Unit 1

hometown. noun. the town or city that a person is from, especially the one in which they were born and
lived while they were young.

country. noun. an area of land that has its own government, army, etc..

nationality. noun. the official right to belong to a particular country.

live in, at, etc.. verb. to have your home somewhere.

email address. noun. a series of letters, numbers, and symbols used to send and receive email.

cell phone. noun. a phone that is connected to the phone system by radio instead of by a wire, and can
be used anywhere where its signals can be received.

college. noun. a university where you can study for an undergraduate (= first) degree.

school. noun. a place where children go to be educated.

company. noun. an organization that sells goods or services in order to make money.

server. noun. a person who serves food in a restaurant.

chef. noun. a skilled and trained cook who works in a hotel or restaurant, especially the most important
cook.

doctor. noun. a person with a medical degree whose job is to treat people who are ill or hurt.

student. noun. someone who is learning at a school.

teacher. noun. someone whose job is to teach in a school or college.

artist. noun. someone who paints, draws, or makes sculptures.

salesperson. noun. a person whose job is selling things in a shop or directly to customers.

Unit 2

December. noun. the twelfth and last month of the year, after November and before January.

August. noun. the eighth month of the year, after July and before September.

May. noun. the fifth month of the year, after April and before June.

January. noun. the first month of the year, after December and before February.

tenth. ordinal number. 10th written as a word.

ninth. ordinal number. 9th written as a word.

eighth. ordinal number. 8th written as a word.

seventh. ordinal number. 7th written as a word.

sixth. ordinal number. 6th written as a word.

fifth. ordinal number. 5th written as a word.

fourth. ordinal number. 4th written as a word.

third. ordinal number. 3rd written as a word.

second. ordinal number, determiner. immediately after the first and before any others.

first. ordinal number, determiner. (a person or thing) coming before all others in order, time, amount,
quality, or importance.

son. noun. your male child.

daughter. noun. your female child.

uncle. noun. the brother of someone's mother or father, or the husband of someone's aunt or uncle.

aunt. noun. the sister of someone's father or mother, or the wife of someone's uncle or aunt.

parent. noun. a mother or father of a person or an animal.

grandfather. noun. the father of a person's mother or father.

grandmother. noun. the mother of a person's father or mother.

brother. noun. a man or boy with the same parents as another person.

sister. noun. a girl or woman who has the same parents as another person.

father. noun. a male parent.

mother. noun. a female parent.

Unit 3

lamp. noun. a device for giving light, especially one that has a covering or is contained within something.

sink. noun. a bowl that is attached to the wall in a kitchen or bathroom in which you wash dishes or your
hands, etc..

refrigerator. noun. a piece of kitchen equipment that uses electricity to preserve food at a cold
temperature.

shower. noun. a device that releases drops of water through a lot of very small holes and that you stand
under to wash your whole body.

couch. noun. a sofa.

bookcase. noun. a piece of furniture with shelves to put books on.

desk. noun. a type of table that you can work at, often one with drawers.

table. noun. a flat surface, usually supported by four legs, used for putting things on.

chair. noun. a seat for one person that has a back, usually four legs, and sometimes two arms.
bed. noun. a large, rectangular piece of furniture, often with four legs, used for sleeping on.

TV. noun. abbreviation for television.

rug. noun. a piece of thick heavy cloth smaller than a carpet, used for covering the floor or for
decoration.

floor. noun. the flat surface of a room on which you walk.

dining room. noun. a room in which meals are eaten.

kitchen. noun. a room where food is kept, prepared, and cooked and where the dishes are washed.

picture. noun. a drawing, painting, photograph, etc..

door. noun. a flat object that is used to close the entrance of something such as a room or building, or
the entrance itself.

bathroom. noun. a room with a bath and/or shower and often a toilet.

living room. noun. the room in a house or apartment that is used for relaxing in and entertaining guests.

bedroom. noun. a room used for sleeping in.

window. noun. a space usually filled with glass in the wall of a building or in a vehicle, to allow light and
air in and to allow people inside the building to see out.

wall. noun. a vertical structure, often made of stone or brick, that divides or surrounds something.

Unit 4

watch. verb. to look at something for a period of time.

use. verb. to put something such as a tool, skill, or building to a particular purpose.

leave. verb. to not take something or someone with you when you go, either intentionally or by
accident.

send. verb. to cause something to go from one place to another, especially by mail, email, etc..

read. verb. to look at words or symbols and understand what they mean.

post. verb. to publish something such as a message or picture on a website or using social media.

play. verb. When you play, especially as a child, you spend time doing an enjoyable and/or entertaining
activity.

listen. verb. to give attention to someone or something in order to hear him, her, or it.

chat. verb. to talk to someone in a friendly informal way.

call. verb. to use a phone to talk to someone.

buy. verb. to get something by paying money for it.

smartwatch. noun. a watch that has many of the features of a smartphone or a computer.

laptop. noun. a computer that is small enough to be carried around easily and is flat when closed.

game. noun. an entertaining activity, esp. one played by children, or a sports competition.

cell phone. noun. a phone that is connected to the phone system by radio instead of by a wire, and can
be used anywhere where its signals can be received.

camera. noun. a device for taking photographs or making films or television programmes.

earphones. noun. a piece of electronic equipment that you put over or in your ears so that you can listen
privately to radio, recorded music, etc..

app. noun. abbreviation for application: a computer program or piece of software designed for a
particular purpose that you can download onto a mobile phone or other mobile device.

tablet. noun. a small, flat computer that is controlled by touching the screen or by using a special pen.

Unit 5

midnight. noun. twelve o'clock in the middle of the night.

noon. noun. twelve o'clock in the middle of the day, or about that time.

o'clock. adverb. used after a number from one to twelve to say the time when it is exactly that hour.

tell the time. verb. to be able to understand a clock.

study. verb. to learn about a subject, especially in an educational course or by reading books.

work. noun. an activity, such as a job, that a person uses physical or mental effort to do, usually for
money.

day. noun. a period of 24 hours, especially from twelve o'clock one night to twelve o'clock the next
night.

night. noun. the part of every 24-hour period when it is dark because there is very little light from the
sun.

evening. noun. the part of the day between the end of the afternoon and night.

afternoon. noun. the period that starts at about twelve o'clock or after the meal in the middle of the day
and ends at about six o'clock or when the sun goes down.

morning. noun. the part of the day from the time when the sun rises or you wake up until the middle of
the day or lunch time.

weekday. noun. any day of the week except Sunday and Saturday.

weekend. noun. Saturday and Sunday, or Friday evening until Sunday night; the part of the week in
which many people living in the West do not go to work.
Sunday. noun. the day of the week after Saturday and before Monday, when most people in Western
countries do not go to work.

Saturday. noun. the day of the week after Friday and before Sunday.

Friday. noun. the day of the week after Thursday and before Saturday.

Thursday. noun. the day of the week after Wednesday and before Friday.

Wednesday. noun. the day of the week after Tuesday and before Thursday.

Tuesday. noun. the day of the week after Monday and before Wednesday.

Monday. noun. the day of the week after Sunday and before Tuesday.

Unit 6

animal. noun. something that lives and moves but is not a human, bird, fish, or insect.

waterfall. noun. water, especially from a river or stream, dropping from a higher to a lower point,
sometimes from a great height.

hill. noun. an area of land that is higher than the surrounding land.

desert. noun. an area, often covered with sand or rocks, where there is very little rain and not many
plants.

flower. noun. the part of a plant that is often brightly coloured and has a pleasant smell, or the type of
plant that produces these.

plant. noun. a living thing that grows in earth, in water, or on other plants, usually has a stem, leaves,
roots, and flowers, and produces seeds.

grass. noun. a low, green plant that grows naturally over a lot of the earth's surface, having groups of
very thin leaves that grow close together in large numbers.

tree. noun. a tall plant that has a wooden trunk and branches that grow from its upper part.

lake. noun. a large area of water surrounded by land and not connected to the sea except by rivers or
streams.

forest. noun. a large area of land covered with trees and plants, usually larger than a wood, or the trees
and plants themselves.

ocean. noun. a very large area of sea.

beach. noun. an area of sand or small stones near the sea or another area of water such as a lake.

island. noun. a piece of land completely surrounded by water.

river. noun. a natural wide flow of fresh water across the land into the sea, a lake, or another river.

mountain. noun. a raised part of the earth's surface, much larger than a hill, the top of which might be
covered in snow.
snow. noun. the small, soft, white pieces of ice that sometimes fall from the sky when it is cold, or the
white layer on the ground and other surfaces that it forms.

Unit 7

house. noun. a building that people, usually one family, live in.

supermarket. noun. a large shop which sells most types of food and other goods needed in the home.

mall. noun. a large, usually covered, shopping area where cars are not allowed.

train station. noun. a place with one or more buildings and platforms where trains stop for people to get
on or off.

wait. verb. to allow time to go by, especially while staying in one place without doing very much, until
someone comes, until something that you are expecting happens or until you can do something.

drive. verb. to move or travel on land in a motor vehicle, especially as the person controlling the
vehicle's movement.

ride. noun. a journey on a horse or bicycle, or in a vehicle.

subway. noun. a railway system in which electric trains travel through tunnels below ground.

train. noun. a railway engine connected to carriages for carrying people or to wheeled containers for
carrying goods.

bus stop. noun. a place, usually with a pole with a sign, where a bus stops to allow passengers to get on
and off.

walk. verb. to move along by putting one foot in front of the other, allowing each foot to touch the
ground before lifting the next.

bus. noun. a large vehicle in which people are driven from one place to another.

bath. noun. a long plastic, metal, or ceramic container that is filled with water so that you can sit or lie in
it to wash your whole body.

the dishes. noun. all the plates, glasses, knives, forks, etc. that have been used during a meal.

brush your teeth. verb. To brush your teeth is to clean them using a small brush and toothpaste..

wash. verb. to clean yourself, or a part of yourself, with water and usually soap.

cook. verb. When you cook food, you prepare it to be eaten by heating it in a particular way, such as
baking or boiling, and when food cooks, it is heated until it is ready to eat.

clean. verb. to remove dirt from something.

Unit 8

office. noun. a room or part of a building in which people work, especially sitting at tables with
computers, phones, etc., usually as a part of a business or other organization.
break. noun. a short period of rest, when food or drink is sometimes eaten.

think. verb. to believe something or have an opinion or idea.

meeting. noun. a planned occasion when people come together to discuss something.

work. noun. an activity, such as a job, that a person uses physical or mental effort to do, usually for
money.

co-worker. noun. a person who you work with, especially someone with a similar job or level of
responsibility.

company. noun. an organization that sells goods or services in order to make money.

swim. verb. to move through water by moving the body or parts of the body.

surf. verb. to ride on a wave as it comes towards land, while standing or lying on a special board.

speak. verb. to talk in a language.

snowboard. verb. to slide on the snow by standing on a specially shaped board.

skateboard. noun. a flat, narrow board with two small wheels under each end, which a person stands on
and moves forward by pushing one foot on the ground.

sing. verb. to make musical sounds with the voice, usually a tune with words.

play. verb. to perform music on an instrument or instruments.

paint. verb. to make a picture using paints.

read. verb. to look at words or symbols and understand what they mean.

fix. verb. to repair something.

draw. verb. to make a picture of something or someone with a pencil or pen.

dance. verb. to move the body and feet to music.

