A Project Report

ON

... AUTOMATIC CAR WASHING SYSTEM....

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of

Bachelor of Technology
in

Mechanical Engineering

Name- HARSH RAJ Roll No- 2202200409006

Name- RITESH KUMAR Roll No- 2102200400023

Name- GAURAV SHARMA Roll No- 2102200400008

Name- ASHISH KUMAR Roll No- 2102200400005

Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof.

B.D KAUSHIK DEEPAK BHASKAR

Project Guide HOD-ME

Department of Mechanical Engineering

HI-TECH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

GHAZIABAD

Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

JUNE, 2025
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Description Page Number

Certificate i

Declaration ii

Acknowledgment iii

Abstract iv-v

List of Figures x

List of Tables xi

Abbreviations xii

1. Chapter -1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1-2
1.2 Problems with existing system 2
1.2.1 Technology and innovation 2
1.2.2 Industry challenges 3

1.3 Block diagram 4

1.4 Component used v 5-7
1.4.1 Micro controller, Bluetooth HC-05, DC Motor, motor driver 5
1.4.2 Servo motor, load cell 5-6
1.4.3Arduino I.D.E , paint roller 6-7

1.5 working 8-10

1.5.1 Working principle 9

v
 2. Chapter-2: LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Literature survey 11-13

2.2 Existing system vs Proposed system 14-15
2.2.1 Existing system 14
2.2.2 Proposed system 15

2.3 Bernoulli theorem 16-17

2.4 Continuity equation 18-21
2.5 Viscosity of paint 22-26

3. Chapter -3: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

1.1. 3D Virtual image of project 27

1.2. System design 28-33
1.2.1. Control system 30
1.2.2. Paint supply system 31

1.2.3. Software system 32

1.2.4. Paint distribution system 33

1.2.5. Power supply system 33

1.3. Analysis 34-38

1.4. Analysis of paint for semi-automatic wall paint robot 34-35
1.5. automatic painting fluid feed system 36-38

[Link]-4: Result and discussion

1.6. Result 39-44

vi
 4.1.1 limitation 40

4.1.2 application 40-42

1.7. Discussion 43

4.21Benefits 44

5. Chapter -5: Conclusion and scope of future work

1.8. Conclusion 45
1.9. Future works 46-48

vii
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled Automatic Car Washing System
submitted by HARSH RAJ to the Hi-Tech Institute of Engineering &
Technology , Ghaziabad , in partial Fulfilment for the award of the degree of
[Link] in Mechanical Engineering is a bona fide record of project work carried
out by him/her under my/our supervision. The contents of this report , In full or
in parts , have not submitted to any other institution of university for the award of
any degree or diploma .

Date :
___________

Asst Prof. Asst Prof. Asst Prof.

Mr. Deepak Bhaskar Mr. B.D Kaushik Mr. B.D. Kaushik
(HOD, ME) (Project Coordinator) (Project Guide)
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We, HARSH RAJ, here by declare that the work which is being presented in this project
entitled “Automatic Car Washing System”, In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of “ Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering”, submitted to
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University Lucknow , is an authentic record of our work
carried out during the period from (Duration of Project) under the guidance of Mr. B.D.
Kaushik.
The work reported in this dissertation has not been submitted by us for award of any
Other degree or diploma.

[Link] Kumar (2102200400005)

[Link] Sharma (2102200400008)
[Link] Kumar (2102200400023)
[Link] Sain (2202200409006)

Date:
Place: Ghaziabad
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With a deep sense of gratitude, we wish to express our sincere thanks to our supervisor,

[Link]. B.D Kaushik, for her/his immense help in planning and executing the work in

time. The confidence and dynamism with which she/he guided the work requires no

elaboration. Her/his company and assurance at the time of crisis would be remembered
lifelong.

Her/his valuable suggestions as final words during the course of work are greatly

acknowledged. What We know today about the process of project, we learned from Asst. prof,

Deepak Bhaskar

Our sincere thanks to Mr. B.D Kaushik (Project coordinator) for providing us

constant encouragement. Our Special thanks to Dr. Pankaj Kumar Mishra (Director) and Mr.

Deepak Bhaskar (Head of Department) for extending timely help in carrying out our important

pieces of work. The cooperation we received from other faculty members of our department is

gratefully acknowledged. We will be failing in our duty if we do not mention the laboratory

staff and administrative staff of this department for their timely help.

Finally, we would like to thank all whose direct and indirect support helped us in completing

our project in time.

. Group member

1. Ashish Kumar

2. Garuav Sharma

3. Retish Kumar

4. Harsh Sain
 ABSTRACT

The Automatic Car Washing System is a modern, mechanized solution designed to improve the

efficiency, consistency, and convenience of car cleaning. Traditional manual car washing

methods are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and often result in inconsistent results. This

system integrates programmable logic controllers (PLCs), sensors, and motorized components

to automate the entire washing process, including pre-soak, soap application, scrubbing,

rinsing, and drying. Vehicles are detected and positioned using infrared or ultrasonic sensors,

and the washing sequence is automatically initiated. The system reduces water and detergent

waste through controlled dispensing and recirculation mechanisms, contributing to

environmental sustainability. Designed for commercial and high-traffic locations, the Automatic

Car Washing System enhances service speed, lowers labor costs, and ensures a high-quality

finish for every vehicle.

The increasing demand for efficient, time-saving, and environmentally friendly vehicle

maintenance solutions has led to the development of automatic car washing systems. This

project presents the design and implementation of an Automatic Car Washing System that

offers a fully automated, touchless washing experience. The system is equipped with sensors,

motors, water sprayers, and a programmable microcontroller that coordinates the entire

washing sequence including pre-wash, soap application, scrubbing, rinsing, and drying. It

minimizes human intervention, reduces water wastage through controlled spraying

mechanisms, and ensures uniform cleaning of vehicles. The system is also capable of detecting

the presence and dimensions of a vehicle using ultrasonic sensors to adjust the wash cycle

accordingly. By automating the car washing process, this system enhances operational

efficiency, reduces labor costs, and delivers consistent results. It is suitable for use in service

stations, commercial car wash centers, and even as a smart home-based solution. The

proposed system aligns with modern trends in smart automation and sustainability in the

automotive care industry.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Description Page Number

