NUTRITION
Class Objectives
Distinguish between
Discuss the functions of
macro and micro
macro nutrients;
nutrients;
Discuss the functions of To classify vitamins as
micronutrients; fat or water soluble
Nutrition
These nutrients include
Humans need a variety of
carbohydrates, proteins,
nutrients to provide them
lipids, vitamins and
with energy, to enable
minerals, and they are
them to grow and develop,
contained in the food we
and to keep them healthy.
eat.
Nutrition Is The Process By
Which Living Organisms
Obtain Or Make Food
Organisms that obtain food
from their environment, like
humans, are called
heterotrophs.
Organisms that make their
own food, like plants, are
called autotrophs.
The food an animal eats is called its diet. The human diet
must contain the following:
The Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, also known as
macronutrients. These are required in relatively large quantities.
Human
Diet Vitamins and minerals, also known as micronutrients. These are
required in relatively small quantities.
Water and dietary fibre (roughage).
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates include reducing
sugars, non-reducing sugars and
starch.
• They are molecules composed of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
The ratio of hydrogen atoms to
oxygen atoms is always 2:1.
• Based on their chemical structure,
carbohydrates can be classified into
three groups: monosaccharides,
disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate
molecules. All monosaccharides are reducing sugars.
Types of Disaccharides are formed by chemically joining two
monosaccharide molecules together. All disaccharides are
Carbohydrates reducing sugars except sucrose, which is a non-reducing
sugar.
Polysaccharides are formed by joining many
monosaccharide molecules into straight or branched
chains. Polysaccharides include starch, cellulose and
glycogen (animal starch)
Figure Showing the Different Types of Carbohydrates
THE THREE TYPES OF
CARBOHYDRATES
Properties Of Different Types of Carbohydrates
Proteins are molecules composed of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes
sulfur and phosphorus atoms.
These atoms form small molecules known as
Proteins amino acids. There are 20 different common
amino acids.
Protein molecules are formed by joining
hundreds or thousands of amino acid
molecules together in long chains.
Proteins have the following properties:
Their chemical structure can be changed by heat or certain other chemicals,
i.e. they can be denatured.
Some are globular in structure and are soluble in water, e.g. haemoglobin
and albumen, others are fibrous and are insoluble, e.g. collagen and keratin.
They react with biuret reagent.
Lipids are fats and oils. They are molecules composed of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Their molecules have fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrate
molecules.
Each lipid molecule is made up of four smaller molecules joined
together; three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule.
Lipids Lipids feel greasy, are insoluble in water and they leave a grease
spot on paper.
Figure Showing the Structure of a Lipid Molecule
Carbohydrates, proteins and
Sources And lipids are organic compounds
Functions Of which supply the body with
Carbohydrates,
Proteins And Lipids energy and the materials for
growth and repair.
Sources And Functions Of Carbohydrates, Proteins And Lipids
MICRONUTRIENTS
Vitamins And Minerals
Vitamins are organic compounds and minerals are inorganic substances. They
are only required in small amounts by the human body, but they are essential for
healthy growth and development.
Vitamins required include vitamins A, D, E and K, which are fat soluble. Group B
vitamins and vitamin C, which are water soluble.
Minerals required include calcium, iron, phosphorus, iodine, sodium, potassium
and fluorine
IMPORTANT VITAMINS AND MINERALS
REQUIRED BY THE HUMAN BODY
TABLE CONTINUED.
END OF SESSION