. Provide concentrated
nutrition organic matter productivity nutrition
32. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) has an NPK ratio of:
a. 18-46-0 b. 11-52-0 c. 16-20-0-13S d. 20-20-0
33. The fertilizer analysis that guarantees 20% N + 20% P2O5 + 20% K2O is:
a. 20-20-20 b. 20-20-0 c. 20-0-20 d. 0-20-20
34. Ammonium phosphate sulfate, a complex fertilizer, contains:
a. N and P b. N, P and K c. N, P and S d. P and S
35. In mixed fertilizers, the individual components remain:
a. Chemically combined b. Physically separate c. In liquid form d. Evenly distributed
36. The concentration of primary nutrients in low analysis fertilizers is less than:
a. 15% b. 20% c. 25% d. 30%
37. Muriate of potash has a grade of:
a. 0-0-22 b. 0-0-44 c. 0-0-60 d. 0-0-80
38. Liquid fertilizers that form true solutions with no settling of materials are called:
a. Suspension fertilizers b. Emulsions c. Clear liquid fertilizers d. Colloidal solutions
39. Which of these fertilizers has the highest acid equivalent?
a. Ammonium chloride b. Ammonium sulfate c. Diammonium phosphate d. Urea
40. Dicalcium phosphate is an example of a ____ fertilizer.
a. neutral b. acidic c. alkaline d. organic
41. The primary nutrients supplied by a 20-10-10 fertilizer are:
a. N and P b. N and K c. P and K d. N, P, and K
42. Which of these nutrients is NOT a micronutrient?
a. Boron b. Molybdenum c. Sulfur d. Copper
43. The essentiality of which nutrient was established by Sprengel in 1839?
a. Nitrogen b. Phosphorus c. Potassium d. All of these
44. 0.1% is equal to:
a. 1 liter in 100 liter b. 1 g per kg c. 1 liter in 1000 liter d. 1 mg per kg
45. Which of these is NOT an example of a complex fertilizer?
a. DAP b. MAP c. Nitrophosphates d. SSP
46. The building blocks used to create more complex fertilizer products are:
a. Organic fertilizers b. Mixed fertilizers c. Straight fertilizers d. Liquid fertilizers
47. The fertilizer grade 10-20-20 contains what percentage of nitrogen?
a. 5% b. 10% c. 20% d. 40%
48. A fertilizer bag labeled 0-20-10 is an example of:
a. A straight b. A complex c. A mixed d. An organic
fertilizer fertilizer fertilizer fertilizer
49. Potassium magnesium sulfate is an example of a ______ fertilizer.
a. high analysis b. low analysis c. complex d. organic
50. Urea supergranules are an example of which physical form of fertilizer?
a. Crystalline b. Powdered c. Solid d. Liquid
51. The alkaline ions supplied by basic fertilizers include all EXCEPT:
a. Calcium b. Magnesium c. Ammonium d. Potassium
52. The equivalent basicity of sodium nitrate is:
a. 21 kg CaCO3/100 b. 29 kg CaCO3/100 c. 63 kg CaCO3/100 d. 80 kg CaCO3/100
kg kg kg kg
53. Which of these statements about soil pH is TRUE?
a. Most crops b. Most crops grow
c. Fertilizers have no d. Soil pH should
prefer highly acidic best in a pH range of
effect on soil pH never be adjusted
soils 6.0-7.5
54. Which of these nutrients is classified under the 'Others' subcategory of
micronutrients?
a. Iron b. Boron c. Zinc d. Manganese
55. The average concentration of phosphorus in plant dry matter is:
a. 0.19% b. 1.9% c. 19% d. 45%
56. The essentiality of which nutrient was established by Broyer, Carlton, Johnson and
Stout in 1954?