Certificate i

Declaration ii

Acknowledgment iii

Abstract iv-v

List of Figures x

List of Tables xi

Abbreviations

[Link] of chapter

1.1 Section heading name

1.2 Section heading name

1.2.1 Second level section heading

1.2.2 Section level section heading

1.3 Section heading name

1.4 Section heading name

1.4.1 Second level section heading

1.4.2 Second level section heading

1.4.3 Third level section heading

[Link] of Chapter

2.1 Section heading name

2.2 Section heading name

2.3 Section heading name

2.4 Section heading name

[Link] of Chapter

3.1 Section heading name

3.2 Section heading name

3.3 Section heading name

3.4 Section heading name

[Link] of Chapter

4.1 Section heading name

4.2 Section heading name

4.3. Section heading name

4.4. Section heading name

[Link] of Chapter

5.1 Section heading name

5.2 Section heading name

5.3. Section heading name

5.4. Section heading name

 LIST OF FIGURES

[Link] Figure No Description Page No.

1. 1 Block Diagram 5

2. 2 Flowchart of System Operation 11

3. 3 System Architecture/Layout 18

4. 4 Sensor Placement in Washing Bay 20

5. 5 Water and Soap Spraying Mechanism 23

6. 6 Motor 25

7. 7 Conveyor Control Circuit 27

8. 8 Arduino/Microcontroller Pin Configuration 29

9. 9 Drying Mechanism with Blower Fans 32

10. 10 Power Supply Circuit Diagram 34

11. 11 User Interface Panel (Touchscreen or Button-based) 36

12. 12 Wireless Module Integration (e.g., IoT Connectivity) 39

13. 13 Prototype Model / Final Assembly 42

14. 14 Real-Time Testing and Output Display 46

15. 15 Car/charger 48
 LIST OF TABLES

[Link]. Table No Description Page No.

1. 1 Central unit that manages 22-27

the entire car wash process

2. 2 Cost of estimation 49
 Abbreviations/List of Symbols/ Nomenclature

Symbol/Abbreviation Description
ACWS Automatic Car Washing System

PLC Programmable Logic Controller

HMI Human-Machine Interface

VFD Variable Frequency Drive

DC Direct Current

AC Alternating Current

RPM Revolutions Per Minute

PSI Pounds per Square Inch

. (pressure unit)

LPM Liters Per Minute (flow rate)

IR Infrared Sensor

US Ultrasonic Sensor

M Motor

P Pump

S Spray Nozzle

B Brush

T Conveyor Track

WSS Water Supply System

DSS Detergent Supply System

AAS Air Drying System

 CH PTER NO. 1 INTRODUCTION

An automatic car washing system is a mechanized setup designed to clean the

exterior—and sometimes the interior—of vehicles with minimal human intervention.
These systems use a combination of sensors, sprayers, brushes, dryers, and
computerized controls to e iciently and consistently clean vehicles.

Key Components:

Entry system: Identifies vehicles, often through RFID or ticket systems.

Pre-soak sprayers: Apply detergent or water to loosen dirt.

Rotating brushes or cloth strips: Scrub the car’s surface.

High-pressure jets: Rinse o dirt and soap.

Dryers: Use blowers to remove water from the car surface.

Control system: Manages the timing and operation of each component based on
vehicle size and cleaning program.

Types:

Tunnel Wash: The vehicle moves through a tunnel with di erent cleaning stages.

In-Bay Automatic Wash: The vehicle stays stationary while the system moves around it.

Touchless Wash: Uses high-pressure water and detergents instead of brushes to avoid
surface contact.

An automatic car washing system is a mechanized setup designed to clean the

exterior—and sometimes the interior—of vehicles with minimal human intervention.
These systems use a combination of sensors, sprayers, brushes, dryers, and
computerized controls to e iciently and consistently clean vehicles.

Key Components:

Entry system: Identifies vehicles, often through RFID or ticket systems.

Pre-soak sprayers: Apply detergent or water to loosen dirt.

Rotating brushes or cloth strips: Scrub the car’s surface.

High-pressure jets: Rinse o dirt and soap.

Dryers: Use blowers to remove water from the car surface.

Control system: Manages the timing and operation of each component based on
vehicLe size and cleaning program.

Types:

Tunnel Wash: The vehicle moves through a tunnel with di erent cleaning stages.

In-Bay Automatic Wash: The vehicle stays stationary while the system moves around it.

Touchless Wash: Uses high-pressure water and detergents instead of brushes to avoid
surface contact.

Components and Operation

The automatic car washing system typically consists of the following major
components:

Entry and Control System: This is the first stage where the vehicle is identified and the
desired wash package is selected. This can be done using touchscreens, ticketing
systems, or even mobile apps integrated with RFID scanners.

Pre-Soak Station: Here, the vehicle is sprayed with water and pre-soak chemicals to
loosen dirt and grime. This process prepares the car for more e ective cleaning in the
following stages.

Brushes and Soft Cloth Strips: These rotating or moving brushes clean the vehicle’s
surface by physically scrubbing it. The materials used are soft and specially designed to
avoid damaging the car’s paint.

High-Pressure Jets: Water is sprayed at high pressure to remove any remaining dirt and
rinse o soap. In touchless systems, these jets play a central role since they clean
without physical contact.

Foam and Wax Applicators: Some systems apply foam and wax layers to enhance shine
and provide protection. Wax also helps in repelling water and dust.

Drying System: Large blowers dry the vehicle after cleaning, ensuring it leaves the
system without water streaks or spots.

Exit Gate: Once the washing cycle is complete, the car is allowed to exit, and the next
vehicle enters the wash bay or tunnel.

Types of Automatic Car Washing Systems

There are several types of automatic car washing systems, each designed for di erent
use cases and preferences:
Tunnel Car Wash: Vehicles are pulled through a tunnel by a conveyor system. Multiple
cleaning and drying stages are aligned along the tunnel, allowing for continuous
processing.

In-Bay Automatic Wash: The vehicle remains stationary while the equipment moves
around it. This type is commonly found in gas stations and small car wash setups.

Touchless Car Wash: Uses only high-pressure water and chemical detergents to clean
the vehicle. It is preferred by owners concerned about surface scratches.

Hybrid Systems: Combine brushes and high-pressure systems for enhanced cleaning
e iciency.

