HVAC
Active controls
Active controls
• Is energy- based mechanical system when passive control
cannot fully ensure thermal comfort.
• Includes
– HEATING/ COOLING
– VENTILATION
– AIR CONDITIONING
(HVAC), related processes designed to regulate ambient
conditions within buildings for comfort or for industrial
purposes.
• So what does HVAC looks like?
HEATING
The Thermal Environment
•Heating an area raises temperature in a given
space to a more satisfactory level than that of
the atmosphere
• The heat given off by a
fireplace consists of
both direct radiation
from the burning fuel
and indirect radiation
from the hot sidewalls
and back wall
• 85 to 90 % of the heat
from the burning fuel
is lost in the
combustion gases
A thermograph shows the large amount of heat lost through a house’s windows
during winter
HEATING: The Thermal Environment
• Local Heating
• Electricity by cable
• Gas pipe
• Liquid fuel ( oil,
Kerosene)
• Solid fuel ( coal,
firewood)
In all of the above except
the electrical appliances
heat is produced by
combustion of some fuel.
HEATING …
• Oil heaters -create a risk of condensation( need adequate
ventilation)
• Solid fuel appliances- low efficiency
• Gas heaters-have a ‘balanced flue’ where fresh air supply and
the discharge of combustion products is a circuit separated
from the room air.
• Electric heaters- most convenient
HEATING …
• Central Heating system
– Heat may be produced centrally in a building or
group of buildings, distributed to the occupied
spaces by a heat transport fluid.
– Fire precautions are dominant
Energy Heat Distribution Heated
emitters
source production network space
By using heating
elements
By using liquid
Thermal Zone
Cooling
• In areas where there is a hot climate ;what do you
think would be the solution for comfort ?
So Cooling a room can be done by using air conditioning units
Ventilation
• Ventilation, either separately or in
combination with the heating or air-
conditioning system, controls both the supply
and exhaust of air within given areas in order
to provide sufficient oxygen to the occupants
and to eliminate odors.
Forced/ Mechanical Ventilation
• Type of Mechanical Ventilation System
– Natural Inlet and Mechanical Extract
• Specially for the extraction from localized sources of heat,
moisture, odor, dust etc like kitchen , industrial processing
– Mechanical Inlet and Natural Extract
• Fresh air in to the enclosed space is induced mechanically
• Proper opening have to be provided for natural extracting,
other wise pressure is a problem
• System may include air filters
– Mechanical inlet and extract
• Fresh air supply with filters
• Duct lay out, grills & dampers should be coordinated with
Architectural, Structural and others …….
Air conditioning
• Air conditioning designates control of the
indoor environment year-round to create and
maintain desirable
– temperature,
– humidity,
– air circulation, and
– purity for the occupants of that space or for the
industrial materials that are handled or stored
there.
Historical Background
• Ancient Egypt
• Ancient Rome
• Medieval Persia
• China
….
In 1902, the first modern electrical
air conditioning unit was invented
by Willis Carrier
• These units include three important parts,
mainly the
– compressor,
– the evaporator and
– the condenser
These units circulate the air in the space and draw
the heat out of the air, leaving the space cool and
comfortable
Operating principles
• In the refrigeration cycle, heat is transported
from a colder location to a hotter area.
• As heat would naturally flow in the opposite
direction, work is required to achieve this.
• A refrigerator is an example of such a system, as
it transports the heat out of the interior and into
its environment (i.e. the room).
• The refrigerant is used as the medium which
absorbs and removes heat from the space to be
cooled and subsequently rejects that heat
elsewhere.
Operating principles
• Circulating refrigerant
vapor enters the
compressor and is
compressed to a higher
pressure, resulting in a
higher temperature as
well.
• The hot, compressed • Here it is cooled by air
flowing across the
refrigerant vapor is now at condenser coils and
a temperature and condensed into a liquid.
pressure at which it can be • Thus, the circulating
condensed and is routed refrigerant moves heat from
through a condenser. the system and the heat is
carried away by the air.
• Read About types of Air conditioning types.
Geo- Exchange
• In summer, heat
pumps move heat
from indoors to the
ground,
• In the winter , the heat
is moved back form
the ground and
pumped indoor again
a seasonal exchange
with the earth.
• Water is used to
transfer the heat from
the heat pump to and
from the upper layer
of the earth(30meter)
• If pond is available, it
can be the most
convenient heat
source/ heat sink.
HVAC systems
• In general there are three basic types of HVAC
systems:
• All Air, All Water, and Direct Expansion or
Refrigerant systems.
• All systems follow the same issues listed above in
system selection, but handle them in different ways.
• 1. All Air Systems have the heating or refrigerating
units control the quality of the air, from heat to cold
and humidity to filtering. This air is then delivered
through ducts to the final room destination.
Common types are single and double duct systems.
HVAC systems
Air distribution system
HVAC systems
• 2. All Water Systems deliver hot or chilled water to
spaces, which runs in smaller piping than air ducts.
• This water runs into fan coil units that blow air over
the hot or cold coils of fluid to heat or cool the
space.
• Ventilation or air changes must be supplied
separately from the system to get fresh air into the
spaces.
HVAC systems
HVAC systems
• 3. Direct Expansion Systems (Refrigerant Systems) are self-
contained units used on rooftop or through wall
applications.
• These systems can eliminate ductwork and can serve
individual needs of spaces without providing unnecessary
capacity – in other words you only run what you need.
• Small sections of ductwork can also be used to distribute air
from a centrally located unit.
• Cooling is provided by air cooled condensers or chiller units
which require an indoor to outdoor loop.
• Heating is accomplished by gas or oil furnaces, electric
heaters, or heat pumps.
Design Approach
1. The integrated design approach
• The design of different infrastructures has traditionally
constituted an excellent opportunity so that architects
participate in the design of objects of different scale, from
lamps to air conditioning ducts integrated in façade,
Design Approach
• This interdisciplinary design of the infrastructures
with other elements of the architecture is evident
in buildings such as Lloyd’s building by Richard
Rogers, where the
lighting
air movement
building services distribution
structure of floor-slabs and
constructive section of the façade
are designed jointly.
Pompidou Center, Paris
(Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers)
Design Approach
2. The served and servant approach
• Example so outstanding as the concept of served and server
spaces by Kahn, at the Salk Institute, a concept that in itself
generates magnificent buildings, fundamental to
understanding the contemporary design of architecture and
infrastructures.
• in the same way that Wright built the Larkin building in
1905,
Design Approach
Design Approach
SEMESTER PROJECT
• Make a group of max. five
• Read about
– The climatic zones of Ethiopia
– Design guide for each zone
• From Abebe,Eshetu . Climatic design standards or schools in Ethiopia (NA 2543 .E84)
• Prepare a report summary for the above reading (5 to 10 pages)
• Select from one project type listed below and prepare a schematic design and project
description for it.
1. Health center
2. Class room block
3. Library block
4. Meeting hall(500 people)
• Submission of both the report and the Schematic design and the project description will be on
24th of April , 2015 at @ 2:00 pm.
• Late submission is not acceptable.
SEMESTER PROJECT
ASSIGNMENT 1 : DELIVERABLES
1. All submission must be in A4 format and not more than 20 pages.
2. Only a hard copy of the assignment is expected and softcopies will not be accepted.
3. All submission must have two basic section:
1. Section 1: Report and Summary on the reading assignment ( 5 to 10 pages)
2. Section 2: Project description with schematic design proposal (5 to 10 pages)
4. All submissions need to have a cover page with the names of each group member
with their id number