a. Boron b. Molybdenum c. Chloride d. Nickel
57. Ammonium sulfate has a grade of:
a. 21-0-0-24S b. 0-21-0-24S c. 21-24-0-0S d. 0-0-21-24S
58. Mixed fertilizers are also known as:
a. Blended b. Compound c. Homogeneous d. Solution
fertilizers fertilizers fertilizers fertilizers
59. Which of these fertilizers has the lowest phosphate content?
a. 10-10-10 b. 20-10-10 c. 10-20-10 d. 10-10-20
60. Ammonium nitrate has an NPK ratio of:
a. 33-0-0 b. 0-33-0 c. 0-0-33 d. 16-0-0
61. Which of these is NOT a factor that affects the choice of fertilizer physical form?
a. Type of crop b. Fertilization method c. Application equipment d. Fertilizer grade
62. Calcium is classified as a ______ nutrient.
a. structural b. primary c. secondary d. micronutrient
63. Manganese deficiency is most likely to occur in _____ soils.
a. acidic b. neutral c. alkaline d. saline
64. The essentiality of zinc was established by:
a. McHargue b. Sommer and Lipman c. Warington d. Gris
65. Fertilizer prills are formed by:
a. compaction b. crystallization c. pulverization d. solidification of liquid droplets
66. Which of these fertilizers is most likely to increase soil alkalinity?
a. Ammonium sulfate b. Urea c. Calcium nitrate d. Ammonium chloride
67. Foliar application of fertilizers involves:
a. broadcasting on soil b. spraying on plant c. drenching the d. injecting into plant
surface leaves roots stems
68. Which of these is NOT a benefit of using liquid fertilizers?
a. Precise application b. Easy transport c. Ability to apply as d. Potential for
through irrigation and storage foliar sprays fertigation
69. Liming is a practice used to:
a. lower soil pH b. improve soil structure c. raise soil pH d. increase soil salinity
70. Which of these fertilizers has the highest concentration of potassium?
a. Potassium b. Potassium c. Potassium d. Potassium magnesium
chloride sulfate nitrate sulfate
71. The essentiality of which nutrient was established by Arnon and Stout in 1939?
a. Boron b. Molybdenum c. Chlorine d. Iron
72. Which of these is an example of an organic fertilizer?
a. Urea b. Ammonium nitrate c. Compost d. Potassium sulfate
73. A fertigation system involves:
a. foliar b. broadcasting c. applying fertilizers d. injecting fertilizers
fertilization fertilizers through irrigation into plant stems
74. Which of these nutrients is most likely to leach from soils?
a. Phosphorus b. Potassium c. Nitrogen d. Calcium
75. Ammonium-based fertilizers are preferred in ______ soils.
a. alkaline b. acidic c. saline d. waterlogged
76. Which of these is NOT a factor influencing nutrient availability to plants?
a. Soil pH b. Soil texture c. Fertilizer color d. Soil organic matter
77. Fertilizer burn is most likely to occur when:
a. fertilizers are b. fertilizers are c. fertilizers are d. fertilizers are applied