Advantages of Automatic Car Washing Systems

Time-Saving: A full wash cycle can take as little as 5 to 10 minutes, compared to manual
washing which takes much longer.

Water E iciency: Modern systems are designed to recycle water and use it more
e iciently than manual methods.

Consistent Quality: Automated systems provide a uniform cleaning experience for every
vehicle.

Labor Reduction: Minimizes the need for human labor, reducing operational costs.

Environmental Considerations

Many automatic car wash systems now incorporate eco-friendly technologies,

including:

Water recycling systems

Biodegradable detergents

Energy-e icient motors and drying systems

These e orts reduce the environmental impact compared to traditional manual

washing methods that often waste water and release untreated chemicals into the
environment.

Conclusion

Automatic car washing systems are a modern solution to an age-old need—keeping

vehicles clean and presentable. They o er convenience, e iciency, and cost-
e ectiveness, making them a popular choice for both vehicle owners and car wash
operators. As technology continues to evolve, we can expect even more intelligent and
sustainable features in future systems, further enhancing the user experience and
environmental responsibility.
 1.2 DESCRIPTION
The figure shows the block diagram of Automatic Car Washing System. A 230V AC Supply
is given as input to the SMPS for obtaining 5V DC For submersible pumps and 5v dc motors,
since ARDUINO can operate at 5 to 9V DC. ARDUINO is connected to PC through dumping
cable for downloading or uploading the program. Conveyor is used for shifting the car
through various stages of washing. We use 150 rpm DC motors for driving the conveyor belt
via bearings .When conveyor`s components are in good condition and well aligned, it will
operate properly. Proper clamping of car wheels on the conveyor is needed in order to avoid
displacement. Generally brushes are now either cloth (which is not harmful to a cars finish, as
long as it is flushed with plenty of water to remove the grit from previous washes), or a brush,
which does not hold dirt or water. Thus it does not harm any painted finish. It provides a
gentle polishing effect to leave the paint much shinier. High pressure nozzles are pointed at
various position for spraying soap solution and water to clean difficult to reach parts of the
vehicle. At the end, hot steam air is generally used for drying the car. Construction of this
system is depends upon the requirement. A C programming language was used to program
the ARDUINO. An Infrared sensor is used which emits radiation in order to sense presence
of car at the entry level. Once the Infrared radiation is cut by the car an input signal is given
to ARDUINO. As an input signal is received, ARDUINO starts executing the Program.
First the conveyor moves by fixing a timer for few sec. After that, it stops at the stage of
washing. In general process, Car is cleaned by spraying soap solutions, rinsing, brushing,
drying,etc. depends on the requirement of customer. We have chosen spraying water,
Brushing and finally drying for cleaning the car. Each activity is carried out for a certain time
period. Water is sprayed for few sec and nozzle is closed. Then four brushes rotate for few
sec and stops. Now the conveyor starts moving to next stage. After few sec, it stops for
drying. Three fans are used for drying the car up to few sec. Then the conveyor carrying car
moves to the exit level. Again an IR sensor senses the car and sends an input signal to
ARDUINO. Timings are set by using delay in programming.
 AUTOMATIC CAR WASH ING USING ARDUINO

CHAPTER 2: OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT AND

SETUP
2.1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW

CONVEYOR
IR SENSOR1
MOTOR

IR SENSOR2
SOAP PUMP

IR SENSOR3 BRUSHES
ARDUINO
UNO WATER PUMP
IR SENSOR4 MOTOR

POWER
SUPPLY FANS
 2.2 Circuit diagram

2.3 COMPONENTS
 ARDUINO UNO
 IR SENSORS
 12V DC GEAR MOTOR
 5V DC MOTOR
 5V SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
 12V DC PC FANS
 CONVEYOR BELT
 RELAY MODULE

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CHAPTER [Link]

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3.1 Introduction
Arduino is open source physical processing which is based on a microcontroller board
and an incorporated development environment for the board to be programmed. Arduino gains
a few inputs, for example, switches or sensors and control a few multiple outputs, for example,
lights, engine and others. Arduino program can run on Windows, Macintosh and Linux
operating systems (OS) opposite to most microcontrollers’ frameworks which run only on
Windows. Arduino programming is easy to learn and apply to beginners and amateurs. Arduino
is an instrument used to build a better version of a computer which can control, interact and
sense more than a normal desktop computer. It's an open-source physical processing stage
focused around a straightforward microcontroller board, and an environment for composing
programs for the board. Arduino can be utilized to create interactive items, taking inputs from a
diverse collection of switches or sensors, and controlling an assortment of lights, engines, and
other physical outputs. Arduino activities can be remaining solitary, or they can be associated
with programs running on your machine (e.g. Flash, Processing and Maxmsp) The board can be
amassed by hand or bought preassembled; the open-source IDE can be downloaded free of
charge. Focused around the Processing media programming environment, the Arduino
programming language is an execution of Wiring, a comparative physical computing platform.

Fig 3.1: Arduino Logo

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3.2 Why choosing Arduino

There are numerous different microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms accessible
for physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's
Handyboard, and numerous others offer comparative usefulness. These apparatuses take the
chaotic subtle elements of microcontroller programming and wrap it up in a simple to-utilize
bundle.

Arduino additionally rearranges the methodology of working with microcontrollers;

moreover it offers some advantages for instructors, students, and intrigued individuals:
[Link] - Arduino boards are moderately cheap compared with other microcontroller
boards. The cheapest version of the Arduino module can be amassed by hand, and even the
preassembled Arduino modules cost short of what $50.
[Link]-platform - The Arduino programming runs multiple operating systems Windows,
Macintosh OSX, and Linux working frameworks. So we conclude that Arduino has an
advantage as most microcontroller frameworks are constrained to Windows.
[Link], clear programming method - The Arduino programming environment is
easy to use for novices, yet sufficiently versatile for cutting edge customers to adventure as
well. For educators, its favourably engaged around the Processing programming environment,
so understudies finding ways to understand how to program in that environment will be familiar
with the nature of Arduino.
[Link] source and extensible programming. The Arduino program language is available as
open source, available for development by experienced engineers. The lingo can be reached out
through C++ libraries, and people expecting to understand the specific purposes of different
interests can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it is
based. Basically, you can incorporate AVR-C code clearly into your Arduino programs if you
have to.
[Link] source and extensible hardware - The Arduino is concentrated around Atmel's Atmega8
and Atmega168 microcontrollers. The plans for the modules are circulated under a Creative
Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own particular interpretation
of the module, extending it and improving it. Slightly inexperienced customers can build the
breadboard variation of the module remembering the finished objective to perceive how it
capacities and save money.

