BMO2 2025 Problem Set Overview
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a.ellamrhariBMO2 2025 Problem Set Overview
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Powered by AIA 'good' integer n > 1 is defined by the existence of a permutation of the numbers 1 through n such that two conditions are met: (i) consecutive terms in the permutation have different parities, and (ii) the sum of the first k terms is a quadratic residue modulo n for all 1 ≤ k ≤ n . To prove there are infinitely many good numbers, consider odd integers which trivially meet condition (i) by alternating odd and even numbers and construct permutations satisfying condition (ii) by leveraging properties of quadratic residues.
The conditions that points A, B, D, F and A, C, D, E are cyclic ensure the existence of certain angle properties due to the cyclic nature, which are crucial for angle chasing to prove collinearity . Intersections of line segments BH and CP at X and tangent lines create specific incidence configurations that facilitate the use of radical axis or power of a point theorem, revealing that D, X, and L are collinear by demonstrating equal power over shared circles.
To solve the functional equation f(x + yf(x)) + y = xy + f(x + y) for all x, y in R, strategize by analyzing special cases and substituting strategic values for x and y such as zero or negative to simplify the equation. This stepwise reduction helps piece together the structure and nature of f(x). Typically, such problems lead to discovering that f(x) might be linear (potentially f(x)=x) or a piecewise function that satisfies the equation under constraints . The problem often requires the function to satisfy both additive and multiplicative properties.
To determine all possible values of F representing pairs of direct flights among n cities, one must consider the upper and lower bounds of graph connectivity. Given n ≥ 100, each city can form a direct connection with others, meaning a complete graph would have F = C(n, 2) = n(n-1)/2 pairs. Short and long path conditions ensure the graph has minimum spanning connectivity standards that might limit maximal values, enforcing specific combinatorial configurations. Evaluating these limits through inequality constraints and properties like edge count, saturation, and minimal connectivity helps derive feasible Fs .
The problem's setup in graph theoretical terms implies that despite potential overlaps of flight paths (edges) in a network of cities (vertices), there must be structural guarantees (likely involving triangle inequality or connectedness) ensuring paths can diverge beyond mere direct connections. The problem asserts the existence of distinct long and short paths due to these inherent properties, likely requiring each city to have a sufficiently diverse number of connections to indirectly create mutually exclusive routes not sharing internal nodes . This implies a network configuration sufficiently dense or varied.