band-applied broadcast applied at high rates through fertigation
78. Luxury consumption of nutrients by plants refers to:
a. uptake beyond b. uptake under c. uptake only during d. uptake only during
the plant's needs deficient conditions vegetative growth reproductive growth
79. Critical nutrient concentration is defined as:
a. the minimum b. the maximum c. the average d. the concentration
concentration required concentration concentration found at which toxicity
for optimal growth tolerated by plants in plant tissues occurs
80. Nutrient use efficiency can be improved by all of the following EXCEPT:
a. proper timing of b. appropriate c. using slow- d. applying fertilizers at
application placement release fertilizers excessive rates
81. Which of these is a consequence of excessive nitrogen fertilization?
a. Improved fruit b. Delayed c. Increased drought d. Enhanced disease
quality maturity tolerance resistance
82. The law of the minimum, as it relates to plant nutrition, states that:
a. growth is b. all nutrients c. nutrient d. plants can compensate
limited by the are equally deficiencies always for nutrient deficiencies by
nutrient in important for occur in a specific increasing uptake of other
shortest supply growth order nutrients
83. Which of these is a mobile nutrient in plants?
a. Calcium b. Boron c. Nitrogen d. Iron
84. Chlorosis in younger leaves is a symptom of ______ deficiency.
a. nitrogen b. phosphorus c. potassium d. sulfur
85. Which of these nutrients is most likely to accumulate in plant seeds?
a. Nitrogen b. Phosphorus c. Potassium d. Calcium
86. Reduction of nitrate to ammonia in plants requires:
a. carbon dioxide b. oxygen c. energy d. water
87. The most abundant form of nitrogen in the atmosphere is:
a. ammonia b. nitrate c. dinitrogen d. nitrite
88. Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by:
a. all b. legumes in association with c. all soil d. all
plants Rhizobia microorganisms fungi
89. Nitrification in soils is carried out by:
a. Rhizobia b. Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter c. Mycorrhizal fungi d. Azotobacter
90. Volatilization losses of nitrogen are highest when fertilizers are applied to:
a. dry, acidic soils b. moist, acidic soils c. dry, alkaline soils d. moist, neutral soils
91. Phosphorus is most available to plants in soils with a pH range of:
a. 4.0-5.0 b. 6.5-7.5 c. 8.0-9.0 d. 10.0-11.0
92. Which of these is NOT a mechanism of phosphorus fixation in soils?
a. Adsorption onto iron b. Precipitation as c. Immobilization by d.
and aluminum oxides calcium phosphates soil microbes Leaching
93. The most plant-available form of potassium in soils is:
a. unavailable b. slowly available c. readily available d. fixed
potassium potassium potassium potassium
94. Luxury consumption of potassium by plants may lead to:
a. improved disease b. increased c. enhanced drought d. delayed
resistance lodging tolerance maturity
95. Zinc deficiency is most commonly observed in:
a. acidic soils b. alkaline soils c. soils high in organic matter d. sandy soils
96. Molybdenum availability to plants decreases with:
a. increasing soil b. decreasing soil c. increasing soil organic d. decreasing soil
pH pH matter temperature
97. Boron deficiency affects:
a. cell division b. photosynthesis c. respiration d. nitrogen fixation
98. Copper is involved in:
a. chlorophyll b. cell wall c. enzyme d. stomatal
synthesis formation activation regulation
99. Manganese toxicity is most likely to occur in:
a. alkaline soils b. acidic soils c. soils high in organic matter d. sandy soils
100. Iron chlorosis is often associated with:
a. high soil pH b. low soil pH c. high soil organic matter d. low soil temperature
Fill-in-the-blank questions:
1. ______ is the most abundant nutrient in plants.
2. The essentiality of ______ for plants was established by Arnon and Wessel in
1953.
3. ______ has the highest average concentration among micronutrients in plant dry
matter.
4. ______ fertilizers contain two or three primary nutrients chemically combined into
a single compound.
5. A fertilizer labeled ______ contains 16% nitrogen, 16% phosphate, and 16%
potash.
6. ______ is an example of a high analysis straight fertilizer.
7. ______ is defined as the amount of pure calcium carbonate required to neutralize
the acidity from 100 kg of a fertilizer.
8. ______ is an example of an alkaline-forming fertilizer.
9. Fertilizers in the form of small, spherical, uniformly-sized particles formed by
solidifying liquid droplets are called ______.
10. The viewbox should be specified for an ______ image rather than defining a
width/height.
11. Most crops grow best in a soil pH range of ______.
12. The three main categories of plant nutrients are structural, primary, and ______.
13. ______ makes up approximately 6% of a plant's dry matter.
14. The average concentration of ______ in plant dry matter is 98 g/kg.
15. ______ fertilizers are physical mixtures or blends of two or more straight
fertilizers.
16. A fertilizer's grade is represented as a series of ______ numbers separated by
dashes.
17. ______ refers to the guaranteed minimum percentages of available nitrogen,
phosphate, and potash in a fertilizer.
18. ______ fertilizers contain less than 25% total of the three primary nutrients.
19. ______ is an example of a micronutrient.
20. The essentiality of ______ was established the earliest, in 1804.
21. 1 ppm is equal to ______ mg per kg.
22. ______ is the term used for pulverized or ground fertilizers with fine, flour-like
particles.
23. ______ are larger, irregularly shaped fertilizer particles compacted from smaller
ones.
24. ______ are liquids containing some undissolved, suspended solids.
25. Ammonium sulfate has an acid equivalent of ______ kg CaCO3 per 100 kg.
26. ______ is NOT classified as a structural nutrient for plants.
27. The average ______ concentration in plant dry matter is 1.4%.
28. ______ is required in the highest concentration by plants after C, H, and O.
29. The essentiality of ______ was established in 1860 by Salm-Horstmar.
30. In a fertilizer grade, the numbers are always in the order ______.
31. Using fertilizers does NOT ______.
32. ______ is a complex fertilizer with an NPK ratio of 18-46-0.
33. A fertilizer with an analysis that guarantees 20% N + 20% P2O5 + 20% K2O is
labeled as ______.