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3.3 Arduino Uno:

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with
a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs
from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.

Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. "Uno" means

one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version
1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series
of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform.

Fig3.3:Arduino Board

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3.4 Technical specifications of Arduino:

• Microcontroller: ATmega328
• Operating Voltage: 5V
• Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
• Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
• Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
• Analog Input Pins 6
• DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
• DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
• Flash Memory
• 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
 SRAM 2KB
 EEPROM 1KB
 Clock Speed 16 MHz

 Power:
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm centre-positive plug into the
board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the
POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than
7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If
using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
• VIN:
The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(supposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through
this pin.

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• 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on
the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or
another regulated 5V supply.

• 3.3V. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is
50mA.

• GND. Ground pins.

 Memory:
The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0,5 KB is used for the
bootloader); It has also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written
with the EEPROM library).

 Input / Output:
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These
pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite () function.

• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication,
which, although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino
language.
• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,
the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which
provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground
to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and
the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

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• I 2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library. There
are a couple of other pins on the board:

• AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().

• Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button
to shields which block the one on the board.

 Communication:
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required.

The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be
sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is
being transmitted via the USB - serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for
serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital
pins. The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. To use
the SPI communication, please see the ATmega328 datasheet.

Programming:

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software. The ATmega328 on the
Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it
without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original
STK500 protocol (reference, C header files). You can also bypass the bootloader and program
the microcontroller through the ICSP (In Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these
instructions for details. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware
source code is available. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can
be activated by: On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near

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the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. 10 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that
pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. You can
then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to
load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting
the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

 Automatic (Software) Reset:

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino
Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected
computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of theATmega8U2/16U2 is connected
to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 Nano farad capacitor. When this line is asserted
(taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this
capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino
environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of
DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload. This setup has other implications.
When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each
time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so,
the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e.
anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the
board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time
configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it
communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data. The
Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of thetrace
can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labelled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to
disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line.

 USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports
from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection,
the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port,
the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

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3.5 ATMEGA 328p Microcontroller

3.5.1 Introduction

Fig 3.5.1: ATMEGA 328P IC

The Atmege328 is a very popular microcontroller chip produced bit Atmel. It is an 8-bit
microcontroller that has 32K of flash memory, 1K of EEPROM, and 2K of internal SRAM. The
Atmega328 is one of the microcontroller chips that are used with the popular Arduino
Duemilanove boards, The Arduino Duemilanove board comes with either 1 0f 2
microcontroller chips, the Atmege168 or the Atmega328. Of these2, the Atmege328 is the
upgraded more advanced chip.

 The Atmega328 has 28 pins.

It has 14 digital I/O pins, of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and 6

 Analog input pins.

 These I/O pins account for 20 of the pins.

3.5.2Pin description:

PIN DIADRAM

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 VCC: Digital supply voltage.

• GND: Ground.
• Port B (PB [7:0]) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2: Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port
with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have
symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B
pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The
Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not
running. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the
inverting Oscillator. Amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
• Port C (PC [5:0]): Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The PC [5:0]. Output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
• PC6/RESET: If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the
electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C If the RSTDISBL
Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer. Than
the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses
are not guaranteed to generate a Reset.
• PORT D: Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for
each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes
active, even if the clock is not running.
• AVCC: AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC [3:0], and PE [3:2]. It
should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it
should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC [6:4] use digital supply
voltage, VCC.
• AREF: AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.
• ADC [7:6] (TQFP and VFQFN Package Only): In the TQFP and VFQFN package, ADC
[7:6] serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the analog
supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.

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CHAPTER 4 . IR SENSOR

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4.1 IR SENSOR

IR LED emits infrared radiation. This radiation illuminates the surface in front of LED.
Surface reflects the infrared light. Depending on reflectivity of the surface, amount of light
reflected varies. This reflected light is made incident on reverse biased IR sensor. When
photons are incident on reverse biased junction of this diode, electron-hole pairs are
generated, which results in reverse leakage current. Amount of electron-hole pairs generated
depends on intensity of incident IR radiation. More intense radiation results in more reverse
leakage current. This current can be passed through a resistor so as to get proportional
voltage. Thus as intensity of incident rays varies, voltage across resistor will vary
accordingly. This voltage can then be given to OPAMP based comparator. Output of the
comparator can be read by uC. Alternatively, you can use on-chip ADC in AVR
microcontroller to measure this voltage and perform comparison in software.

Fig 4.1 IR sensor

There are different types of IR detection methods. Some of them are: Ultraviolet detector,
near IR array detector, infrared (IR) detector, Infrared thermal cameras, UV/IR detector etc.

When fire burns it emits a small amount of Infra-red light, this light will be received by the
Photodiode (IR receiver) on the sensor module. Then we use an Op-Amp to check for change
in voltage across the IR Receiver, so that if a fire is detected the output pin (DO) will give
0V(LOW) and if the is no fire the output pin will be 5V(HIGH).