Unit 9

local. . relating to an area near you.

boat. . a vehicle for traveling on water.

town. . a place where people live and work that is larger than a village.

fly. . to travel through the air in a plane or other aircraft.

hotel. noun. a building where you pay to have a room to sleep in, and where you can sometimes eat
meals.

island. noun. a piece of land completely surrounded by water.

nature. noun. all the animals, plants, rocks, etc. in the world and all the features, forces, and processes
that happen or exist independently of people, such as the weather, the sea, mountains, the production
of young animals or plants, and growth.

trip. noun. a journey in which you go somewhere, usually for a short time, and come back again.

reserve. verb. If you reserve something such as a seat on an aircraft or a table at a restaurant, you
arrange for it to be kept for your use.

check in. . to show your ticket at an airport so that you can be told where you will be sitting and so that
your bags can be put on the aircraft.

arrive. verb. to reach a place, especially at the end of a journey.

stay. verb. to live or be in a place for a short time as a visitor.

city. noun. a large town.

vacation. noun. a time when someone does not go to work or school but is free to do what they want,
such as travel or relax.

tour. noun. a visit to a place or area, especially one during which you look around the place or area and
learn about it.

ticket. noun. a small piece of paper or card given to someone, usually to show that they have paid for an
event, journey, or activity.

ranch. noun. a very large farm on which animals are kept, especially in North and South America.

plane. noun. a vehicle designed for air travel, with wings and one or more engines.

farm. noun. an area of land, together with a house and buildings, used for growing crops and/or keeping
animals as a business.

country. noun. an area of land that has its own government, army, etc..

Unit 10

walk. . a trip that you make by walking, often for enjoyment.

shopping. . the activity of going to stores and buying things.

shorts. . a very short pair of pants that stop above the knees.

jeans. . pants made from denim (= a strong, usually blue, material).

sock. noun. a piece of clothing made from soft material that covers your foot and the lower part of your
leg.

shoe. noun. one of a pair of coverings for your feet, usually made of a strong material such as leather,
with a thick leather or plastic sole (= base) and usually a heel.

boot. noun. a type of shoe that covers the whole foot and the lower part of the leg.
T-shirt. noun. a simple piece of clothing, usually with short sleeves and no collar, that covers the top part
of the body.

sweater. noun. a piece of clothing, typically with long sleeves and made from wool, that is worn on the
upper part of the body.

skirt. noun. a piece of clothing for women and girls that hangs from the waist and does not have legs.

dress. noun. a piece of clothing for women or girls that covers the top half of the body and hangs down
over the legs.

shirt. noun. a piece of clothing worn, especially by men, on the upper part of the body, made of light
cloth like cotton and usually having a collar and buttons at the front.

pants. noun. a piece of clothing that covers the lower part of the body from the waist to the feet,
consisting of two cylinder-shaped parts, one for each leg, that are joined at the top.

coat. noun. an outer piece of clothing with sleeves that is worn over other clothes, usually for warmth.

hat. noun. a covering for the head that is not part of a piece of clothing.

meet up (with someone). . to see and talk to someone after making an arrangement to do so.

look at sth. . to think about a subject carefully so that you can make a decision about it.

picnic. noun. an occasion when you have an informal meal of sandwiches, etc. outside, or the food itself.

get together. . If two or more people get together, they meet each other, having arranged it before.

eat. verb. to put or take food into the mouth, chew it (= crush it with the teeth), and swallow it.

Unit 11

orange. noun. a colour between red and yellow.

green. adjective. of a colour between blue and yellow; of the colour of grass.

blue. adjective. of the colour of the sky without clouds on a bright day, or a darker or lighter type of this.

black. adjective. having the darkest colour there is, like the colour of coal or of a very dark night.

brown. noun. the colour of chocolate or soil.

purple. adjective. of a dark reddish-blue colour.

yellow. noun. a colour like that of a lemon or gold or the sun.

red. adjective. of the colour of fresh blood.

grey. adjective. of the colour that is a mixture of black and white, the colour of rain clouds.

white. adjective. of a colour like that of snow, milk, or bone.

pink. adjective. of a pale red colour.

slow. adjective. moving, happening, or doing something without much speed.

quiet. adjective. making very little noise.

awful. adjective. extremely bad or unpleasant.

beautiful. adjective. very attractive.

exciting. adjective. making you feel excited.

fast. adjective. moving or happening quickly, or able to move or happen quickly.

noisy. adjective. making a lot of noise.

wonderful. adjective. extremely good.

cute. adjective. (especially of something or someone small or young) pleasant and attractive.

new. adjective. recently created or having started to exist recently.

Unit 12

ice cream. noun. a very cold, sweet food made from frozen milk or cream, sugar, and a flavour.

soda. noun. any type of sweet fizzy drink (= with bubbles) that is not alcoholic.

pizza. noun. a large circle of flat bread baked with cheese, tomatoes, and sometimes meat and
vegetables spread on top.

rice. noun. the small seeds of a particular type of grass, cooked, and eaten as food.

tomato. noun. a round, red fruit with a lot of seeds, eaten cooked or uncooked as a vegetable, for
example in salads or sauces.

sandwich. noun. two pieces of bread with cheese, salad, or meat, usually cold, between them .

pineapple. noun. (the yellow flesh and juice of) a large tropical fruit with a rough orange or brown skin
and pointed leaves on top.

lamb. noun. a young sheep, or the flesh of a young sheep eaten as meat.

coconut. noun. a large fruit like a nut with a thick, hard, brown shell covered in fibre (= a mass of thread-
like parts) and containing hard, white flesh that can be eaten and a clear liquid.

cheese. noun. a food made from milk, that can be either firm or soft and is usually yellow or white in
colour.

juice. noun. the liquid that comes from fruit or vegetables.

bread. noun. a food made from flour, water, and usually yeast, mixed together and baked.

banana. noun. a long, curved fruit with a yellow skin and soft, sweet, white flesh inside.

soup. noun. a usually hot, liquid food made from vegetables, meat, or fish.
potato. noun. a round vegetable that grows underground and has white flesh with light brown, red, or
pink skin, or the plant on which these grow.

orange. noun. a round sweet fruit that has a thick orange skin and an orange centre divided into many
parts.

cracker. noun. a thin, flat, hard biscuit, especially one eaten with cheese.

chicken. noun. a type of bird kept on a farm for its eggs or its meat, or the meat of this bird that is
cooked and eaten.

butter. noun. a pale yellow solid food containing a lot of fat that is made from cream and is spread on
bread or used in cooking.

beef. noun. the flesh of cattle (= cows), eaten as food.

apple. noun. a round fruit with firm, white flesh and a green, red, or yellow skin.

Unit 1

neighbor. . someone who lives very near you, especially in the next house.

cash. noun. money in the form of notes and coins, rather than cheques or credit cards.

receipt. noun. something such as a piece of paper or message proving that money, goods, or
information have been received.

mirror. noun. a piece of glass with a shiny, metal-covered back that reflects light, producing an image of
whatever is in front of it.

hairbrush. noun. a brush used for making the hair on your head neat and smooth.

tissue. noun. soft paper that is used for cleaning, especially your nose, and is thrown away after use, or a
small rectangular piece of this.

lotion. noun. a liquid that you put on your skin in order to protect it, improve its condition, or make it
smell pleasant.

water bottle. noun. a container for carrying drinking water.

candy bar. noun. candy shaped like a thin brick.

gum. noun. Gum is also chewing gum.

roommate. noun. a person who you share a room with for a period of time.

grandchildren. . plural of grandchild.

granddaughter. noun. the daughter of a your son or daughter.

grandson. noun. the son of a your son or daughter.

boss. noun. the person who is in charge of an organization and who tells others what to do.
couple. noun. two people who are married or in a romantic or sexual relationship, or two people who
are together for a particular purpose.

boyfriend. noun. a man or boy that a person is having a romantic or sexual relationship with.

girlfriend. noun. a woman or girl who a person is having a romantic or sexual relationship with.

friend. noun. a person who you know well and who you like a lot, but who is usually not a member of
your family.

classmate. noun. someone who is in the same class as you at school.

Unit 2

check. verb. to make certain that something or someone is correct, safe, or suitable by examining it,
him, or her quickly.

hear. verb. to receive or become conscious of a sound using your ears.

call. verb. to use a phone to talk to someone.

break up. . If someone who is talking on a mobile phone is breaking up, their voice can no longer be
heard clearly..

connection. noun. the way that two people can speak to each other by phone.

wi-fi. noun. a system for connecting electronic equipment such as computers and electronic organizers
to the internet without using wires.

textbook. noun. a book that contains detailed information about a subject for people who are studying
that subject.

screen. noun. a flat surface in a theater, on a television, or on a computer system on which pictures or
words are shown.

outlet. noun. a power point UK.

note. noun. a short piece of writing.

mouse. noun. a small device that you move across a surface in order to move a cursor on your computer
screen.

keyboard. noun. the set of keys on a computer or typewriter that you press in order to make it work .

headphones. noun. a device with a part to cover each ear through which you can listen to music, radio
broadcasts, etc. without other people hearing.

file. noun. any of several different types of container used to store papers, letters, and other documents
in an ordered way, especially in an office.

document. noun. a paper or set of papers with written or printed information, especially of an official
type.

calendar. noun. a printed table showing all the days, weeks, and months of the year.
Unit 3

throw. verb. to send something through the air with force, especially by a sudden movement of the arm.

stretch. verb. to make your body or your arms and legs straight so that they are as long as possible, in
order to exercise the joints (= place where two bones are connected) after you have been in the same
place or position for a long time.

stand up. . to be in an upright position on your feet; to get yourself into an upright position on your feet.

sit down. . to move your body so that the lower part of it is resting on a seat or on the ground.

push. verb. to use physical pressure or force, especially with your hands, in order to move something
into a different position, usually one that is further away from you.

lift. verb. to move something from a lower to a higher position.

lie down. . to move into a position in which your body is flat, usually in order to sleep or rest.

jump. verb. to push yourself suddenly off the ground and into the air using your legs.

climb. verb. to go up, or to go towards the top of something.

turn. verb. to (cause to) change the direction in which you are facing or moving.

win. verb. to achieve first position and/or get a prize in a competition, election, fight, etc..

team. noun. a number of people who act together as a group, either in a sport or in order to achieve
something.

race. noun. a competition in which all the competitors try to be the fastest and to finish first.

pool. noun. a swimming pool.

player. noun. someone who takes part in a game or sport.

lose. verb. to fail to succeed in a game, competition, etc..

gym. noun. a place or club where you can go to exercise using machines, weights, and other equipment.

goal. noun. an area on a playing field, that usually has two posts with a net fixed behind them, where
players try to send the ball in order to score in sports such as football and hockey.

field. noun. an area, usually covered with grass, used for playing sports.

fan. noun. someone who admires and supports a person, sport, sports team, etc..

court. noun. an area drawn out on the ground that is used for playing sports such as tennis and
basketball.

athlete. noun. a person who is very good at sports or physical exercise, especially one who competes in
organized events.

Unit 4
speaker. noun. the part of a radio, television, or computer, or of a piece of electrical equipment for
playing recorded sound, through which the sound is played. A speaker can be part of the radio, etc. or
be separate from it.

purse. noun. a small container for money, usually used by a woman.

perfume. noun. a liquid with a pleasant smell, usually made from oils taken from flowers or spices and
often used on the skin.

jewelry. noun. decorative objects worn on your clothes or body that are usually made from valuable
metals, such as gold and silver, and precious stones.

gift card. noun. a piece of plastic that can be exchanged in a store for goods of the value that is printed
on it.

candy. noun. a sweet food made from sugar or chocolate, or a piece of this.

candle. noun. a stick-shaped piece of wax with a wick (= piece of string) in the middle of it that produces
light as it slowly burns.

flower. noun. the part of a plant that is often brightly coloured and has a pleasant smell, or the type of
plant that produces these.

festival. noun. an organized set of special events, such as musical performances.

artist. noun. someone who paints, draws, or makes sculptures.

concert. noun. a performance of music by one or more musicians or singers.

musician. noun. someone who is skilled in playing music, usually as a job.

band. noun. a group of musicians who play modern music together.

singer. noun. a person who sings.

video game. noun. a game in which the player controls moving pictures on a screen by pressing buttons.

show. noun. a theatre performance or a television or radio programme that is entertaining rather than
serious.

director. noun. a person who is in charge of a film or play and tells the actors how to play their parts.

actor. noun. someone who pretends to be someone else while performing in a film, play, or television or
radio programme.