34. Ammonium phosphate sulfate contains ______.
35. In mixed fertilizers, the individual components remain ______ separate.
36. The concentration of primary nutrients in ______ fertilizers is less than 25%.
37. Muriate of potash has a grade of ______.
38. ______ are liquid fertilizers that form true solutions with no settling of materials.
39. ______ has the highest acid equivalent among the given fertilizers.
40. Dicalcium phosphate is an example of a ______ fertilizer.
41. The primary nutrients supplied by a 20-10-10 fertilizer are ______.
42. ______ is NOT a micronutrient.
43. The essentiality of ______ was established by Sprengel in 1839.
44. 0.1% is equal to 1 liter in ______ liters.
45. ______ is NOT an example of a complex fertilizer.
46. ______ are the building blocks used to create more complex fertilizer products.
47. A 10-20-20 fertilizer grade contains ______ percent nitrogen.
48. A fertilizer bag labeled 0-20-10 is an example of ______.
49. Potassium magnesium sulfate is an example of a ______ fertilizer.
50. ______ are an example of a solid, supergranule physical form of fertilizer.
51. ______ is NOT an alkaline ion supplied by basic fertilizers.
52. The equivalent basicity of sodium nitrate is ______ kg CaCO3 per 100 kg.
53. Most crops grow best in a pH range of ______.
54. Boron is classified under the ______ subcategory of micronutrients.
55. The average concentration of phosphorus in plant dry matter is ______.
56. The essentiality of ______ was established by Broyer, Carlton, Johnson and Stout
in 1954.
57. Ammonium sulfate has a grade of ______.
58. Mixed fertilizers are also known as ______ fertilizers.
59. ______ has the lowest phosphate content among the given fertilizers.
60. Ammonium nitrate has an NPK ratio of ______.
61. ______ is NOT a factor that affects the choice of fertilizer physical form.
62. Calcium is classified as a ______ nutrient.
63. Manganese deficiency is most likely to occur in ______ soils.
64. The essentiality of zinc was established by ______.
65. Fertilizer prills are formed by ______ of liquid droplets.
66. ______ is most likely to increase soil alkalinity among the given fertilizers.
67. ______ application of fertilizers involves spraying on plant leaves.
68. ______ is NOT a benefit of using liquid fertilizers.
69. ______ is a practice used to raise soil pH.
70. ______ has the highest concentration of potassium among the given fertilizers.
71. The essentiality of ______ was established by Arnon and Stout in 1939.
72. ______ is an example of an organic fertilizer.
73. A ______ system involves applying fertilizers through irrigation.
74. ______ is the nutrient most likely to leach from soils.
75. Ammonium-based fertilizers are preferred in ______ soils.
76. ______ is NOT a factor influencing nutrient availability to plants.
77. Fertilizer burn is most likely to occur when fertilizers are applied at ______.
78. ______ consumption of nutrients refers to uptake beyond the plant's needs.
79. ______ nutrient concentration is the minimum concentration required for optimal
growth.
80. Nutrient use efficiency can be improved by all EXCEPT applying fertilizers at
______ rates.
81. Excessive nitrogen fertilization can lead to ______.
82. The law of the minimum states that growth is limited by the nutrient in ______
supply.
83. ______ is a mobile nutrient in plants.
84. Chlorosis in younger leaves is a symptom of ______ deficiency.
85. ______ is the nutrient most likely to accumulate in plant seeds.
86. Reduction of nitrate to ammonia in plants requires ______.
87. The most abundant form of nitrogen in the atmosphere is ______.
88. ______ carry out biological nitrogen fixation in association with legumes.
89. ______ carry out nitrification in soils.
90. Volatilization losses of nitrogen are highest when fertilizers are applied to ______
soils.
91. Phosphorus is most available to plants in soils with a pH range of ______.
92. ______ is NOT a mechanism of phosphorus fixation in soils.
93. The most plant-available form of potassium in soils is ______.
94. Luxury consumption of potassium by plants may lead to ______.
95. Zinc deficiency is most commonly observed in ______ soils.
96. Molybdenum availability to plants decreases with ______.
97. Boron deficiency affects ______.
98. Copper is involved in ______.
99. Manganese toxicity is most likely to occur in ______ soils.
100. Iron chlorosis is often associated with ______.