Fig4.1.2 Interfacing of fire sensor

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IR LED is used as a source of infrared rays. It comes in two packages 3mm or 5mm. 3mm is
better as it is requires less space. IR sensor is nothing but a diode, which is sensitive for
infrared [Link] infrared transmitter and receiver are called as IR TX-RX pair. It can
be obtained from any decent electronics component shop and costs less than 10Rs. Following
snap shows 3mm and 5mm IR pairs. Colour of IR transmitter and receiver is different.
However you may come across pairs which appear exactly same or even has opposite colours
than shown in above pic and it is not possible to distinguish between TX and RX visually. In
case you will have to take help of multimeter to distinguish between [Link] sensitivity of
the IR Sensor is tuned using the potentiometer. The potentiometer is tuneable in both the
directions. Initially tune the potentiometer in clockwise direction such that the Indicator LED
starts glowing. Once that is achieved, turn the potentiometer just enough in anti-clockwise
direction to turn off the Indicator LED. At this point the sensitivity of the receiver is
maximum. Thus, its sensing distance is maximum at this point. If the sensing distance (i.e.,
Sensitivity) of the receiver is needed to be reduced, then one can tune the potentiometer in the
anticlockwise direction from this point. Further, if the orientation of both TX and RX LED’s
is parallel to each other, such that both are facing outwards, then their sensitivity is
maximum. If they are moved away from each other, such that they are inclined to each other
at their soldered end, then their sensitivity reduces. Tuned sensitivity of the sensors is limited
to the surroundings. Once tuned for a particular surrounding, they will work perfectly until
the IR illumination conditions of that region nearly constant. For example, if the
potentiometer is tuned inside room/building for maximum sensitivity and then taken out in
open sunlight, it will require retuning, since sun’s rays also contain Infrared (IR) frequencies,
thus acting as a IR source (transmitter). This will disturb the receiver’s sensing capacity.
Hence it needs to be returned to work perfectly in the new surroundings. The output of IR
receiver goes low when it receives IR signal. Hence the output pin is normally low because,
though the IR LED is continuously transmitting, due to no obstacle, nothing is reflected back
to the IR receiver. The indication LED is off. When an obstacle is encountered, the output of
IR receiver goes low, IR signal is reflected from the obstacle surface. This drives the output
of the comparator low. This output is connected to the cathode of the LED, which then turns

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IR Transmitter
Infrared Transmitter is a light emitting diode (LED) which emits infrared radiations. Hence,
they are called IR LED’s. Even though an IR LED looks like a normal LED, the radiation
emitted by it is invisible to the human [Link] picture of a typical Infrared LED is shown
below.

There are different types of infrared transmitters depending on their wavelengths, output
power and response time.

A simple infrared transmitter can be constructed using an infrared LED, a current limiting
resistor and a power supply. The schematic of a typical IR transmitter is shown below.

When operated at a supply of 5V, the IR transmitter consumes about 3 to 5 mA of current.

Infrared transmitters can be modulated to produce a particular frequency of infrared light.
The most commonly used modulation is OOK (ON – OFF – KEYING) modulation.

IR transmitters can be found in several applications. Some applications require infrared heat
and the best infrared source is infrared transmitter. When infrared emitters are used with
Quartz, solar cells can be made.

IR Receiver
Infrared receivers are also called as infrared sensors as they detect the radiation from an IR
transmitter. IR receivers come in the form of photodiodes and phototransistors. Infrared
Photodiodes are different from normal photo diodes as they detect only infrared radiation.

Different types of IR receivers exist based on the wavelength, voltage,

package, etc. When used in an infrared transmitter – receiver combination, the wavelength of
the receiver should match with that of the transmitter.A typical infrared receiver circuit using
a phototransistor is shown below.

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4.2 Principle of Working

The principle of an IR sensor working as an Object Detection Sensor can be explained using
the following figure. An IR sensor consists of an IR LED and an IR Photodiode; together
they are called as Photo – Coupler or Opto – Coupler.

When the IR transmitter emits radiation, it reaches the object and some of the radiation
reflects back to the IR receiver. Based on the intensity of the reception by the IR receiver, the
output of the sensor is defined.
Obstacle Sensing Circuit or IR Sensor Circuit

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CHAPTER 5 .DC MOTOR

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5.1 DC MOTOR
A Direct Current (DC) motor is a rotating electrical device that converts direct current, of
electrical energy, into mechanical energy. An Inductor (coil) inside the DC motor produces a
magnetic field that creates rotary motion as DC voltage is applied to its terminal. Inside the
motor is an iron shaft, wrapped in a coil of wire. This shaft contains two fixed, North and
South, magnets on both sides which causes both a repulsive and attractive force, in turn,
producing torque. ISL Products designs and manufactures both brushed DC
motors and brushless DC motors. We tailor our DC motors size and performance to meet
your desired specs. Need help determining the right motor for your application? Check out
our Motor Selection Tool.

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by
magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current in part of the
motor.
DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered from existing
direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over
a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in
its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal
motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable
power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are currently used in propulsion of electric
vehicles, elevator and hoists, and in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power
electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many
applications.

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Workings of a brushed electric motor with a two-pole rotor (armature) and permanent magnet
stator. "N" and "S" designate polarities on the inside axis faces of the magnets; the outside
faces have opposite polarities. The + and - signs show where the DC current is applied to
the commutator which supplies current to the armature coils

5.2 Working Principle of a DC Motor

The DC motor is the device which converts the direct current into the mechanical work. It
works on the principle of Lorentz Law, which states that “the current carrying conductor
placed in a magnetic and electric field experience a force”. And that force is called the
Lorentz force. The Flemming left-hand rule gives the direction of the force.

Fleming Left Hand Rule

If the thumb, middle finger and the index finger of the left hand are displaced from each other
by an angle of 90°, the middle finger represents the direction of the magnetic field. The index
finger represents the direction of the current, and the thumb shows the direction of forces
acting on the conductor.

The formula calculates the magnitude of the force,

Before understanding the working of DC motor first, we have to know about their
construction. The armature and stator are the two main parts of the DC motor. The armature
is the rotating part, and the stator is their stationary part. The armature coil is connected to the
DC supply.

The armature coil consists the commutators and brushes. The commutators convert the AC
induces in the armature into DC and brushes transfer the current from rotating part of the

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motor to the stationary external load. The armature is placed between the north and south
pole of the permanent or [Link] simplicity, consider that the armature has only
one coil which is placed between the magnetic field shown below in the figure A. When the
DC supply is given to the armature coil the current starts flowing through it. This current
develops their own field around the coil. Figure B shows the field induces around the coil.

By the interaction of the fields (produces by the coil and the magnet), resultant field develops
across the conductor. The resultant field tends to regain its original position, i.e. in the axis of
the main field. The field exerts the force at the ends of the conductor, and thus the coil starts
rotating.

Let the field produces by the main field be F , and this field rotates in the clockwise direction.
m

When the current flows in the coil, they produce their own magnetic field says F . The field
r

F tries to come in the direction of the main field. Thereby, the torque act on the armature coil.
r

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The actual DC motor consists a large number of armature coils. The speed of the motor is
directly proportional to the number of coils used in the motor. These coils are kept under the
impact of the magnetic field.