Unit 5

fresh. adjective. new or different.

free. adjective. not doing anything planned or important, or available to be used.

positive. adjective. full of hope and confidence, or giving cause for hope and confidence.
proud. adjective. feeling pleasure and satisfaction because you or people connected with you have done
or got something good.

tired. adjective. in need of rest or sleep.

angry. adjective. having a strong feeling against someone who has behaved badly, making you want to
shout at them or hurt them.

dangerous. adjective. A dangerous person, animal, thing, or activity could harm you.

horrible. adjective. very unpleasant or bad.

fun. noun. pleasure, enjoyment, or entertainment.

perfect. adjective. complete and correct in every way, of the best possible type or without fault.

amazing. adjective. very good.

strange. adjective. unusual and unexpected, or difficult to understand.

loud. adjective, adverb. making a lot of noise.

crazy. adjective. stupid or not reasonable.

cool. adjective. fashionable in a way that people admire.

Unit 6

shelf. noun. a long flat board fixed horizontally, for example against a wall or inside a cupboard, on
which objects are stored or shown for sale.

salesperson. noun. a person whose job is selling things in a shop or directly to customers.

sale. noun. an occasion when goods are sold at a lower price than usual.

price. noun. the amount of money for which something is sold.

grocery (store). noun. a store where food and small items for the house are sold.

department store. noun. a large store divided into several different areas, each of which sells different
types of things.

customer. noun. a person who buys goods or a service.

checkout. noun. the place in a shop, especially a large food shop, where you pay for your goods.

cash register. noun. a machine in a shop or other business that records sales and into which money
received is put.

shopping cart. noun. a small vehicle that you push around a store, putting the things that you want to
buy in it.

waste. noun. an unnecessary or wrong use of money, substances, time, energy, abilities, etc..

spend. verb. to give money as a payment for something.

shop. verb. to buy things in shops.

sell. verb. to give something to someone else in return for money.

save. verb. to keep something, especially money, for use in the future.

return. verb. to send, take, give, put, etc. something back to where it came from.

pay sb/sth back. . to pay someone the money that you owe them.

lend. verb. to give something to someone for a short period of time, expecting it to be given back.

cost. noun. the amount of money needed to buy, do, or make something.

borrow. verb. to get or receive something from someone with the intention of giving it back after a
period of time.

Unit 7

yogurt. noun. a slightly sour, thick liquid made from milk with bacteria added to it, sometimes eaten
plain and sometimes with sugar, fruit, etc. added.

salmon. noun. a medium-sized silver-coloured fish that lives in the sea or rivers and swims up rivers to
produce its eggs. Its pink flesh is eaten as a food.

salt. noun. a common white substance found in sea water and in the ground, used especially to add
flavour to food or to preserve it.

pasta. noun. a food made from flour, water, and sometimes egg, that is cooked and usually served with
a sauce. It is made in various shapes that have different names.

onion. noun. a vegetable with a strong smell and flavour, made up of several layers surrounding each
other tightly in a round shape, usually brown or red on the outside and white inside.

noodle. noun. a food in the form of long, thin strips made from flour or rice, water, and often egg,
cooked in boiling liquid.

lettuce. noun. a plant with large, green leaves, eaten uncooked in salads.

avocado. noun. a tropical fruit with thick, dark green or purple skin, a large, round seed, and soft, pale
green flesh that can be eaten.

burger. noun. meat or other food pressed into a round, flat shape and fried.

chili (pepper). noun. any of several types of red pepper (= type of vegetable) that are used to make
foods spicy.

spicy. adjective. containing strong flavours from spices.

sour. adjective. having a sharp, sometimes unpleasant, taste or smell, like a lemon, and not sweet.

roast. verb. to cook food in an oven or over a fire.

raw. adjective. (of food) not cooked.

grilled. adjective. (of food) cooked over fire or hot coals, usually on a metal frame.

fried. adjective. cooked in hot oil or fat.

fresh. adjective. (of food or flowers) recently picked, made, or cooked.

delicious. adjective. having a very pleasant taste or smell.

boiled. adjective. (of food) cooked in water that is boiling.

bitter. adjective. with an unpleasantly sharp taste.

Unit 8

change. verb. to get off an aircraft, train, bus, etc. and catch another in order to continue a trip.

suitcase. . a rectangular case with a handle that you use for carrying clothes when you are traveling.

get off (sth). . to leave a bus, train, aircraft, or boat.

tour guide. . someone whose job is to show visitors a place or area.

miss. verb. to arrive too late to get on a bus, train, or aircraft.

take. verb. to travel somewhere by using a particular form of transport or a particular vehicle, route,
etc..

pick up someone/something. . to get or bring someone or something from somewhere.

catch. verb. to travel or be able to travel on an aircraft, train, bus, etc..

bus station. noun. a place where buses start and end their routes.

backpack. noun. a large bag used to carry things on your back, used especially by people who go
camping or walking.

map. noun. a drawing of the earth's surface, or part of that surface, showing the shape and position of
different countries, political borders, natural features such as rivers and mountains, and artificial
features such as roads and buildings.

guidebook. noun. a book that gives information for visitors about a place, such as a city or country.

tourist. noun. someone who visits a place for pleasure and interest, usually while on holiday.

bus. noun. a large vehicle in which people are driven from one place to another.

check-in desk. noun. one of the places at an airport where you show your ticket so that you can be told
where you will be sitting.

airplane. noun. a vehicle designed for air travel that has wings and one or more engines.

Unit 9

necklace. . a piece of jewelry that you wear around your neck.

earring. . a piece of jewelry that you wear on your ear.

bracelet. . a piece of jewelry that you wear around your wrist.

mustache. . a line of hair that some men grow above their mouths.

curly. adjective. having curls or a curved shape.

beard. noun. the hair that some men allow to grow on the lower part of their face.

straight. adjective, adverb. continuing in one direction without bending or curving.

dark. adjective. with little or no light.

bald. adjective. with little or no hair on the head.

light. adjective, adverb. (of colors) pale.

sock. noun. a piece of clothing made from soft material that covers your foot and the lower part of your
leg.

sneaker. noun. a type of light, comfortable shoe that is suitable for playing sports.

scarf. noun. a strip, square, or triangle of cloth, worn around the neck, head, or shoulders to keep you
warm or to make you look attractive.

glove. noun. a piece of clothing that is worn on the hand and wrist for warmth or protection, with
separate parts for each finger.

belt. noun. a strip of leather or material worn around the waist to support clothes or for decoration.

tie. noun. a long, thin piece of material that is worn under a shirt collar, especially by men, and tied in a
knot at the front.

Unit 10

stomach ache. noun. pain in your stomach.

toothache. noun. pain caused by something being wrong with one of your teeth.

bang. verb. to hit a part of the body against something by accident.

fever. noun. a medical condition in which the body temperature is higher than usual and the heart beats
very fast.

headache. noun. a pain you feel inside your head.

cut. noun. an injury made when the skin is cut with something sharp.

twist. verb. If you twist a part of your body, such as your ankle, you injure it by suddenly turning it.

break. verb. to separate something suddenly or violently into two or more pieces, or to stop working by
being damaged.
accountant. noun. someone who keeps or examines the records of money received, paid, and owed by a
company or person.

architect. noun. a person whose job is to design new buildings and make certain that they are built
correctly.

dentist. noun. a person whose job is treating people's teeth.

police officer. noun. a male or female member of the police force.

physical therapist. noun. someone who treats people using physical therapy.

photographer. noun. a person who takes photographs, either as a job or hobby.

paramedic. noun. a person who is trained to do medical work, especially in an emergency, but who is
not a doctor or nurse.

nurse. noun. (the title given to) a person whose job is to care for people who are ill or injured, especially
in a hospital.

mechanic. noun. someone whose job is repairing the engines of vehicles and other machines.

engineer. noun. a person whose job is to design or build machines, engines, or electrical equipment, or
things such as roads, railways, or bridges, using scientific principles.

Unit 11

selfie. noun. a photograph that you take of yourself , usually with a mobile phone. Selfies are often
published using social media.

upload. verb. to copy or move programs or information to a larger computer system or to the internet.

share. verb. to put something on a social media website so that other people can see it, or to let other
people see something that someone else has put on a website .

search. verb. to look for information on a computer, the internet, etc..

login. noun. a name that you enter in order to be able to use a computer system.

like. verb. to enjoy or approve of something or someone, or to prefer something a particular way.

viral. adjective. caused by a virus.

follow. verb. If you follow a particular person on a social media website (= a website where people can
publish their thoughts, photographs, information about themselves etc.), you choose to see everything
that person posts (= publishes) on the website..

download. verb. to copy or move programs or information into a computer's memory, especially from
the internet or a larger computer.

bookmark. noun. the address of a web page that is kept on your computer so that you can find it again
easily.

block. verb. to stop emails, text messages, phone calls, etc. from being received.
website. noun. a set of pages of information on the internet about a particular subject, published by a
single person or organization.

password. noun. a secret word or combination of letters or numbers, used for communicating with
another person or with a computer to prove who you are.

link. noun. a connection between documents on the internet.

click. verb. to carry out a computer operation by pressing a button on the mouse or keyboard.

message. verb. to send someone a short message using a mobile phone or computer.

join. verb. to get involved in an activity or journey with another person or group.

add. verb. to put something with something else to increase the number or amount or to improve the
whole.

account. noun. an agreement with a store or company that allows you to buy things and pay for them
later.

check. verb. to make certain that something or someone is correct, safe, or suitable by examining it,
him, or her quickly.

video. noun. a recording of moving pictures and sound, especially as a digital file, DVD, etc..

Unit 12

cave. noun. a large hole in the side of a hill, cliff, or mountain, or one that is underground.

rock. noun. the dry solid part of the earth's surface, or any large piece of this that sticks up out of the
ground or the sea.

stream. noun. water that flows naturally along a fixed route formed by a channel cut into rock or
ground, usually at ground level.

glacier. noun. a large mass of ice that moves slowly.

waterfall. noun. water, especially from a river or stream, dropping from a higher to a lower point,
sometimes from a great height.

valley. noun. an area of low land between hills or mountains, often with a river running through it.

coast. noun. the land next to or close to the sea.

rainforest. noun. a forest in a tropical area that receives a lot of rain.

hurricane. noun. a violent wind that has a circular movement, especially in the West Atlantic Ocean.

flood. verb. to cause to fill or become covered with water, especially in a way that causes problems.

drought. noun. a long period when there is little or no rain.

windy. adjective. with a lot of wind.

lightning. noun. a flash of bright light in the sky that is produced by electricity moving between clouds or
from clouds to the ground.

thunder. noun. the sudden loud noise that comes from the sky especially during a storm.

snowstorm. noun. a heavy fall of snow that is blown by strong winds.

blizzard. noun. a severe snow storm with strong winds.

sunny. adjective. bright because of light from the sun.

boiling. adjective. very hot.

snowy. adjective. full of or like snow.

freezing. adjective, adverb. extremely cold.

rainy. adjective. raining a lot.

humid. adjective. (of air and weather conditions) containing extremely small drops of water in the air.

foggy. adjective. with fog.

cloudy. adjective. with clouds.

Unit 1

alone. adjective, adverb. without other people.

family. noun. a group of people who are related to each other, such as a mother, a father, and their
children.

retire. verb. to leave your job or stop working because of old age or ill health.

single. adjective. not married, or not having a romantic relationship with someone.

married. adjective. having a wife or husband.

raise. verb. to take care of a person, or an animal or plant, until they are completely grown.

be born. verb. to come out of a mother's body, and start to exist.

serious. adjective. A serious person is quiet, thinks carefully about things, and does not laugh a lot.

sociable. adjective. Sociable people like to meet and spend time with other people.

selfish. adjective. Someone who is selfish only thinks of their own advantage.

reliable. adjective. Someone or something that is reliable can be trusted or believed because he, she, or
it works or behaves well in the way you expect.

nervous. adjective. worried and anxious.

intelligent. adjective. showing intelligence, or able to learn and understand things easily.

honest. adjective. telling the truth or able to be trusted and not likely to steal, cheat, or lie.
helpful. adjective. willing to help, or useful.

generous. adjective. willing to give money, help, kindness, etc., especially more than is usual or
expected.

easy-going. adjective. relaxed and not easily upset or worried.

cheerful. adjective. happy and positive.

brave. adjective. showing no fear of dangerous or difficult things.

