GOA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Affiliated to Goa University
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Vision
Impart high quality knowledge and skills to students in the field of Information Technology ,motivate research, encourage industry consultancy projects and
nurture human values and life skills.
UNIT 3
PROTOTYPING
EMBEDDED DEVICES
Embedded Systems Ms. Seeya Gude
Semester IV Asst. Professor
S.E.(I.T.) Information Technology Department
Academic Year 2020-21 Goa College of Engineering
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AGENDA
UNIT 3
PROTOTYPING EMBEDDED DEVICES
1. DEVELOPING ON THE ARDUINO
2. NOTE ON THE HARDWARE
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DEVELOPING ON THE
ARDUINO
Debugging
Because C++ is a compiled language, a fair number of errors, such
as bad syntax or failure to declare variables, are caught at
compilation time. Because this happens on your computer, you
have ample opportunity to get detailed and possibly helpful
information from the compiler about what the problem is.
Although you need some debugging experience to be able to
identify certain compiler errors, others, like this one, are relatively
easy to understand:
[Link]: In function ‘void
loop()’:Blink:21: error:’digitalWritee’ was
not declared in this scope
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DEVELOPING ON THE
ARDUINO
Debugging
When the code is pushed to the Arduino, the rules of the game
change, however. Because the Arduino isn’t generally connected
to a screen, it is hard for it to tell you when something goes
wrong. Even if the code compiled successfully, certain errors still
happen. An error could be raised that can’t be handled, such as a
division by zero, or trying to access the tenth element of a 9-
element list. Or perhaps your program leaks memory and
eventually just stops working. Or (and worse) a programming
error might make the code continue to work dutifully but give
entirely the wrong results.
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
• The Arduino exposes a number of GPIO pins and is usually
supplied with “headers” (plastic strips that sit on the pin holes,
that provide a convenient solderless connection for wires,
especially with a “jumper” connection). The headers are
optimized for prototyping and for being able to change the
purpose of the Arduino easily.
• Each pin is clearly labelled on the controller board. The details
of pins vary from the smaller boards such as the Nano, the
classic form factor of the Uno, and the larger boards such as
the Mega or the Due.
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
• In general, you have power outputs such as 5 volts or 3.3 volts
(usually labelled 5V and 3V3, or perhaps just 3V), one or more
electric ground connections (GND), numbered digital pins, and
numbered analogue pins prefixed with an A.
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
• You can power the Arduino using a USB connection from your
computer. This capability is usually quite convenient during
prototyping because you need the serial connection in any case
to program the board. The Arduino also has a socket for an
external power supply, which you might be more likely to use if
you distribute the project. Either way should be capable of
powering the microcontroller and the usual electronics that
you might attach to it. (In the case of larger items, such as
motors, you may have to attach external power and make that
available selectively to the component using transistors.)
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
USB
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
• Outside of the standard boards, a number of them are focused
on a particular application—for example, the Arduino Ethernet
has an on-board Ethernet chip and trades the USB socket for an
Ethernet one, making it easier to hook up to the Internet. This
is obviously a strong contender for a useful board for Internet
of Things projects.
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
• Outside of the standard boards, a number of them are focused
on a particular application—for example, the Arduino Ethernet
has an on-board Ethernet chip and trades the USB socket for an
Ethernet one, making it easier to hook up to the Internet. This
is obviously a strong contender for a useful board for Internet
of Things projects.
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
• The LilyPad has an entirely different specialism, as it has a
flattened form (shaped, as the name suggests, like a flower
with the I/O capabilities exposed on its “petals”) and is
designed to make it easy to wire up with conductive thread,
and so a boon for wearable technology projects.
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
[Link]
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
ARDUINO UNO
• In Arduino, we have add-on boards are called shields, perhaps
because they cover the actual board as if protecting it.
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
Arduino Shields
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
• In Arduino, we have add-on boards are called shields, perhaps
because they cover the actual board as if protecting it.
• Some shields provide networking capabilities—
• Ethernet, WiFi
• Zigbee wireless
• Motor shields make it simple to connect motors and
servos;
• there are shields to hook up mobile phone LCD screens;
• Sensor shields
• others to play MP3 files or WAV files from an SD card; and
all manner of other possibilities
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
OPENNESS
The Arduino project is completely open hardware and an open
hardware success story. The only part of the project protected is
the Arduino trademark, so they can control the quality of any
boards calling themselves an Arduino. In addition to the code
being available to download freely, the circuit board schematics
and even the EAGLE PCB design files are easily found on the
Arduino website. This culture of sharing has borne fruit in many
derivative boards being produced by all manner of people. Some
are merely minor variations on the main Arduino Uno, but many
others introduce new features or form factors that the core
Arduino team have overlooked.
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NOTES ON THE HARDWARE
OPENNESS
In some cases, such as with the wireless-focused Arduino Fio
board, what starts as a third-party board (it was originally the
Funnel IO) is later adopted as an official Arduino-approved board.
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THANK YOU
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