The one end of the conductors are kept under the influence of north pole, and the other end is
kept under the influence of the South pole. The current enters into the armature coil through
the north pole and move outwards through the south pole. When the coil moves from one
brush to another, at the same time the polarity of the coil also changes. Thus, the direction of
the force or torque acting on the coil remains same.

The torque induces in the coil become zero when the armature coil is perpendicular to the
main field. The zero torque means the motor stops rotating. For solving this problem, the
number of armature coil is used in the rotor. So if one of their coils is perpendicular to the
field, then the other coils induce the torque. And the rotor moves continuously.

Also, for obtaining the continuous torque, the arrangement is kept in such a way that
whenever the coils cut the magnetic neutral axis of the magnet the direction of current in the
coils become reversed. This can be done with the help of the commutator.

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12V DC GEAR MOTOR

Almost every mechanical movement that we see around us is accomplished by an electric

motor. Electric machines are a means of converting energy. Motors take electrical energy
and

Produce mechanical energy. Electric motors are used to power hundreds of devices we use in
everyday life. Motors come in various sizes. Huge motors that can take loads of 1000’s of
Horsepower are typically used in the industry. Some examples of large motor applications
include elevators, electric trains, hoists, and heavy metal rolling mills. Examples of small
motor applications include motors used in automobiles, robots, hand power tools and food
blenders. Micro-machines are electric machines with parts the size of red blood cells, and
find many applications in medicine. Electric motors are broadly classified into two different
categories: DC (Direct Current) and AC (Alternating Current). Within these categories are
numerous types, each offering unique abilities that suit them well for specific applications. In
most cases, regardless of type, electric motors consist of a stator (stationary field) and a rotor
(the rotating field or armature) and operate through the interaction of magnetic flux and
electric current to produce rotational speed and torque. DC motors are distinguished by their
ability to operate from direct current. There are different kinds of D.C. motors, but they all
work on the same principles. In this chapter, we will study their basic principle of operation
and their characteristics. It’s important to understand motor characteristics so we can choose
the right one for our application requirement.
Electromechanical Energy Conversion
An electromechanical energy conversion device is essentially a medium of transfer between
an input side and an output side. Three electrical machines (DC, induction and synchronous)
are used extensively for electromechanical energy conversion. Electromechanical energy
conversion occurs when there is a change in magnetic flux linking a coil, associated with
mechanical motion.
Electric Motor
The input is electrical energy (from the supply source), and the output is mechanical energy
(to the load).
Electric Generator
The Input is mechanical energy (from the prime mover), and the output is electrical energy.
Construction
DC motors consist of one set of coils, called armature winding, inside another set of coils or a
set of permanent magnets, called the stator. Applying a voltage to the coils produces a torque
in the armature, resulting in motion.
Stator
The stator is the stationary outside part of a motor.

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 The stator of a permanent magnet dc motor is composed of two or more permanent

magnet pole pieces.
 The magnetic field can alternatively be created by an electromagnet. In this case, a
DC coil (field winding) is wound around a magnetic material that forms part of the
stator.
Rotor
 The rotor is the inner part which rotates.
 The rotor is composed of windings (called armature windings) which are connected to
the external circuit through a mechanical commutator.
 Both stator and rotor are made of ferromagnetic materials. The two are separated by
air-gap
Winding
A winding is made up of series or parallel connection of coils.
 Armature winding - The winding through which the voltage is applied or induced.
 Field winding - The winding through which a current is passed to produce flux (for
the electromagnet).
 Windings are usually made of copper.
DC Motor Basic Principles
Energy Conversion
If electrical energy is supplied to a conductor lying perpendicular to a magnetic field, the
interaction of current flowing in the conductor and the magnetic field will produce
mechanical force (and therefore, mechanical energy).
Value of Mechanical Force
There are two conditions which are necessary to produce a force on the conductor. The
conductor must be carrying current, and must be within a magnetic field. When these two
conditions exist, a force will be applied to the conductor, which will attempt to move the
conductor in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field. This is the basic theory by which
all DC motors operate. The force exerted upon the conductor can be expressed as follows.
F = B i l Newton (1)
Where B is the density of the magnetic field, l is the length of conductor, and i the value of
current flowing in the conductor. The direction of motion can be found using Fleming’s Left
Hand Rule.

Figure: Fleming’s left hand rule

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The first finger points in the direction of the magnetic field (first - field), which goes from the
North pole to the South pole. The second finger points in the direction of the current in the
wire (second - current). The thumb then points in the direction the wire is thrust or pushed
while in the magnetic field (thumb - torque or thrust).

Torque Developed:
The equation for torque developed in a DC motor can be derived as follows.
The force on one coil of wire F =i l x B Newton
Note that l and B are vector quantities
Since B =φ/A, where A is the area of the coil,
Therefore the torque for a multi turn coil with an armature current of Ia:
T = Kφ Ia (2)
Where φ is the flux/pole in Weber, K is a constant depending on coil geometry, and Ia is the
current flowing inφWhere the armature winding.
Note: Torque T is a function of force and the distance, equation (2) lumps all the constant
parameters (eg. length, area and distance) in constant K.
The mechanical power generated is the product of the machine torque and the mechanical
speed of rotation, ωm Tω
Or, Pm = ωm T Ia (3)
It is interesting to note that the same DC machine can be used either as a motor or as a
generator, by reversing the terminal connections.
Induced Counter-voltage (Back emf):
Due to the rotation of this coil in the magnetic field, the flux linked with it changes at
different positions, which causes an emf to be induced
The induced emf in a single coil, e = dφc /dt
Since the flux linking the coil,
C=φ Sin ωt
Induced voltage : e = ωφ cosωt (4)
Note that equation (4) gives the emf induced in one coil. As there are several coils wound all
around the rotor, each with a different emf depending on the amount of flux change through
it, the total emf can be obtained by summing up the individual emfs.
The total emf induced in the motor by several such coils wound on the rotor can be obtained
by integrating equation (4), and expressed as:
Eb = K φ ωm (5)
Where K is an armature constant, and is related to the geometry and magnetic properties of
the motor, and the speed of rotation.
The electrical power generated by the machine is given by:
P dev = Eb Ia = K φ ωm Ia (6)

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CHAPTER 6. RELAY

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6.1 RELAY INTRODUCTION

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically
operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or
where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit
and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges
and early computers to perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor
or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving
parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated
operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are
performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

OPERATION
A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core (a
solenoid), an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable
iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two contacts in the relay pictured).
The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving
contacts. The armature is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized
there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in
the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other relays may have more or fewer
sets of contacts depending on theirfunction. The relay in the picture also has a wire
connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of the circuit between the
moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on the printed circuit board (PCB) via
the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.

