TEMPOS VERBAIS :

Tempo Estrutura Uso Principal Regras & Peculiaridades Exemplos

Verbal

✅ Simple sujeito + Hábitos, rotinas, 🔹 Acrescenta -s para ✏️ She

🔹 Verbos terminados em bank.
Present verbo base fatos gerais, he/she/it (verbs regulares) works at a

-ch, -sh, -o, -x, -ss → +es ✏️ I don't

(he/she/it + horários fixos

🔹 Usa do/does para like onions.

s/es)

perguntas e negativas ✏️ Does he

speak
French?

🔄 sujeito + Ações no 🔹 Verbos terminados em ✏️ I am

Present am/is/are + momento da fala -e perdem o e(make → studying

🔹 ✏️
Continuou verbo + -ing ou temporárias making) now.
s Verbos com CVC They
(consoante-vogal-consoant are
e) dobram a última letra traveling

🔹 ✏️
(run → running) next week.
Pode indicar ações She isn't
futuras planejadas working
today.

⏱️ Simple sujeito + Ações completas 🔹 Verbos regulares: ✏️ He

🔹 Verbos irregulares:
Past verbo no no passado adiciona -ed watched the
passado (tempo definido) movie

✏️
(regular: memorização da forma (go yesterday.

🔹
+ed, → went) Did you

✏️
irregular: 2ª Usa did para see that?
forma) perguntas e negativas com I didn’t
base no verbo base like the
ending.

📽️ Past sujeito + Ação em 🔹 Usa com Simple Past ✏️ I was

🔹 Pode expressar
Continuou was/were + progresso no para mostrar interrupções walking
s verbo + -ing passado / ação when it
interrompida por contexto ou clima started to

🔹 ✏️
outra emocional rain.
Verbos seguem They
mesmas regras do -ing do were not

✏️
Present Continuous listening.
Was she
crying?
🗣️ REPORTED SPEECH – Resumo Completo
O Reported Speech (discurso indireto) é usado para relatar o que alguém disse, sem
repetir exatamente as palavras da pessoa.

📌 1. Estrutura Básica
Direto (Direct Speech) Indireto (Reported
Speech)

She said: "I am tired." She said that she was

tired.

He asked: "Do you like coffee?" He asked if I liked coffee.

🔸 Usa-se verbos como: said, told, asked, explained, etc.​

🔸 Normalmente introduzido por "that", "if", "whether", "what", etc.

🔄 2. Mudanças de Tempo Verbal (Backshifting)

Se o verbo introdutório estiver no passado (said, told, asked...), o tempo verbal no discurso
muda:

Direto (Original) Indireto (Reported Speech)

Simple Present → Simple Past

"I work here." He said he worked there.

Present Continuous Past Continuous

→

"I am reading." She said she was reading.

Simple Past → Past Perfect

"He broke the vase." She said he had broken the

vase.

Present Perfect → Past Perfect

"I've eaten." He said he had eaten.

Will → Would
"I will go." She said she would go.

⚠️ Se o verbo introdutório estiver no presente, o tempo não precisa mudar.

🧭 3. Mudanças em Pronomes e Palavras-Chave

Palavra Direta Reported
Speech

I / me / my he / she / him /
her

we / us / our they / them / their

here there

today that day

tomorrow the next day

yesterday the day before

now then

this / these that / those

❓ 4. Perguntas no Reported Speech

●​ Yes/No questions → usar "if" ou "whether":​
"Do you like tea?" → She asked if I liked tea.
●​ Wh- questions → manter a palavra interrogativa:​
"Where do you live?" → He asked where I lived.

⚠️ Retira-se a inversão (sujeito antes do verbo) e não se usa ponto de

interrogação no final.

✏️ 5. Exemplos Gerais
Direto Reportado

"I’m hungry," she said. She said (that) she was hungry.

"We went to the museum," he He said they had gone to the

said. museum.
"Will you help me?" she asked. She asked if I would help her.

"Why are you crying?" he asked. He asked why I was crying.

✅ Dicas
●​ "Said" é seguido de "that", mas "told" precisa de objeto direto:​
She told me that she was tired.​
He said that he was tired.

🗣️ Reported Speech – Pedidos e Ordens (Requests,

Commands)
📌 1. Forma Geral
Quando alguém dá um comando ou faz um pedido, usamos verbos como:

●​ tell (dizer para fazer algo)

●​ ask (pedir educadamente)
●​ order (ordenar)
●​ advise (aconselhar)
●​ invite (convidar)
●​ warn (avisar, alertar)

👉
A estrutura muda para:​
verb + person + to + base verb

✅ 2. Afirmativo (Affirmative Commands)

Direto (Imperativo) Indireto (Reported Speech)

"Open the window!" She told me to open the

window.

"Please wait here." He asked me to wait there.

❌ 3. Negativo (Negative Commands)

 Para a forma negativa, usamos: "not to" + verbo base

Direto (Negativo) Indireto (Reported Speech)

"Don't touch that!" She told me not to touch

that.

"Please don’t be He asked me not to be late.

late."

❓ 4. Perguntas / Pedidos Interrogativos (Question Requests)

Direto (Pergunta Educada) Indireto (Reported Speech)

"Can you help me?" She asked me to help her.

"Could you pass the salt?" He asked me to pass the salt.

"Would you close the door?" She asked me to close the

door.

🧠 Resumo Visual das Formas

Tipo de Pedido / Ordem Reported Speech Palavra-chave
usada

Afirmativo told me to do something to + verbo base

Negativo told me not to do not to + verbo base
something

Pergunta Educada asked me to do something asked/told/invited/etc.

📝 Exemplos Completos
👉
●​ "Don’t forget your keys!", she said.​
She told me not to forget my keys.

👉
●​ "Bring your ID.", he said.​
He told me to bring my ID.

👉
●​ "Could you open the window, please?", she asked.​
She asked me to open the window.

🧍‍♂️ PHYSICAL APPEARANCE – RESUMO GRAMATICAL

📘 1. Verbos Usados
Verbo Uso principal Exemplo

To be Descrever altura, idade, aparência geral She is tall. / He is

young.

To have Descrever partes do corpo, cabelos, olhos, She has long hair.
etc.

To look Para expressar aparência (impressão visual) He looks tired.

To Para expressar impressão ou sensação She seems kind.
seem

To wear Para descrever roupas, óculos, acessórios He is wearing glasses.

👤 2. Vocabulário Comum
🏷️ Altura & Corpo:
●​ short / tall / average height
●​ slim / thin / fit / overweight / muscular / chubby

👁️ Cabelo & Olhos:

●​ hair: short, long, straight, wavy, curly, bald
●​ color: blonde, brown, black, red, gray, dyed
●​ eyes: blue, green, brown, hazel, big, small

👕 Outros:
●​ beard, mustache, freckles, glasses, tattoo, piercing

🧱 3. Estruturas Gramaticais
Estrutura Uso Exemplo

[be] + adjetivo Altura, idade, tipo físico He is tall and slim.

[have/has] + substantivo Características físicas She has green eyes and

específicas curly hair.

[be] wearing + Descrever o que a pessoa They are wearing blue

roupa/acessório está usando T-shirts.
[look/seem] + adjetivo Impressão da aparência He looks tired. / She seems
happy.

✨ 4. Exemplo Completo de Descrição

"She is a tall, slim woman in her 30s. She has long, straight blonde hair
and blue eyes. She is wearing a red dress and high heels. She looks
confident and friendly."