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Group Theory: Key Concepts and Proofs

This document is a tutorial sheet focused on various concepts in group theory, including definitions, properties, and theorems related to groups, subgroups, and homomorphisms. It covers topics such as the uniqueness of identity and inverse elements, cancellation laws, cyclic groups, normal subgroups, and fundamental theorems. The document also includes proofs and examples to illustrate these concepts.

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29 views3 pages

Group Theory: Key Concepts and Proofs

This document is a tutorial sheet focused on various concepts in group theory, including definitions, properties, and theorems related to groups, subgroups, and homomorphisms. It covers topics such as the uniqueness of identity and inverse elements, cancellation laws, cyclic groups, normal subgroups, and fundamental theorems. The document also includes proofs and examples to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

himanshuchib0
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Tutorial Sheet –II (Unit-II Groups)

1. Define a Group and show that the identity and the inverse element of a group are unique.
2. Prove that cancellation laws hold in group and hence show that identity and inverse
elements are unique in a group.
3. Show that the set of natural numbers does not form a group under addition and
multiplication as well.
4. Prove that a group is abelian iff (ab)2 = a2 b2, for all a, b ∈ 𝐺
5. A non empty subset H of a group G is its subgroup iff ab-1 ∈ H for all a, b ∈ H.
6. Show that the union of any two subgroups of a group G is a subgroup if and only if one is
contained in other.
7. Let a, b be any two elements of a group G and H be any subgroup of G, then
a) Ha = Hb iff ab-1 ∈ H
b) Ha = H iff a ∈ H
c) aH = bH iff a-1b ∈ H
8. Prove that the intersection of any two subgroups of a group G is again a subgroup of G.
9. Show that any two right cosets of a subgroup are either identical or disjoint.
10. Define a subgroup and show that the union of any two subgroups of a group G is not a
subgroup of that G.
11. Define a cyclic group. Prove that a cyclic group is an abelian group and give an example
to show that every abelian group is not cyclic.
12. Every subgroup of a cyclic group is cyclic.
13. What are left and right cosets?
14. Show that the set of rational number forms a group under addition.
15. Show that the Q of all rational numbers other than 1 form an abelian group under the binary
operation defined by
a  b = a + b − ab
16. Show that the ℚ+ of all positive rational numbers form an abelian group under the binary
operation defined by
ab
a b = , for all a, b ∈ ℚ+
2
17. Prove that the set G = {1, , 2} is a group with respect to multiplication, where  is non-
real cube root of unity.
18. Let G = { 1,  i,  j,  k} we define product on G by usual multiplication and
𝑖 2 = 𝑗 2 = 𝑘 2 = −1, 𝑖𝑗 = − 𝑗𝑖 = 𝑘, 𝑗𝑘 = −𝑘𝑗 = 𝑖, 𝑘𝑖 = − 𝑖𝑘 = 𝑗
then, G is a non abelian group.
19. State and prove Lagrange's Theorem
20. Let H be a subgroup of a group G. Prove that there is a one-one correspondence between
any two right cosets of H in G.
21. Prove that the order of a cyclic group is equal to the order of its generator.
22. If H and K are two subgroups of a group G then HK is a subgroup of G if HK = KH
23. If H and K are finite subgroups of a group G then
O(H).O (K)
O(HK) = O(H  K