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When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates
the armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact either makes or breaks
(depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was
closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks
the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is
switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the
magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity
is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate
quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current
application it reduces arcing.

When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the coil to
dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which would
otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit components. Such
diodes were not widely used before the application of transistors as relay drivers, but soon
became ubiquitous as early germanium transistors were easily destroyed by this surge. Some
automotive relays include a diode inside the relay case. If the relay is driving a large, or
especially a reactive load, there may be a similar problem of surge currents around the relay
output contacts. Suitably rated capacitors and the associated resistor are sold as a single
packaged component for this commonplace [Link] the coil is designed to be energized with
alternating current (AC), some method is used to split the flux into two out-of-phase
components which add together, increasing the minimum pull on the armature during the AC
cycle. Typically this is done with a small copper "shading ring" crimped around a portion of
the core that creates the delayed, out-of-phase component, which holds the contacts during
the zero crossings of the control voltage.

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6.2 APPLICATIONS:

Relays are used for:

Amplifying, a digital signal, switching a large amount of power with a small operating
power. Some special cases are Relays are used wherever it is necessary to control a high
power or high voltage circuit with a low power circuit, especially when galvanic isolation is
desirable. The first application of relays was in long telegraph lines, where the weak signal
received at an intermediate station could control a contact, regenerating the signal for further
transmission. High-voltage or high-current devices can be controlled with small, low voltage
wiring and pilots switches. Operators can be isolated from the high voltage circuit. Low
power devices such as microprocessors can drive relays to control electrical loads beyond
their direct drive capability. In an automobile, a starter relay allows the high current of the
cranking motor to be controlled with small wiring and contacts in the ignition key.

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CHAPTER 7. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

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7.1Submersible pump

A submersible pump, also called an electric submersible pump, is a pump that can be fully
submerged in water. The motor is hermetically sealed and close-coupled to the body of the
pump.
A submersible pump pushes water to the surface by converting rotary energy into kinetic
energy into pressure energy. This is done by the water being pulled into the pump: first in the
intake, where the rotation of the impeller pushes the water through the diffuser. From there, it
goes to the surface.

The major advantage to a submersible pump is that it never has to be primed, because it
isalready submerged in the fluid. Submersible pumps are also very efficient because they
don’t really have to spend a lot of energy moving water into the pump. Water pressure pushes
the water into a submersible pump, thus “saving” a lot of the pump’s energy.

Also, while the pumps themselves aren’t versatile, the selection certainly is. Some
submersible pumps can easily handle solids, while some are better for liquids only.
Submersible pumps are quiet, because they are under water, and cavitation is never an issue,
because there is no “spike” in pressure as the water flows through the pump.

There are a few disadvantages with submersible pumps, and two have to do with the seal. The
seals can become corroded with time. When that happens, water seeps into the motor,
rendering it useless until it is repaired. Also, that seal makes the submersible pump a bit
difficult to get into for repairs.

The other main disadvantage is that one pump does not fit all uses. Single stage pumps are
used for most home and light industrial pumping. This includes aquarium filters, sewage
pumping, or sump pumps for drainage. Multiple stage pumps are used for anything
underground, such as water wells or oil wells. Also, pumps are made to work with thin
liquids like water, or thick ones like sewage. Caution must be used with submersible pumps;
they must be fully submerged. The water around a submersible pump actually helps to cool
the motor. If it is used out of water, it
can overheat.

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7.2 Working Principle

Electric submersible pumps are multistage centrifugal pumps operating in a vertical position.
Liquids, accelerated by the impeller, lose their kinetic energy in the diffuser where a
conversion of kinetic to pressure energy takes place. This is the main operational mechanism
of radial and mixed flow pumps. In the HSP, the motor is a hydraulic motor rather than an
electrical motor, and may be closed cycle (keeping the power fluid separate from the
produced fluid) or open cycle (mingling the power fluid with produced fluid downhole, with
surface separation).
The pump shaft is connected to the gas separator or the protector by a mechanical coupling at
the bottom of the pump. Fluids enter the pump through an intake screen and are lifted by the
pump stages. Other parts include the radial bearings (bushings) distributed along the length of
the shaft providing radial support to the pump shaft. An optional thrust bearing takes up part
of the axial forces arising in the pump but most of those forces are absorbed by the
protector’s thrust bearing.
There are also screw-type submersible pumps, there is a steel screw which is used as a
working element in them. The screw allows the pump to work in water with a
high sand content and other mechanical impurities.