Unit 2

sync. verb. to connect two electronic devices so that they both have the latest information or files.

storage. noun. the putting and keeping of things in a special place for use in the future.

screen. . the part of a television or computer that shows images or writing.

folder. . a place on a computer where particular files (= documents, pictures, etc) are kept.

device. . a piece of equipment that is used for a particular purpose.

useless. . If something is useless, it does not work well or it has no effect.

useful. . helping you to do or achieve something.

used. . Something that is used is not new and has been owned by someone else.

special. . better or more important than usual things.

outdated. . not modern enough.

plain. . simple and not complicated.

modern. . using the newest ideas, design, technology, etc and not traditional.

condition. . the state that something or someone is in.

fancy. . Fancy things and places are expensive and fashionable.

damage. . to harm or break something.

common. . happening often or existing in large numbers.

brand new. . completely new.

Unit 3

line. noun. (the route followed by) a railway track.

terminal. . a building where you can get onto an aircraft, bus, or ship.

schedule. . a list of times when buses, trains, etc arrive and leave.

route. . the roads or paths you follow to get from one place to another place.
fare. . the price that you pay to travel on an aircraft, train, bus, etc.

direct. . going straight from one place to another without turning or stopping.

departure. . the act of leaving a place, especially to start a journey to another place.

book. . to arrange to use or do something at a particular time in the future.

arrival. . an occasion when someone or something arrives somewhere.

tunnel. . a long passage under the ground or through a mountain.

sidewalk. . a path with a hard surface by the side of a road that people walk on.

monument. . a building or other structure that is built to make people remember an event in history or a
famous person.

hostel. . a place like a cheap hotel, where you can live when you are away from home or have no home.

fire station. . the building where fire engines are kept, and firefighters wait for emergencies.

embassy. . the official group of people who live in a foreign country and represent their government
there, or the building where they work.

clinic. . a place where people go for medical treatment or advice.

bridge. . a structure that is built over a river, road, etc so that people or vehicles can go across it.

Unit 4

remind. . to make someone remember something, or remember to do something.

let sb know. . to tell someone something.

meet up. . to meet another person in order to do something together.

think about/of doing sth. . to consider doing something.

forget. . to be unable to remember a fact, something that happened, or how to do something.

arrange. . to make the necessary plans and preparations for something to happen.

be/get/keep, etc in touch. . to communicate or continue to communicate with someone by telephoning,

or writing to them.

deal with sth. . to take action in order to achieve something or to solve a problem.

check. . to examine something in order to make sure that it is correct or the way it should be.

look into sth. . to examine the facts about a situation.

surprised. . feeling surprise because something has happened that you did not expect.

disappointed. . unhappy because someone or something was not as good as you hoped or expected, or
because something did not happen.
embarrassed. . feeling ashamed or shy.

amused. . showing that you think something is funny.

shock. . to surprise and upset someone.

annoyed. . slightly angry.

fascinated. . extremely interested.

frightened. . afraid or nervous.

Unit 5

show. verb. to make it possible for something to be seen.

appear. verb. to start to be seen or to be present.

found. verb. past simple and past participle of find.

care. . If you do something with care, you give a lot of attention to it so that you do not make a mistake
or damage anything.

grateful. . feeling or showing thanks.

find. . to discover something or someone that you have been searching for.

lose. . to not be able to find someone or something.

lost. . If something is lost, no one knows where it is.

search. . to try to find someone or something.

return. . to give, send, or put something back where it came from.

locate. . to find the exact position of someone or something.

leave sb/sth behind. . to leave a place without taking something or someone with you.

get sth back. . If you get something back, something that you had before is given to you again.

drop. . to let something you are carrying fall to the ground.

discover. . to find something.

disappear. . to suddenly go somewhere and become impossible to find.

appear. . to start to be seen.

Unit 6

ugly. . unpleasant to look at.

impolite. . not polite.

quiet. . making little or no noise.

busy. . A busy place is full of activity or people.

orderly. . tidy or organized.

calm. . relaxed and not worried, frightened, or excited.

dangerous. . If someone or something is dangerous, they could harm you.

safe. . not dangerous or likely to cause harm.

beautiful. . very attractive.

polite. . behaving in a way that is not rude and shows that you do not only think about yourself.

loud. . making a lot of noise.

trash. . things that you throw away because you do not want them.

traffic. . the cars, trucks, etc using a road.

space. . an empty area that is available to be used.

pollution. . damage caused to water, air, etc by harmful substances or waste.

noise. . a sound, often a loud, unpleasant sound.

land. . an area of ground.

graffiti. . writing or pictures painted on walls and public places, usually illegally.

concrete. . a hard substance that is used in building and is made by mixing sand, water, small stones,
and cement (= grey powder that is mixed with water and becomes hard when it dries).

air. . the mixture of gases around the Earth that we breathe.

Unit 7

musical. noun. a play or film in which part of the story is sung to music.

voice. noun. the sounds that are made when people speak or sing.

celebrity. noun. someone who is famous, especially in the entertainment business.

character. noun. a person represented in a film, play, or story.

reality TV. noun. television programmes about ordinary people who are filmed in real situations, rather
than actors.

scary. adjective. frightening.

rom com. noun. abbreviation for romantic comedy: a film or television programme about love that is
intended to make you laugh.

a horror film/movie/story. . a film or story that entertains people by shocking or frightening them.

comedy. . entertainment such as a film, play, etc that is funny.

romantic. . relating to a story about love.

science fiction. . stories about life in the future or in other parts of the universe.

hip-hop. . a type of pop music with songs about problems in society and words that are spoken and not
sung.

heavy metal. . a type of very loud, modern music.

jazz. . music with a strong beat that is often played without written music.

pop. . modern music with a strong beat which is popular with young people.

country music. . a style of popular music from the southern and western US.

folk music. . music written and played in a traditional style.

reggae. . a type of popular music from Jamaica with a strong beat.

rock. . loud, modern music with a strong beat, often played with electric guitars and drums.

classical music. . serious music by people like Mozart and Stravinsky.

Unit 8

class. noun. a group of students who are taught together at school, college, or university.

housework. noun. the work of keeping a house clean and tidy.

work. noun. an activity, such as a job, that a person uses physical or mental effort to do, usually for
money.

school. noun. a place where children go to be educated.

child care. noun. the job of taking care of children while their parents are at work or are absent for
another reason.

save. verb. to prevent time, money, or effort being wasted or spent.

concentrate. verb. to direct your attention or your efforts towards a particular activity, subject, or
problem.

waste. noun. an unnecessary or careless use of resources or skills.

spend. verb. to use time doing something or being somewhere.

problem. noun. a situation, person, or thing that needs attention and needs to be dealt with or solved.

progress. noun. movement to an improved or more developed state, or to a forward position.

success. noun. the achieving of the results wanted or hoped for.

project. noun. a piece of planned work or an activity that is finished over a period of time and intended
to achieve a particular purpose.
process. noun. a series of actions that you take in order to achieve a result.

opportunity. noun. an occasion or situation that makes it possible to do something that you want to do
or have to do, or the possibility of doing something.

job. noun. the regular work that a person does to earn money.

chore. noun. a job or piece of work that is often boring or unpleasant but needs to be done regularly.

change. noun. the act of becoming different, or the result of something becoming different.

challenge. noun. (the situation of being faced with) something that needs great mental or physical effort
in order to be done successfully and therefore tests a person's ability.

achievement. noun. something very good and difficult that you have succeeded in doing.

Unit 9

manage. verb. to be responsible for controlling or organizing someone or something, especially a

business or employees.

hire. verb. to employ someone or pay someone to do a particular job.

fire. verb. to remove someone from their job, either because they have done something wrong or badly,
or as a way of saving the cost of employing them.

wage. noun. a particular amount of money that is paid, usually every week, to an employee, especially
one who does work that needs physical skills or strength, rather than a job needing a college education.

salary. noun. a fixed amount of money agreed every year as pay for an employee, usually paid directly
into his or her bank account every month.

employer. noun. a person or organization that employs people.

retirement. noun. the act of leaving your job and stopping working, usually because you are old.

contract. noun. a legal document that states and explains a formal agreement between two different
people or groups, or the agreement itself.

profession. noun. any type of work that needs special training or a particular skill, often one that is
respected because it involves a high level of education.

career. noun. the job or series of jobs that you do during your working life, especially if you continue to
get better jobs and earn more money.

apply. verb. to request something, usually officially, especially in writing or by sending in a form.

political science. noun. the study of how people get or compete for power and how it is used in
governing a country.

physics. noun. the scientific study of matter and energy and the effect that they have on each other.

medicine. noun. treatment for illness or injury, or the study of this.

law. noun. the study of law or the job of being a lawyer.

engineering. noun. the work of an engineer, or the study of this work.

education. noun. the process of teaching or learning, especially in a school or college, or the knowledge
that you get from this.

economics. noun. the study of the way in which economies work, for example, the way in which they
make money and produce and distribute goods and services.

computer science. noun. the study of computers and how they can be used.

chemistry. noun. the scientific study of the basic characteristics of substances and the ways in which
they react or combine.

business. noun. the activity of buying and selling goods and services.

biology. noun. the scientific study of the natural processes of living things.

architecture. noun. the art and practice of designing and making buildings.

Unit 10

transport. verb. to take goods or people from one place to another.

store. verb. to put or keep things in a special place for use in the future.

ship. verb. to send something, usually a large object or a large quantity of objects or people, to a place
far away.

produce. verb. to make something or bring something into existence.

manufacture. verb. to produce goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines.

import. verb. to buy or bring in products from another country.

export. verb. to send goods to another country for sale.

design. verb. to make or draw plans for something, for example clothes or buildings.

waterproof. adjective. not allowing water to go through.

strong. adjective. difficult to break, destroy, or make sick, or able to support a heavy weight or force.

soft. adjective. not hard or firm.

natural. adjective. from nature; not artificial or involving anything made or caused by people.

hard. adjective. not easy to bend, cut, or break.

fragile. adjective. easily damaged, broken, or harmed.

artificial. adjective. made by people, often as a copy of something natural.

wool. noun. the soft, thick hair that grows on the bodies of sheep and some other animals.
wood. noun. a hard substance that forms the branches and trunks of trees and can be used as a building
material, for making things, or as a fuel.

stone. noun. the hard, solid substance found in the ground that is often used for building, or a piece of
this.

polyester. noun. a type of artificial cloth.

plastic. noun. an artificial substance that can be shaped when soft into many different forms and has
many different uses.

metal. noun. a chemical element, such as iron or gold, or a mixture of such elements, such as steel, that
is generally hard and strong, and through which electricity and heat can travel.

leather. noun. animal skin treated in order to preserve it, and used to make shoes, bags, clothes,
equipment, etc..

glass. noun. a hard, transparent material, used to make windows, bottles, and other objects.

cotton. noun. thread or cloth made from the fibres of the cotton plant.

Unit 11

work out. . (of a situation) to happen or develop in a particular, esp. a satisfactory, way, or (of a person)
to be suitable for a particular situation.

set up. . to start a new business.

can't take sth. verb. to not be able to deal with an unpleasant situation.

risk taker. noun. someone who often takes risks.

situation. noun. the set of things that are happening and the conditions that exist at a particular time
and place.

risk. noun. the possibility of something bad happening.

reward. noun. something given in exchange for good behaviour or good work, etc..

result. noun. something that happens or exists because of something else.

research. noun. a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a
(new) understanding.

purpose. noun. why you do something or why something exists.

option. noun. one thing that can be chosen from a set of possibilities, or the freedom to make a choice.

goal. noun. an aim or purpose.

effect. noun. the result of a particular influence.

disadvantage. noun. a condition or situation that causes problems, especially one that causes something
or someone to be less successful than other things or people.
consider. verb. to spend time thinking about a possibility or making a decision.

advantage. noun. a condition giving a greater chance of success.

give (sth) up. . If you give up a habit, such as smoking, or something such as alcohol, you stop doing it or
using it.

figure sth/sb out. . to finally understand something or someone, or find the solution to a problem after a
lot of thought.

keep (sth) up. . to continue without stopping or changing, or to continue something without allowing it
to stop or change.

work at sth. . to try hard to achieve something.

get over something. . to accept an unpleasant fact or situation after dealing with it for a while.