24. Every group of prime order is cyclic.


25. Every group of prime order is abelian.
26. Let n be a positive integer and a be any integer coprime to n. Then a (n)  1 (mod n) i. e.,
n divides a(n) -1. (Euler’s Theorem)
27. If p is a prime integer and a is any integer then ap  a(mod p). (Fermat’s Theorem)
28. Prove that every quotient group of a cyclic group is cyclic.
29. Prove that the group {1, -1, i, -i} under multiplication is a cyclic group.
30. Every group of order three is cyclic.
31. A subgroup H of a group G is its normal subgroup iff (if and only if) 𝑔𝐻𝑔−1 = 𝐻 for every
𝑔 ∈ 𝐺.
32. A subgroup H of group G is its normal subgroup if and only if each left coset of H in G is
a right coset of H in G.
33. A subgroup H of group G is its normal subgroup iff 𝑔𝐻 = 𝐻𝑔 ∀𝑔 ∈ 𝐺.
34. What is a normal subgroup of a group with an example and show that each subgroup of an
abelian group is normal subgroup.
35. Give an example of a non-abelian group G and a normal subgroup H of G such that G/H is
abelian.
36. Define homomorphism, isomorphism, isomorphic groups, homomorphic image and kernel
of a homomorphism. Let ℤ be the group of all integers under addition.
Let G = {2𝑛 ∶ 𝑛 ∈ ℤ} be a group under multiplication. Define a map f: ℤ → 𝐺 by f(x) = 2𝑛 ∀ 𝑛 ∈
ℤ. Show that f is an isomorphism. Find the kernel of f.
37. Let G and G’ be two groups. If f: 𝐺 → 𝐺′ be a homomorphism, then kernel of f is a normal
subgroup of G.
38. Prove that a homomorphism f: 𝐺 → 𝐺′ is an isomorphism if ker f= {e}.
39. State and prove fundamental theorem of homomorphism
40. Let f be a homomorphism of a group G into a group G. Then
a. f (e) = e where e, e are the identity elements of G and G.
b. f(x-1) = (f(x)) -1 ,  x  G.
41. Define ring, commutative ring, ring with unity, ring without zero divisors and with zero
divisors.
42. Define integral domain and field. Prove that every field is an integral domain.
43. Every finite integral domain is a field. But converse need not be true. Give an example.

Common questions

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The set of rational numbers forms a group under addition because there is an identity element (0) and every rational number has an additive inverse within the rational numbers . Under multiplication, excluding zero, rational numbers (non-zero) form a group because the identity (1) exists and every non-zero rational number has a multiplicative inverse. With zero included, inverses cannot exist for zero, so it fails to meet group criteria under multiplication .

A subset H of a group G is a subgroup if it is non-empty and for all elements a, b in H, the element ab^-1 is also in H . The union of two subgroups is a subgroup only if one is contained within the other . This implies that the union of two subgroups is generally not a subgroup unless the containment condition is satisfied.

The product HK of two subgroups H and K of a group G is a subgroup of G if and only if HK = KH, meaning the operations can be interchanged and the set remains closed under group operations . This condition ensures the product subset is stabilized and satisfies the subgroup criteria of closure and associativity under the group operation.

A group is abelian if it satisfies the commutative property, i.e., ab = ba for all elements a, b in the group. If a group satisfies (ab)^2 = a^2b^2 for all elements a, b, it implies that abab = aabb, which simplifies to ab = ba when assuming the group operation is associative. This establishes the commutative nature required for the group to be abelian .

A normal subgroup H of a group G is defined as a subgroup where every left coset of H is also a right coset of H, or equivalently, where gHg^-1 = H for every g in G . It is significant because normal subgroups partition the group into cosets that maintain group structure between them, enabling the formation of quotient groups, which are essential for understanding group homomorphisms and isomorphisms.

Lagrange's Theorem states that for any finite group G with a subgroup H, the order (or size) of H divides the order of G . This means there exists a positive integer k such that |G| = k|H|, providing a direct relationship between the sizes of a group and its subgroup and implying the concept of cosets having uniform sizes in G.

Homomorphisms are mappings between groups that preserve the group operation, meaning the image of the product of two elements equals the product of their images. The kernel of a homomorphism is the set of elements in the domain that map to the identity element in the codomain . The kernel's significance lies in determining whether a homomorphism is an isomorphism; specifically, the homomorphism is an isomorphism if and only if its kernel is the trivial group containing only the identity element, indicating a bijective relationship .

The set of natural numbers does not form a group under addition because there is no identity element that can be added to any natural number to leave it unchanged (0 is not a natural number). Additionally, there is no inverse for every natural number within the set. Similarly, under multiplication, there is no inverse for every natural number in the natural numbers that results in an identity element, which is 1 . These missing properties, particularly the existence of identity and inverses, mean natural numbers cannot form a group under these operations.

Every field qualifies as an integral domain because it is a commutative ring with unity and contains no zero divisors; these properties define an integral domain . This relationship ensures that multiplication in fields has properties like no zero products, making solution systems and invertibility well-defined. As integral domains avoid zero divisors, fields maintain richer algebraic structures, supporting concepts like division and multiplicative inverses across elements.

A cyclic group is distinguished by being generated by a single element, where every element of the group is some power of this generator . Every subgroup of a cyclic group is also cyclic because any subgroup formed will contain powers of the same generator or its integer multiples . This self-generation through powers ensures that any subset of powers of the generator is orderly, making the subgroup cyclic by its nature.

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