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Used in wells
Submersible pumps are used in oil production to provide a relatively efficient form of
"artificial lift", able to operate across a broad range of flow rates and depths. By decreasing
the pressure at the bottom of the well (by lowering bottomhole flowing pressure, or
increasing drawdown), significantly more oil can be produced from the well when compared
with natural [Link] pumps are typically electrically powered, referred to as Electrical
Submersible Pumps (ESP) or if hydraulically powered, referred to as Hydraulic Submersible
Pumps, (HSP).
ESP systems consist of both surface components (housed in the production facility, for
example an oil platform) and sub-surface components (found in the well hole). Surface
components include the motor controller (often a variable speed controller), surface cables
and transformers. The subsurface components are deployed by attaching to the downhole end
of a tubing string, while at the surface, and then lowered into the wellbore along with the
tubing.
A high-voltage (3 to 5 kV) alternating-current source at the surface drives the subsurface
motor. Until recently, ESPs had been costly to install due to the requirement of an electric
cable extending from the source to the motor. This cable had to be wrapped around jointed
tubing and connected at each joint. New coiled tubing umbilicals allow for both the piping
and electric cable to be deployed with a single conventional coiled tubing unit. Cables for
sensor and control data may also be included.
The subsurface components generally include a pump portion and a motor portion, with the
motor downhole from the pump. The motor rotates a shaft that, in turn, rotates pump
impellers to lift fluid through production tubing to the surface. These components must
reliably work at high temperatures of up to 300 °F (149 °C) and high pressures of up to
5,000 psi (34 MPa), from deep wells of up to 12,000 feet (3.7 km) deep with high energy
requirements of up to 1000 horsepower (750 kW). The pump itself is a multi-stage unit with
the number of stages being determined by the operating requirements. Each stage includes an
impeller and diffuser. Each impeller is coupled to the rotating shaft and accelerates fluid from
near the shaft radially outward. The fluid then enters a non-rotating diffuser, which is not
coupled to the shaft and contains vanes that direct fluid back toward the shaft. Pumps come in
diameters from 90mm (3.5 inches) to 254mm (10 inches) and vary between 1 metre (3 ft) and
8.7 metres (29 ft) in length. The motor used to drive the pump is typically a three phase,
squirrel cage induction motor, with a nameplate power rating in the range 7.5 kW to 560 kW
(at 60 Hz).
ESP assemblies may also include: seals coupled to the shaft between the motor and pump;
screens to reject sand; and fluid separators at the pump intake that separate gas, oil and
water ESPs have dramatically lower efficiencies with significant fractions of gas, greater than
about 10% volume at the pump intake, so separating gas from oil prior to the pump can be
important. Some ESPs include a water/oil separator which permits water to be re-injected
downhole. As some wells produce up to 90% water and fluid lift is a significant cost, re-
injecting water before lifting it to the surface can reduce energy consumption and improve
economics Given ESPs' high rotational speed of up to 4000 rpm (67 Hz) and tight clearances,
they are not very tolerant of solids such as [Link] are at least 15 brands of oilfield ESPs
used throughout the world.

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Applications
Submersible pumps are found in many applications. Single stage pumps are used for
drainage, sewage pumping, general industrial pumping and slurry pumping. They are also
popular with pond filters. Multiple stage submersible pumps are typically lowered down
a borehole and most typically used for residential, commercial, municipal and
industrial water extraction (abstraction), water wells and in oil wells.
Other uses for submersible pumps include sewage treatment plants, seawater handling, fire
fighting (since it is flame retardant cable), water well and deep well drilling, offshore drilling
rigs, artificial lifts, mine dewatering, and irrigation systems.
Pumps in electrical hazardous locations used for combustible liquids or for water that may be
contaminated with combustible liquids must be designed not to ignite the liquid or vapors.

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CHAPTER [Link] FAN

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WORKING
The central concept of air cooling is very simple. As the components in your computer
operate, they build up heat, which can lower performance and eventually damage the
hardware if it goes unchecked. The fans on the front of your PC’s case are typically intake
fans, drawing in the relatively cool air of the surrounding room to lower the temperature
inside the case. Fans on the rear and of the case are usually exhaust fans, expelling the hot air
warmed up by the components back into the room.

This might seem obvious, but an air cooling setup relies on cooler air outside the case than
inside. Since the inside of the case is usually quite warm indeed, this isn’t really a problem,
but if you use the PC in a particularly hot room (like an un-air-conditioned garage in the
summer) you’ll see less effective cooling. If you can, move your desk and your PC to a
cooler room.

Plan Out Your Airflow

Before you begin, you’ll want to look at your available fan mounts and decide the best way to
plan out your airflow. Here are some things to keep in mind.

Air Should Flow from Front-to-Back, and Bottom-to-Top When

mounting case fans, air flows across the open side towards the side with the protective grille,
like so:

So the open side of the fan should face outside the case for intake fans on the front or the
bottom, and it should face inside the case for fans on the rear or top. Most cases
are designed with a certain directional airflow in mind–usually front to back, and bottom to
top. That means you should mount your intake fans on the front of the case, or occasionally
(if you have a multi-fan setup or the front mounting brackets are blocked) on the bottom.

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Exhaust fans go on the rear or the top. Do not mount exhaust fans on the bottom of the case;
since hot air rises, a bottom-firing exhaust fan will be working against physics by expelling
slightly cooler air instead of warmer air. The Intake-exhaust direction should go front-to-back
and bottom-to-top. Side-mounted fans can be intake or exhaust, depending on the setup.

 Positive air pressure: More fans are drawing air into the case than blowing air out of the
case.
 Negative air pressure: More fans are blowing air out of the case than drawing air in,
causing a slight vacuum effect.
 Equal air pressure: The same amount of fans are blowing air in and out, creating
approximately the same air pressure as the surrounding room.

Because of the way the internal components create blocks in airflow, it’s more or less
impossible to achieve a truly equal air pressure inside a case. You want at least one intake
and one exhaust fan at the very least, so assuming you have more, which is better, drawing in
more air for positive pressure or blowing more out for negative pressure?

Both approaches have their advantages. Negative air pressure should create a slightly cooler
environment (at least in theory), as the fans are working harder to expel hot air. But the
drawback is that the slight vacuum it creates inside the case tends to draw in air from all the
unsealed areas: the vents, unused PCIe slots on the rear panel, even the seams of metal in the
case itself. Positive air pressure won’t cool quite as well, but—combine with dust filters (see
below)—will take in less dust since those vents and seams will expel air rather than suck it in.

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CHAPTER [Link]

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Working of System

Input-IR sensor:

 When car comes on IR-sensor, sensor sense and conveyor starts moving with the help
of motor until it will reach to the next IR sensor section.
 As car reached to next ir section then Soap pump start to open for 2sec.

Pre-Wash Section:

 As the car reaches in pre-wash chamber, shampoo water falls on the car by opening
valve (V1).
 Valve will remain on for 5 sec. After 5sec. valve will close automatically.
 Again conveyor starts moving until it will reach to the next ir sensor
section(Brushing section)

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Brushing Section:
 As the conveyor stops vertical brushes starts brushing the car for 10sec. and stop.
 Again conveyor starts moving until it will reach to the next ir sensor section(Clean
wash section)

Final Wash Section:

 Valve (V2) gets open for 5 sec. and get closed.

 Again conveyor starts moving until it will reach to the next ir sensor section(drying)

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Drying section:
 Start Dryer for 20sec after completion of 20sec stop dryer automatically

Advantages
 Less Area
 Less amount of water is required
 Time requirement is less
 Pollution free
 Man power requirement is less

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