Unit 12

terrific. adjective. very good.

tiny. adjective. extremely small.

terrified. adjective. very frightened.

starving. adjective. very hungry.

miserable. adjective. very unhappy.

magnificent. adjective. very good, beautiful, or deserving to be admired.

huge. adjective. extremely large in size or amount.

freezing. adjective, adverb. extremely cold.

exhausted. adjective. extremely tired.

enormous. adjective. extremely large.

boiling. adjective. very hot.

spill. verb. to (cause to) flow, move, fall, or spread over the edge or outside the limits of something.

slip. verb. to slide without intending to.

shake. verb. to move backwards and forwards or up and down in quick, short movements, or to make
something or someone do this.

destroy. verb. to damage something so badly that it cannot be used.

damage. verb. to harm or spoil something.

blame. verb. to say or think that someone or something did something wrong or is responsible for
something bad happening.
Unit 1

be responsible for sb/sth/doing sth. adjective. to have control and authority over something or someone
and the duty of taking care of it, him, or her.

business. noun. the activity of buying and selling goods and services.

humor. noun, verb. US spelling of humour.

truthful. adjective. honest and not containing or telling any lies.

successful. adjective. having achieved a lot, become popular, and/or made a lot of money.

qualified. adjective. having finished a training course, or having particular skills, etc..

polite. adjective. behaving in a way that is socially correct and shows understanding of and care for
other people's feelings.

independent. adjective. not influenced or controlled in any way by other people, events, or things.

experienced. adjective. having skill or knowledge because you have done something many times.

enthusiastic. adjective. showing enthusiasm.

curious. adjective. interested in learning about people or things around you.

confident. adjective. being certain of your abilities or having trust in people, plans, or the future.

creative. adjective. producing or using original and unusual ideas.

ambitious. adjective. having a strong wish to be successful, powerful, or rich.

joke. noun. something, such as a funny story or trick, that is said or done in order to make people laugh.

record. noun. the best or fastest ever done.

medal. noun. a small metal disc, with words or a picture on it, given as a reward for a brave action, for
winning a competition, or to remember a special event.

fear. noun. an unpleasant emotion or thought that you have when you are frightened or worried by
something dangerous, painful, or bad that is happening or might happen.

marathon. noun. an activity that takes a long time and makes you very tired.

challenge. noun. (the situation of being faced with) something that needs great mental or physical effort
in order to be done successfully and therefore tests a person's ability.

goal. noun. an aim or purpose.

pride. noun. a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction that you get because you or people connected with
you have done or got something good.

Unit 2
gain. verb. to get something that is useful, that gives you an advantage, or that is in some way positive,
especially over a period of time.

be all the rage. noun. to be very popular or fashionable.

interest. noun. the feeling of wanting to give your attention to something or of wanting to be involved
with and to discover more about something.

ginger. noun. the spicy root of a tropical plant that is used in cooking or preserved in sugar, or a powder
made from this root, used as a spice.

shrimp. noun. a very small sea creature similar to a prawn but smaller, or its flesh eaten as food.

eggplant. noun. an oval, purple vegetable that is white inside and is usually eaten cooked.

pineapple. noun. (the yellow flesh and juice of) a large tropical fruit with a rough orange or brown skin
and pointed leaves on top.

stir. verb. to mix a liquid or other substance by moving an object such as a spoon in a circular pattern.

rinse. verb. to use water to clean the soap or dirt from something.

fry. verb. to cook food in hot oil or fat.

chop. verb. to cut something into pieces with an axe, knife, or other sharp instrument.

boil. verb. to cook food by putting it in water that is boiling.

barbecue. noun. a metal frame on which meat, fish, or vegetables are cooked outdoors over a fire.

fashionable. adjective. popular at a particular time.

popularity. noun. the fact that something or someone is liked, enjoyed, or supported by many people.

trendy. adjective. modern and influenced by the most recent fashions or ideas.

old-fashioned. adjective. not modern; belonging to or typical of a time in the past.

fad. noun. a style, activity, or interest that is very popular for a short period of time.

Unit 3

fair. adjective. treating someone in a way that is right or reasonable, or treating a group of people
equally and not allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment.

standard. noun. a level of quality.

boost. verb. to improve or increase something.

trade. noun. the activity of buying and selling, or exchanging, goods and/or services between people or
countries.

living. noun. the money that you earn from your job.

pay. verb. to give money to someone for something you want to buy or for services provided.
invest. verb. to buy something that you think will go up in value, for example shares or property, in
order to make a profit.

depend on/upon someone/something. . to need the support of someone or something.

rely on/upon something/someone. . to depend on or trust someone or something.

charge. verb. to ask an amount of money for something, especially a service or activity.

treat. verb. to buy or pay for something for another person.

quality. noun. how good or bad something is.

spend. verb. to give money as a payment for something.

can afford. verb. to be able to buy or do something because you have enough money or time.

value. noun. the amount of money that can be received for something.

worth. adjective. having a particular value, especially in money.

lifestyle. noun. someone's way of living; the things that a person or particular group of people usually
do.

salary. noun. a fixed amount of money agreed every year as pay for an employee, usually paid directly
into his or her bank account every month.

cost. noun. the amount of money needed to buy, do, or make something.

balance. noun. the amount of money you have in a bank account, or the amount of something that you
have left after you have spent or used up the rest.

Unit 4

commercial. adjective. related to buying and selling things.

performer. noun. a person who entertains people by acting, singing, dancing, or playing music.

producer. noun. a person who makes the practical and financial arrangements needed to make a film,
play, or television or radio programme.

icon. noun. a very famous person or thing considered as representing a set of beliefs or a way of life.

hero. noun. a person who is admired for having done something very brave or having achieved
something great.

filmmaker. noun. someone who is in charge of making a film.

entertainer. noun. someone whose job is to entertain people by singing, telling jokes, etc..

DJ. verb. to work as a DJ (= someone who chooses and plays recorded music at an event or nightclub, or
on the radio).

designer. noun. a person who imagines how something could be made and draws plans for it.
comedian. noun. a person whose job is to make people laugh by telling jokes and funny stories or by
copying the behaviour or speech of famous people.

celebrity. noun. someone who is famous, especially in the entertainment business.

audience. noun. the (number of) people watching or listening to a particular television or radio
programme, reading a particular book, or visiting a particular website.

slogan. noun. a short easily remembered phrase, especially one used to advertise an idea or a product.

logo. noun. a design or symbol used by a company to advertise its products.

brand. noun. the name of a product produced or sold by a particular company.

sponsor. verb. to support a person, organization, or activity by giving money, encouragement, or other
help.

advertise. verb. to make something known generally or in public, especially in order to sell it.

commercial. noun. an advertisement that is broadcast on television or radio.

status. noun. an accepted or official position, especially in a social group.

merchandising. noun. the activity of making people aware of your products and increasing sales through
advertising, special events, etc..

fashion. noun. a style that is popular at a particular time, especially in clothes, hair, make-up, etc..

merchandise. noun. goods that are bought and sold.

advertisement. noun. a picture, short film, song, etc. that tries to persuade people to buy a product or
service, or a piece of text that tells people about a job, etc..

Unit 5

cheer. verb. to give a loud shout of approval or encouragement.

human. adjective. being, relating to, or belonging to a person or to people as opposed to animals.

text. verb. to send someone a text message by phone.

hang out. . to spend a lot of time in a place or with someone.

ticket. noun. a small piece of paper or card given to someone, usually to show that they have paid for an
event, journey, or activity.

concert. noun. a performance of music by one or more musicians or singers.

tearjerker. noun. a book, film, play, etc. that has a sad story intended to make people cry or be sad.

mystery. noun. something strange or not known that has not yet been explained or understood.

success. noun. the achieving of the results wanted or hoped for.

interest. noun. the quality that makes you think that something is interesting.
hard-luck story. noun. a story or piece of information that someone tells you or writes about himself or
herself, intended to make you feel sympathy for that person.

feel-good. adjective. causing happy and positive feelings about life.

saga. noun. a long, detailed story of connected events.

family. noun. a group of people who are related to each other, such as a mother, a father, and their
children.

tragedy. noun. a play about death or suffering with a sad end, or this type of play generally.

personal. adjective. relating or belonging to a single or particular person rather than to a group or an
organization.

horror. noun. an extremely strong feeling of fear and shock, or the frightening and shocking character of
something.

coming-of-age. adjective. done to celebrate the fact that someone is legally an adult.

Unit 6

involved. adjective. interested in or taking part in an activity or event.

donate. verb. to give money or goods to help a person or organization.

take part. noun. to be involved in an activity with other people.

connect. verb. to feel close to someone or have a good relationship with them.

rewarding. adjective. something that is rewarding gives you a feeling of satisfaction and pleasure.

reward. noun. something given in exchange for good behaviour or good work, etc..

appreciative. adjective. showing that you understand how good something is, or are grateful for
something.

appreciation. noun. the act of recognizing or understanding that something is valuable, important, or as
described.

appreciate. verb. to recognize how good someone or something is and to value him, her, or it.

thoughtless. adjective. not considering how your actions or words may upset someone.

thoughtful. adjective. carefully considering things.

kindness. noun. a kind action.

kind. adjective. generous, helpful, and thinking about other people's feelings.

gratitude. noun. the feeling or quality of being grateful.

ungrateful. adjective. not showing or expressing any thanks.

grateful. adjective. showing or expressing thanks, especially to another person.

helpless. adjective. unable to do anything to help yourself or anyone else.

helpful. adjective. willing to help, or useful.

help. verb. to make it possible or easier for someone to do something, by doing part of the work
yourself or by providing advice, money, support, etc..

Unit 7

trend. verb. to be one of the words, subjects, or names that is being mentioned most often on a social
media website or a news website at a particular time.

timeline. noun. the part of a social media website where items that have been added by you, or that
relate to you, are shown.

tag. noun. a link to someone's profile from a photo or comment on a website such as Instagram or
Facebook.

update. verb. to give someone the most recent information.

status. noun. on a social media website, especially Facebook™, a piece of information that you publish
about yourself telling people what you are doing, thinking, etc. at a particular time.

profile. noun. information about a person's life, work, interests, etc. on a social networking website.

newsfeed. noun. a web page or screen that updates (= changes) often to show the latest news or
information.

meme. noun. an idea, image, video, etc. that is spread very quickly on the internet.

lurker. noun. someone who reads the messages in a chat room without taking part.

hashtag. noun. used on social media for describing the general subject of a Tweet or other post (=
message).

geotag. noun. a piece of electronic data that shows where someone or something is and can, for
example, be attached to a photograph or comment on social media.

clickbait. noun. articles, photographs, etc. on the internet that are intended to attract attention and
encourage people to click on links to particular websites.

reply. verb. to answer.

gossip. noun. conversation or reports about other people's private lives that might be unkind,
disapproving, or not true.

explain. verb. to make something clear or easy to understand by describing or giving information about
it.

contact. noun. communication with someone, especially by speaking or writing to them regularly.

congratulate. verb. to praise someone and say that you approve of or are pleased about a special or
unusual achievement.
comment. noun. something that you say or write that expresses your opinion.

catch up. . to talk with someone you know in order to exchange news or information.

Unit 8

nine to five. number. describing or relating to work that begins at nine o'clock in the morning and
finishes at five, the hours worked in many offices from Monday to Friday.

social. adjective. relating to activities in which you meet and spend time with other people and that
happen during the time when you are not working.

shift. noun. a group of workers who do a job for a period of time during the day or night, or the period of
time itself.

seminar. noun. an occasion when a teacher or expert and a group of people meet to study and discuss
something.

lecture. noun. a formal talk on a serious subject given to a group of people, especially students.

downtime. noun. Downtime for a person is a time when the person can relax.

commitment. noun. a promise or firm decision to do something.

chill out. . to relax completely, or not allow things to upset you.

schedule. noun. a list of planned activities or things to be done showing the times or dates when they
are intended to happen or be done.

assignment. noun. a piece of work given to someone, typically as part of their studies or job.

tough. adjective. difficult to do or to deal with.

tiring. adjective. causing you to feel you have no energy.

temporary. adjective. a temporary job or contract lasts only for a short period of time.

stressful. adjective. a stressful situation or event is difficult to deal with and makes you feel worried and
unhappy.

permanent. adjective. used to describe something, for example a job or contract, that lasts for a long
time.

part-time. adverb, adjective. If you work part-time or do part-time work, you work for only some of the
day or the week.

high-paying. adjective. used to describe work for which people earn a lot of money.

freelance. adjective, adverb. doing particular pieces of work for different organizations, rather than
working all the time for a single organization.

full-time. adjective, adverb. (of work or education) done for the whole of a working week.

challenging. adjective. difficult, in a way that tests your ability or determination.

Unit 9

allow. verb. to give permission for someone to do something, or to not prevent something from
happening.

requirement. noun. something that you must do, or something you need.

register. verb. to put information, especially your name, into an official list or record.

prohibition. noun. the act of officially not allowing something, or an order that does this.

permission. noun. If someone is given permission to do something, they are allowed to do it.

obligation. noun. something that a person feels morally or legally forced to do.

limit. noun. the greatest amount, number, or level allowed or possible.

ban. verb. to forbid (= refuse to allow) something, especially officially.

control. noun. the act of controlling something or someone, or the power to do this.

plaza. noun. an open, public area in a city or town, or a group of buildings with stores, often including an
open, public area.

toll. noun. a small amount of money that you have to pay to use a road, cross a bridge, etc..

residential. adjective. A residential road, area, etc. has only private houses, not offices and factories..

public. adjective. A public place is one where a lot of people are.

playground. noun. an area designed for children to play in outside, especially at a school or in a park.

laboratory. noun. a room or building with scientific equipment for doing scientific tests or for teaching
science, or a place where chemicals or medicines are produced.

highway. noun. a public road, especially an important road that joins cities or towns together.

courthouse. noun. a building that contains law courts.

construction. noun. the work of building or making something, especially buildings, bridges, etc..

consulate. noun. the offices or building used by a consul.

boardwalk. noun. a path made of wooden boards built along a beach.

Unit 10

mistake. noun. an action, decision, or judgment that produces an unwanted or unintentional result.

error. noun. a mistake.

fix. verb. to repair something.

society. noun. an organization to which people who share similar interests can belong.

lab. noun. a laboratory.

invention. noun. something that has never been made before, or the process of creating something that
has never been made before.

carry sth out. . to do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you
have been told to do.

research. noun. a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a
(new) understanding.

phenomenon. noun. something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something
unusual or interesting.

knowledge. noun. understanding of or information about a subject that you get by experience or study,
either known by one person or by people generally.

provide. verb. to give someone something that they need.

insight. noun. (the ability to have) a clear, deep, and sometimes sudden understanding of a complicated
problem or situation.

connection. noun. the state of being related to someone or something else.

face. verb. If you face a problem, or a problem faces you, you have to deal with it.

challenge. noun. (the situation of being faced with) something that needs great mental or physical effort
in order to be done successfully and therefore tests a person's ability.

breakthrough. noun. an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an
answer to a problem.

discovery. noun. the process of finding information, a place, or an object, especially for the first time, or
the thing that is found.

Unit 11

scientist. noun. an expert who studies or works in one of the sciences.

medical. adjective. of or relating to medicine, or for the treatment of disease or injury.

base sth on sth. . If you base something on facts or ideas, you use those facts or ideas to develop it.

proven. adjective. shown to be true.

prove. verb. to show that something is true.

research. noun. a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or reach a
(new) understanding.

degree. noun. a course of study at a college or university, or the qualification given to a student after he
or she has completed his or her studies.

dorm. noun. a large room containing many beds, for example in a boarding school.
semester. noun. one of the periods into which a year is divided at a college or university, especially in
the US and Australia.

grade. noun. a number or letter that shows how good someone's work or performance is.

freshman. noun. a student in the first year of high school, college, or university.

facility. noun. something such as a place, building, or equipment used for a particular purpose or
activity.

faculty. noun. a group of departments in a college that specialize in a particular subject or group of
subjects.

society. noun. an organization to which people who share similar interests can belong.

association. noun. a group of people who work together in a single organization for a particular purpose.

campus. noun. the buildings of a college or university and the land that surrounds them.

professor. noun. a teacher of the highest rank in a department of a British university, or a teacher of
high rank in an American university or college.

undergraduate. noun. a student who is studying for their first degree at a college or university.

Unit 12

vivid. adjective. Vivid descriptions, memories, etc. produce very clear, powerful, and detailed images in
the mind.

long-term. adjective. continuing a long time into the future.

recall. verb. to bring the memory of a past event into your mind, and often to give a description of what
you remember.

short-term. adjective. relating to a short period of time.

remind. verb. to make someone think of something they have forgotten or might have forgotten.

recognize. verb. to know someone or something because you have seen or heard him or her or
experienced it before.

childhood. noun. the time when someone is a child.

high-pitched. adjective. A voice that is high-pitched is higher than usual..

melodic. adjective. very pleasant to listen to.

deep. adjective. (of a sound) low.

rough. adjective. If a surface such as paper or skin is rough, it does not feel smooth when you touch it.

tasty. adjective. Tasty food has a strong and very pleasant flavour.

colorful. adjective. having a bright color or a lot of different colors.

flavourful. adjective. full of flavour.

scented. adjective. having a pleasant strong smell, usually because a pleasant-smelling substance has
been added to it.

bright. adjective. full of light, shining.

stinky. adjective. having or producing an unpleasant smell.

damp. adjective. slightly wet, especially in a way that is not pleasant or comfortable.

smooth. adjective. having a surface or consisting of a substance that is perfectly regular and has no
holes, lumps, or areas that rise or fall suddenly.

Unit 1

complex. adjective. involving a lot of different but related parts.

annoying. adjective. making you feel slightly angry.

underestimate. verb. to fail to understand how strong, skilful, intelligent, or determined someone,
especially a competitor, is.

tricky. adjective. If a piece of work or problem is tricky, it is difficult to deal with and needs careful
attention or skill.

tackle. verb. to try to deal with something or someone.

time-consuming. adjective. A time-consuming task takes a lot of time to do.

survive. verb. to continue to live or exist, especially after coming close to dying or being destroyed or
after being in a difficult or threatening situation.

patience. noun. the ability to wait, or to continue doing something despite difficulties, or to suffer
without complaining or becoming annoyed.

resist. verb. to refuse to accept or be changed by something.

infuriating. adjective. extremely annoying.

cope. verb. to deal successfully with a difficult situation.

frustrating. adjective. making you feel annoyed or less confident because you cannot achieve what you
want.

can't take sth. verb. to not be able to deal with an unpleasant situation.

complex. adjective. difficult to understand or find an answer to because of having many different parts.

frightened. adjective. feeling fear or worry.

clumsy. adjective. not skilful in the way you deal with or express something.

capable. adjective. able to do things effectively and skilfully, and to achieve results.
awkward. adjective. difficult to use, do, or deal with.

adapt. verb. to change your ideas or behaviour to make them suitable for a new situation.

welcome. verb. to be pleased about and encourage or support something.

accept. verb. to believe that something is true.

Unit 2

volcano. noun. a mountain with a large, circular hole at the top through which lava (= hot liquid rock)
gases, steam, and dust are or have been forced out.

territory. noun. (an area of) land, or sometimes sea, that is considered as belonging to or connected
with a particular country or person.

survivor. noun. a person who continues to live, despite nearly dying.

species. noun. a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics to each other
and can breed with each other.

pond. noun. an area of water smaller than a lake, often artificially made.

satellite. noun. a device sent up into space to travel around the earth, used for collecting information or
communicating by radio, television, etc..

poisonous. adjective. very harmful and able to cause illness or death.

resource. noun. Resources are natural substances such as water and wood which are valuable in
supporting life.

origin. noun. the beginning or cause of something.

preserve. verb. to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being
damaged or destroyed.

the environment. noun. the air, water, and land in or on which people, animals, and plants live.

observe. verb. to watch carefully the way something happens or the way someone does something,
especially in order to learn more about it.

endangered birds/plants/species. adjective. animals or plants that may soon not exist because there are
very few now alive.

monitor. verb. to watch and check a situation carefully for a period of time in order to discover
something about it.

creature. noun. any large or small living thing that can move independently.

launch. noun. an occasion when a ship is put into water, or a spacecraft is sent into space, for the first
time.

habitat. noun. the natural environment in which an animal or plant usually lives.
investigation. noun. the act or process of examining a crime, problem, statement, etc. carefully,
especially to discover the truth.

use sth up. . to finish a supply of something.

exploration. noun. the activity of searching and finding out about something.

surface. noun. the outer or top part or layer of something.

atmosphere. noun. the air that you breathe in a place.

Unit 3

weird. adjective. very strange and unusual, unexpected, or not natural.

bizarre. adjective. very strange and unusual.

uneasy. adjective. slightly worried or uncomfortable about a particular situation.

stereotype. verb. to have a set idea about what a particular type of person is like, especially an idea that
is wrong.

tense. adjective. nervous and worried and unable to relax.

introvert. noun. someone who is shy, quiet, and prefers to spend time alone rather than often being
with other people.

stunning. adjective. extremely beautiful or attractive.

interact. verb. to communicate with or react to.

satisfying. adjective. making you feel pleased by providing what you need or want.

leave sb/sth out. . to not include someone or something.

irritating. adjective. making you feel annoyed.

reserved. adjective. Reserved people do not often talk about or show their feelings or thoughts.

impressive. adjective. If someone is impressive, you admire or respect that person for their special skills
or abilities.

show off. . to behave in a way that is intended to attract attention or admiration, and that other people
often find annoying.

fabulous. adjective. very good; excellent.

attention. noun. notice, thought, or interest.

disgusting. adjective. extremely unpleasant or unacceptable.

extrovert. noun. an energetic person who enjoys being with other people.

creepy. adjective. strange or unnatural and making you feel frightened.

socialize. verb. to spend time with other people for pleasure.

Unit 4

weakness. noun. a particular part or quality of someone or something that is not good or effective.

take. verb. to accept or have.

valid. adjective. based on truth or reason; able to be accepted.

steer. verb. to take someone or something or make someone or something go in the direction in which
you want him, her, or it.

unreasonable. adjective. not fair or acceptable.

oversee. verb. to watch or organize a job or an activity to make certain that it is being done correctly.

strength. noun. the ability to do things that need a lot of physical or mental effort.

enable. verb. to make someone able to do something, or to make something possible.

point sth out. . to tell someone about some information, often because you believe they do not know it
or have forgotten it.

demonstrate. verb. to show or make something clear.

destructive. adjective. causing, or able to cause, damage.

contribute. verb. to add new plans or ideas, or help make improvements to something so that it
becomes more valuable or successful.

constructive. adjective. If advice, criticism, or actions are constructive, they are useful and intended to
help or improve something.

trust. verb. to believe that someone is good and honest and will not harm you, or that something is safe
and reliable.

consequence. noun. a result of a particular action or situation, often one that is bad or not convenient.

relationship. noun. the way in which two or more people feel and behave towards each other.

assess. verb. to judge or decide the amount, value, quality, or importance of something.

build. verb. to develop something.

aspect. noun. one part of a situation, problem, subject, etc..

assist. verb. to help.

Unit 5

hesitate. verb. to pause before you do or say something, often because you are uncertain or nervous
about it.
fear. noun. an unpleasant emotion or thought that you have when you are frightened or worried by
something dangerous, painful, or bad that is happening or might happen.

unwilling. adjective. not willing.

overcome. verb. to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with something.

reluctant. adjective. not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it.

cure. verb. to solve a problem.

prepared. adjective. ready to deal with a situation.

calm (sb) down. . to stop feeling upset, angry, or excited, or to stop someone feeling this way.

passionate. adjective. having very strong feelings or emotions.

technique. noun. a way of doing an activity that needs skill.

eager. adjective. wanting very much to do or have something, especially something interesting or
enjoyable.

scared. adjective. frightened or worried.

anxious. adjective. worried and nervous.

control. verb. to order, limit, or rule something, or someone's actions or behaviour.

therapy. noun. a treatment that helps someone feel better, grow stronger, etc., especially after an
illness.

rational. adjective. showing clear thought or reason.

regain. verb. to take or get possession of something again.

be conscious of sth/sb. adjective. to notice that a particular thing or person exists or is present.

panic. noun. a sudden strong feeling of fear that prevents reasonable thought and action.

anxiety. noun. an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness or worry about something that is happening or
might happen in the future.

Unit 6

swear. verb. to promise or say firmly that you are telling the truth or that you will do something or
behave in a particular way.

propose. verb. to offer or suggest a possible plan or action for other people to consider.

fame. noun. the state of being known or recognized by many people because of your achievements,
skills, etc..

hope. verb. to want something to happen or to be true, and usually have a good reason to think that it
might.
seek. verb. to try to find or get something, especially something that is not a physical object.

doubt. noun. (a feeling of) not being certain about something, especially about how good or true it is.

awareness. noun. knowledge that something exists, or understanding of a situation or subject at the
present time based on information or experience.

estimate. verb. to guess or calculate the cost, size, value, etc. of something.

praise. verb. to express admiration or approval of the achievements or characteristics of a person or

thing.

deny. verb. to say that something is not true.

headline. noun. a line of words printed in large letters as the title of a story in a newspaper, or the main
points of the news that are broadcast on television or radio.

confirm. verb. to prove that a belief or an opinion that was previously not completely certain is true.

entertaining. adjective. funny and enjoyable.

claim. verb. to say that something is true or is a fact, although you cannot prove it and other people
might not believe it.

appearance. noun. a public performance by an entertainer.

boast. verb. to speak too proudly or happily about what you have done or what you own.

reputation. noun. the opinion that people in general have about someone or something, or how much
respect or admiration someone or something receives, based on past behaviour or character.

argue. verb. to give the reasons for your opinion, idea, belief, etc..

publicity. noun. the activity of making certain that someone or something attracts a lot of interest or
attention from many people, or the attention received as a result of this activity.

announce. verb. to make something known or tell people about something officially.

broadcast. verb. to spread information to a lot of people.

Unit 7

value. noun. the importance or worth of something for someone.

urge sb on. . to encourage someone to do or achieve something.

reassure. verb. to comfort someone and stop them from worrying.

purchase. verb. to buy something.

make a (big) difference. noun. to improve a situation (a lot).

be worth sth. adjective. to be important or interesting enough to receive a particular action.

contribution. noun. something that you contribute or do to help produce or achieve something together
with other people, or to help make something successful.

ridiculous. adjective. stupid or unreasonable and deserving to be laughed at.

satisfaction. noun. a pleasant feeling that you get when you receive something you wanted, or when you
have done something you wanted to do.

potential. noun. someone's or something's ability to develop, achieve, or succeed.

devote something/yourself to something/someone. . to give your time or effort completely to

something you believe in or to a person, or to use a particular amount of time or energy doing
something.

appeal. verb. to interest or attract someone.

worthwhile. adjective. useful, important, or good enough to be a suitable reward for the money or time
spent or the effort made.

encourage. verb. to make someone more likely to do something, or to make something more likely to
happen.

convince. verb. to persuade someone or make someone certain.

beneficial. adjective. helpful, useful, or good.

practical. adjective. relating to experience, real situations, or actions rather than ideas or imagination.

honor. noun. great respect for someone, or the feeling of pride and pleasure resulting when respect is
shown to you.

foolish. adjective. unwise, stupid, or not showing good judgment.

influence. noun. the power to have an effect on people or things, or a person or thing that is able to do
this.

Unit 8

ease. verb. to move or to make something move slowly and carefully in a particular direction or into a
particular position.

expected. adjective. believed to be going to happen or arrive.

difficulty. noun. the fact of not being easy to do or understand.

throw sth away. . to get rid of something you do not want any more.

thoroughly. adverb. in a detailed and careful way.

pile. noun. objects positioned one on top of another.

successfully. adverb. in a way that achieves the results wanted or hoped for.

arrange. verb. to plan, prepare for, or organize something.

steadily. adverb. gradually.

tangled up in sth. adjective. involved in something bad.

smoothly. adverb. easily and without interruption or difficulty.

organized. adjective. arranged according to a particular system.

little by little. adverb. slowly or gradually.

order. noun. the way in which people or things are arranged, either in relation to one another or
according to a particular characteristic.

efficiently. adverb. working or operating in an organized, quick, and effective way.

line-up. noun. a group of people that has been brought together to form a team or take part in an event.

effectively. adverb. in a way that is successful and achieves what you want.

alphabetical. adjective. arranged in the same order as the letters of the alphabet.

pace. noun. the speed at which someone or something moves, or with which something happens or
changes.

disorganized. adjective. badly planned and without order.

Unit 9

wish. verb. to want to do something.

path. noun. a set of actions, especially ones that lead to a goal or result.

regret. noun. a feeling of sadness about something sad or wrong or about a mistake that you have
made, and a wish that it could have been different and better.

lucky. adjective. having good things happen to you by chance.

funny. adjective. strange, surprising, unexpected, or difficult to explain or understand.

life-changing. adjective. having an effect that is strong enough to change someone's life.

kick yourself. . to be annoyed because you did something stupid or failed to act when you had an
opportunity.

fate. noun. a power that some people believe causes and controls all events, so that you cannot change
or control the way things will happen.

fault. noun. a mistake, especially something for which you are to blame.

determination. noun. the ability to continue trying to do something, although it is very difficult.

unfortunate. adjective. unlucky or having bad effects.

deliberate. adjective. A deliberate movement, action, or thought is done carefully without hurrying.
incompetent. adjective. not having the ability to do something as it should be done.

coincidence. noun. an occasion when two or more similar things happen at the same time, especially in
a way that is unlikely and surprising.

silly. adjective. showing little thought or judgment.

encounter. noun. a meeting, especially one that happens by chance.

dumb. adjective. temporarily unable to speak, for example because you are very surprised or shocked.

chance. noun. the level of possibility that something will happen.

wind up. . to find yourself in an unexpected and usually unpleasant situation, especially as a result of
what you do.

fortunate. adjective. lucky.

Unit 10

match. noun. a person or thing that is equal to another person or thing in strength, speed, or quality.

examination. noun. the act of looking at or considering something carefully in order to discover
something.

male. adjective. used to refer to men or boys, or the sex that fertilizes eggs, and does not produce
babies or eggs itself.

survey. noun. an examination of opinions, behaviour, etc., made by asking people questions.

look-alike. noun. someone or something that is similar in appearance to someone or something else.

identify. verb. to recognize a problem, need, fact, etc. and to show that it exists.

look. verb. to try to find something or someone.

examine. verb. to look at or consider a person or thing carefully and in detail in order to discover
something about them.

likeness. noun. the fact of being similar in appearance.

demonstrate. verb. to show or make something clear.

individual. noun. a single person or thing, especially when compared to the group or set to which they
belong.

calculate. verb. to judge the number or amount of something by using the information that you already
have, and adding, taking away, multiplying, or dividing numbers.

gender. noun. the physical and/or social condition of being male or female.

assess. verb. to judge or decide the amount, value, quality, or importance of something.

female. adjective. belonging or relating to women, or the sex that can give birth to young or produce
eggs.
analysis. noun. the process of studying or examining something in an organized way to learn more about
it, or a particular study of something.

feature. noun. a typical quality or an important part of something.

analyse. verb. to study or examine something in detail, in order to discover more about it.

characteristic. noun. a typical or noticeable quality of someone or something.

similarity. noun. the fact that people or things look or are the same.

build. verb. to create and develop something over a long period of time.

Unit 11

rumor. noun. an unofficial interesting story or piece of news that might be true or invented, and quickly
spreads from person to person.

suspicious. adjective. making you feel that something illegal is happening or that something is wrong.

misleading. adjective. causing someone to believe something that is not true.

misinformation. noun. wrong information, or the fact that people are misinformed.

legal. adjective. allowed by the law.

inaccurate. adjective. not completely correct or exact, or not able to do something correctly or exactly.

inferior. adjective. not good, or not as good as someone or something else.

hoax. noun. a plan to deceive someone, such as telling the police there is a bomb somewhere when
there is not one, or a trick.

imperfect. adjective. damaged, containing problems, or not having something.

false. adjective. not real, but made to look or seem real.

illegal. adjective. not allowed by law.

exaggerated. adjective. seeming larger, more important, better, or worse than it really is.

genuine. adjective. If something is genuine, it is real and exactly what it appears to be.

dishonest. adjective. not honest.

fireproof. adjective. unable to be damaged by fire.

controversial. adjective. causing disagreement or discussion.

fake. noun. an object that is made to look real or valuable in order to deceive people.

biased. adjective. preferring or disliking someone or something more than someone or something else,
in a way that means that they are treated unfairly.

deadly. adjective. complete or extreme.

accurate. adjective. correct, exact, and without any mistakes.

counterfeit. adjective. made to look like the original of something, usually for dishonest or illegal
purposes.

sophisticated. adjective. intelligent or made in a complicated way and therefore able to do complicated
tasks.

authentic. adjective. If something is authentic, it is real, true, or what people say it is.

Unit 12

musical. adjective. If you are musical, you have a skill in or a great liking for music.

talented. adjective. with talent; able or skilful.

logical. adjective. reasonable and based on good judgment.

skilled. adjective. having the abilities needed to do an activity or job well.

intellectual. noun. a very educated person whose interests are studying and other activities that involve
careful thinking and mental effort.

stress. noun. great worry caused by a difficult situation, or something that causes this condition.

imaginative. adjective. good at thinking of new, original, and clever ideas.

ruin. verb. to spoil or destroy something completely.

gifted. adjective. having special ability in a particular subject or activity.

impression. noun. an idea or opinion of what something or someone is like.

determined. adjective. wanting to do something very much and not allowing anyone or any difficulties
to stop you.

lasting. adjective. continuing to exist for a long time or for ever.

competent. adjective. able to do something well.

capture. verb. to represent or describe something very accurately using words or images.

athletic. adjective. strong, healthy, and good at sports.

brighten. verb. to (cause to) become lighter.

artistic. adjective. able to create or enjoy art.

downer. noun. an event or experience that makes you unhappy.

analytical. adjective. examining or liking to examine things in detail, in order to discover more about
them.

Unit 1
prototype. noun. the first example of something, such as a machine or other industrial product, from
which all later forms are developed.

voice. noun. the sounds that are made when people speak or sing.

activation. noun. the act of making something start or making it start working.

virtual. adjective. Something that is virtual can be done or seen using a computer and therefore without
going anywhere or talking to anyone.

system. noun. a set of computer equipment and programs used together for a particular purpose.

operate. verb. if a business, system, etc. operates in a particular way, it works or is used in that way.

image. noun. any picture, especially one formed by a mirror or a lens.

translation. noun. the activity or process of changing the words of one language into the words in
another language that have the same meaning.

computer. noun. an electronic machine that is used for storing, organizing, and finding words, numbers,
and pictures, for doing calculations, and for controlling other machines.

speech. noun. the ability to talk, the activity of talking, or a piece of spoken language.

computer-generated. adjective. designed or produced using a computer program.

recognition. noun. the fact of knowing someone or something because you have seen or heard him or
her or experienced it before.

facial. adjective. of or on the face.

chatbot. noun. a computer program designed to have a conversation with a human being, especially
over the internet.

beta. adjective. Beta software is at the second stage of development.

intelligence. noun. the ability to learn, understand, and make judgments or have opinions that are based
on reason.

artificial. adjective. made by people, often as a copy of something natural.

Unit 2

get on with sth. . to start or continue doing something, especially work.

fall in with sth. . to accept and support a plan or suggestion.

mess around with sth. . to use or treat something in a careless or harmful way.

put up with someone/something. . to be willing to accept someone or something that is unpleasant or

not desirable.

face up to sth. . to accept that a difficult situation exists.

come down to sth. . If a situation or decision comes down to something, that is the thing that influences
it most.

stand up to sb/sth. . to defend yourself against a powerful person or organization when they treat you
unfairly.

stand up for someone/something. . to defend or support someone or something.

fit in with sth. . If one activity or event fits in with another, they exist or happen together in a way that is
convenient..

run up against sth. . to experience an unexpected difficulty.

look down on sb. . to think that you are better than someone.

Unit 3

victorious. adjective. having won a game, competition, election, war, etc..

mellow. adjective. relaxed and pleasant or not severe.

melodramatic. adjective. showing much stronger emotions than are necessary or usual for a situation.

defensive. adjective. too quick to protect yourself from being criticized.

harmless. adjective. not able or not likely to cause harm.

foolish. adjective. unwise, stupid, or not showing good judgment.

flustered. adjective. upset and confused.

resourceful. adjective. skilled at solving problems and making decisions on your own.

hysterical. adjective. unable to control your feelings or behaviour because you are extremely frightened,
angry, excited, etc..

disregard. noun. the fact of showing no care or respect for something.

envision. verb. to imagine or expect that something is a likely or desirable possibility in the future.

interpret. verb. to decide what the intended meaning of something is.

presume. verb. to believe something to be true because it is very likely, although you are not certain.

fixate. verb. to think about something too much and find it difficult to stop.

dismiss. verb. to decide that something or someone is not important and not worth considering.

evaluate. verb. to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something.

analyze. verb. to study something in a systematic and careful way.

reconsider. verb. to think again about a decision or opinion and decide if you want to change it.
review. verb. to think or talk about something again, in order to make changes to it or to make a
decision about it.

foresee. verb. to know about something before it happens.

Unit 4

in your mind's eye. . in your imagination or memory.

turn a blind eye. . to ignore something that you know is wrong.

bird's-eye view. noun. the ability to look at something from a very high place so that you see a large area
below you.

in the blink of an eye. . extremely quickly.

delicate. adjective. needing careful treatment, especially because easily damaged.

filthy. adjective. extremely or unpleasantly dirty.

flaky. adjective. coming off easily in small, flat, thin pieces.

stringy. adjective. similar to string.

elaborate. adjective. containing a lot of careful detail or many detailed parts.

mammoth. adjective. extremely large.

cylindrical. adjective. having the shape of a cylinder (= hollow tube).

spiral. noun. a shape made up of curves, each one above or wider than the one before.

circular. adjective. shaped like a circle.

multicolored. adjective. having many different colors.

miniature. adjective. very small.

Unit 5

motivate. verb. to cause someone to behave in a particular way.

stem from sth. . to start or develop as the result of something.

trigger. noun. an event or situation, etc. that causes something to start.

consequence. noun. a result of a particular action or situation, often one that is bad or not convenient.

source. noun. the place something comes from or starts at, or the cause of something.

implication. noun. the effect that an action or decision will have on something else in the future.

impact. verb. to have an influence on something.

lush. adjective. A lush area has a lot of green, healthy plants, grass, and trees.
unspoiled. adjective. An unspoiled place is beautiful because it has not been changed or damaged by
people.

deserted. adjective. If a place is deserted, there are no people in it.

immense. adjective. extremely large in size or degree.

abandoned. adjective. an abandoned place or vehicle is no longer being used or cared for because its
owner does not want it any more.

picturesque. adjective. (especially of a place) attractive in appearance, especially in an old-fashioned

way.

anonymous. adjective. made or done by someone whose name is not known or not made public.

abundant. adjective. more than enough.

vast. adjective. extremely big.

barren. adjective. not creating or producing anything new.

isolated. adjective. not near to other places.

Unit 6

overworked. adjective. having to work too much.

overwhelmed. . past simple and past participle of overwhelm.

underwhelmed. adjective. feeling no excitement about or admiration for something or someone.

underrated. adjective. better or more important than most people believe.

overrated. adjective. If something or someone is overrated, that person or thing is considered to be

better or more important than they really are.

underpriced. adjective. used to describe something that costs less than it is worth.

overpriced. adjective. too expensive.

underpaid. adjective. paid too little for the work you do.

overpaid. adjective. paid too much or more than usual.

underestimate. verb. to fail to understand how strong, skilful, intelligent, or determined someone,
especially a competitor, is.

overestimate. verb. to think that something is or will be greater, more extreme, or more important than
it really is.

underdeveloped. adjective. (especially of a country) without modern industry or modern services that
provide transport, hospitals, etc..

overdeveloped. adjective. having developed too much.

overcrowded. adjective. containing too many people or things.

Unit 7

relative. noun. a member of your family.

occasion. noun. a special or formal event.

tribute. noun. respect or admiration for someone, or a formal event at which respect and admiration are
expressed.

honor. noun. great respect for someone, or the feeling of pride and pleasure resulting when respect is
shown to you.

tradition. noun. a belief, principle, or way of acting that people in a particular society or group have
continued to follow for a long time, or all of these beliefs, etc. in a particular society or group.

significance. noun. importance.

practice. noun. something that is usually or regularly done, often as a habit, tradition, or custom.

ritual. noun. a set of fixed actions and sometimes words performed regularly, especially as part of a
ceremony.

mark. verb. to represent something that has happened in the past or is about to happen.

symbolize. verb. to represent something.

signify. verb. to be a sign of something; to mean.

hereditary. adjective. (of characteristics or diseases) passed from the genes of a parent to a child, or (of
titles and positions in society) passed from parent to a child as a right.

genetic. adjective. relating to the biological process by which the characteristics of living things are
passed from parents to children.

gene. noun. a part of the DNA in a cell that controls the physical development, behaviour, etc. of an
individual plant or animal and is passed on from its parents.

ethnicity. noun. a particular race of people, or the fact of being from a particular race of people.

ethnic. adjective. relating to a particular race of people.

ancestral. adjective. relating to members of your family from the past.

ancestor. noun. a person related to you who lived a long time ago.

Unit 8

concentrate. verb. to direct your attention or your efforts towards a particular activity, subject, or
problem.

distract. verb. to make someone stop giving their attention to something.

interrupt. verb. to stop a person from speaking for a short period by something you say or do.
complicated. adjective. involving a lot of different parts, in a way that is difficult to understand.

accustomed. adjective. familiar with something.

get back to sb. . to talk to someone again, usually on the phone, in order to give them some information
or because you were not able to speak to them before.

Unit 9

wind down. . to gradually relax after doing something that has made you tired or worried.

drift off. . to gradually start to sleep.

cut back. . to spend less, do less, or use less of something.

add up. . to increase gradually until there is a large amount.

build-up. noun. an increase, especially one that is gradual.

circulation. noun. the movement of blood around the body.

immune. adjective. protected against a particular disease by particular substances in the blood.

pain. noun. a feeling of physical suffering caused by injury or illness.

chronic. adjective. (especially of a disease or something bad) continuing for a long time.

digestion. noun. the process by which your body digests food, or your ability to digest food.

organ. noun. a part of the body of an animal or plant that performs a particular job.

internal. adjective. inside the body.

posture. noun. the way in which someone usually holds their shoulders, neck, and back, or a particular
position in which someone stands, sits, etc..

cardiovascular. adjective. relating to the heart and blood vessels (= tubes that carry blood around the
body).

cholesterol. noun. a substance containing a lot of fat that is found in the body tissue and blood of all
animals, thought to be part of the cause of heart disease if there is too much of it.

blood pressure. noun. a measure of the pressure at which the blood flows through the body.

side effect. noun. an unexpected result of a situation.

lifestyle. noun. someone's way of living; the things that a person or particular group of people usually
do.

sedentary. adjective. involving little exercise or physical activity.

Unit 10

solar panel. noun. a device that changes energy from the sun into electricity.
renewable. adjective. Renewable forms of energy can be produced as quickly as they are used.

off-the-grid. adjective, adverb. not connected to the main electricity grid (= system of connected wires
and power stations).

carbon-neutral. adjective. If a person, organization, event, etc. is carbon-neutral, it does things such as
planting trees to reduce carbon dioxide by the same amount as it produces it..

carbon. noun. a chemical element that exists in its pure form as diamond or graphite, and is an
important part of other substances such as coal and oil, as well as being contained in all plants and
animals.

biofuel. noun. a fuel that is made from living things or their waste.

superfood. noun. a food that is considered to be very good for your health.

nutritious. adjective. containing many of the substances needed for life and growth.

wholesome. adjective. good for you, and likely to improve your life either physically, morally, or
emotionally.

fiber. noun. any of the thin parts like thread that form plant or artificial material, esp. those that can be
made into cloth, or a mass of such parts twisted together.

foodstuff. noun. any substance that is used as food or to make food.

appetite. noun. the feeling that you want to eat food.

cattle. noun. a group of animals that includes cows, buffalo, and bison, that are often kept for their milk
or meat.

grain. noun. a seed or seeds from a plant, especially a plant like a grass such as rice or wheat.

supply. verb. to provide something that is wanted or needed, often in large quantities and over a long
period of time.

livestock. noun. animals and birds that are kept on a farm, such as cows, sheep, or chickens.

consumption. noun. an amount of something that is used, or the process of using something, esp. so
that there is less of it.

Unit 11

bold. . strong in color or shape.

pastel. noun. a soft, powdery, coloring material that is pressed into a stick and is used for drawing, or a
picture made using these sticks.

muted. adjective. Muted colors are not bright..

green thumb. noun. the ability to make plants grow.

catch sb red-handed. adjective. to find someone in the act of doing something illegal.
red tape. noun. official rules and processes that seem unnecessary and delay results.

in the red. noun. a company or organization that is in the red has lost money in a particular period.

see red. . to become very angry.

transmit. verb. to pass something from one person or place to another.

resonate. verb. If an experience or memory resonates, it makes you think of another similar one.

reflect. verb. to show, express, or be a sign of something.

imply. verb. to communicate an idea or feeling without saying it directly.

evoke. verb. to make someone remember something or feel an emotion.

conjure sth up. . to make a picture or idea appear in someone's mind.

convey. verb. to express a thought, feeling, or idea so that it is understood by other people.

capture. verb. to represent or describe something very accurately using words or images.

vibrant. adjective. energetic, bright, and full of life or excitement.

neutral. adjective. having features or characteristics that are not easily noticed.

Unit 12

subtle. adjective. achieved in a quiet way that does not attract attention to itself and is therefore good
or clever.

refreshing. adjective. pleasantly different and interesting.

radical. adjective. believing or expressing the belief that there should be great or extreme social or
political change.

desired. adjective. that is wanted.

drastic. adjective. (especially of actions) severe and sudden or having very noticeable effects.

gradual. adjective. happening or changing slowly over a long period of time or distance.

fundamental. adjective. forming the base, from which everything else develops.

unforeseen. adjective. not expected.

sweeping. adjective. affecting many things or people; large.

lasting. adjective. continuing to exist for a long time or for ever.

abrupt. adjective. sudden and unexpected, and often unpleasant.

undergo. verb. to experience something that is unpleasant or something that involves a change.

resistance. noun. the act of fighting against something that is attacking you, or refusing to accept
something.
innovative. adjective. using new methods or ideas.

facilitate. verb. to make something possible or easier.

implement. verb. to start using a plan or system.

transition. noun. a change from one form or type to another, or the process by which this happens.

shake-up. noun. a large change in the way something is organized.

disruption. noun. an interruption in the usual way that a system, process, or event works.

embrace. verb. to accept something enthusiastically.