Group 7 members:
Clyde C. Benolirao
Felraine Kyle A. Cataos
Nelson Philip C. Sapa Jr.
Erica [Link]
Kinka B. Sugimoto
Software development is the process of
designing, creating, testing, and
maintaining software applications. The
goal is to create reliable, efficient, and
functional software that meets user
requirements.
Quality plays a crucial role throughout
the software development lifecycle
(SDLC), ensuring that the software is
robust, error-free, and performs well
under different conditions.
System functionality - refers to the software’s
ability to perform specific tasks and solve
problems for users.
Security - focuses on protecting the software and
its data from external threats, unauthorized access,
and vulnerabilities.
Stock Markets Susceptible to 1. 2010 Flash Crash: Several Automated
traders selling their stocks triggered the
Software Glitches Dow Jones to fall by more than 700 points
erasing $1 trillion in market value within a
The launch of the National Market System
single moment.
by the SEC in 2007 saw an increase in high-
2. BATS IPO (2012) Following the
frequency trading ( HFT). HFT is a style of confirmation of pre-ordering, there was a
trading that is conducted by advanced technical fault in BATS that led to the stock
computers that make use of algorithms to of Apple Inc sinking sharply, forcing BATS to
carry out fast transactions. However, this suspend the IPO.
method has not without its own challenges 3. Facebook IPO on NASDAQ (2012) After
including failures in software that have the launch of the company’s share in the
sometimes led to disastrous results: stock market, several order confirmations
and pricing confusion arose due to
technology failures.
COMELEC combats the roots of disinformation in digital
campaigning for 2025 Philippine elections
The ethical issue in this article revolves around the misuse of digital
technologies for disinformation and manipulation in political
campaigns. Specifically, it highlights the spread of fake news,
misinformation, and disinformation through social media, bots,
deepfakes, and AI-generated content during the 2022 Philippine
elections.
1. Nokia’s Lumia 900 Glitch: Nokia faced setbacks
when the Lumia 900 experienced a software error
that caused data connection issues. This issue
affected the company’s profits and market share
in the U.S., hitting a 15-year low.
2. IRS Software Update Delay: In 2012, a system
update designed to process tax returns faster
inadvertently delayed refunds for millions, extending
wait times by up to 10 days.
3. The Chevy Volt model of 2013 suffered a software
glitch issue due to the hybrid system where the
motors were found to malfunction and deactivate
while the vehicle was in motion, meaning drivers
could be placed at serious risk.
High-quality software systems are systems that are easy to learn and use
because they perform quickly and efficiently, they meet their users’ needs, and
they operate safely and reliably so that system downtime is kept to a minimum.
A software defect is any error that, if not removed, could cause a software system
to fail to meet its users’ needs. The impact of these defects can be trivial, Here are
some notable software bugs that have occurred recently:
The Importance of Software Quality
The components of a business information system (BIS)
include hardware, software, databases, networks, people,
and procedures that are integrated to capture, store,
retrieve and disseminate data. Newsletter types of a BIS
include transactional systems, decision support systems
(DSS), process and product control systems among
others. Every operative activity in business needs these
facilities.
High-quality, reliable software is crucial, as any defect
could lead to customer loss, increased costs, safety risks,
or even business failure. Business executives frequently
face ethical questions of how much money and effort they
should invest to ensure the development of high-quality
software.
Is the legal responsibility of manufacturers,
sellers, or distributors for any harm caused by
defective products they provide to consumers.
If a software defect causes injury or loss to
purchasers or users of the product, the injured
parties may be able to sue as a result.
4 Most common types of software product
liability claims
Strict Liability means Negligence is the failure
that the defendant is to do what a reasonable
held responsible for person would do, or doing
injuring another person, something that a
regardless of reasonable person would
negligence or intent. not do.
Breach of warranty occurs Misrepresentation occurs
when a product doesn’t when a seller or lessor either
meet its promised terms, misrepresents the quality of a
allowing the buyer to sue. product or conceals a defect
in it.
Developing information system software is a complex process requiring the
involvement of multiple specialists, such as systems analysts, programmers,
project managers, and testers. Each group plays a crucial role in ensuring the
software is developed correctly, with quality maintained at each stage. Software
companies typically adopt a development methodology, which standardizes the
process, defines activities, allocates responsibilities, and recommends
techniques. This methodology helps ensure quality and reduces costs by
identifying defects early.
Key Points:
1. Complexity of Software Development:
• Involves multiple roles: analysts, programmers, managers, testers, etc.
Each role is responsible for specific tasks affecting software quality.
2. Adoption of Methodologies:
• Methodologies define activities, responsibilities, and techniques for
software development.
• Aims to ensure quality and cost-efficiency by identifying defects early.
3. Cost of Fixing Defects:
• Fixing defects early in the development process is much cheaper than
fixing them later, especially after the product has been distributed.
4. Product Liability Risks:
• Inherent defects may lead to product liability suits.
• Using a proven methodology reduces the number of defects and makes
negligence harder to prove.
5. Quality Assurance (QA):
• QA methods should be applied throughout development to guarantee reliable
operation.
• Companies with no formal QA process may rely only on testing at the end.
6. Testing Types:
• Dynamic Testing: Involves input and output checks.
• Static Testing: Analyzes code for patterns indicating defects without running it.
• User Acceptance Testing: Performed by end users to confirm the system meets
their expectations.
KEY ISSUES IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Although defects in any system can
cause serious problems, the
consequences of software defects in
certain systems can be deadly. In these
kinds of systems, the stakes involved in
creating quality software are raised to
the highest possible level. The ethical
decisions involving a trade-off—if one
must be considered—between quality
and such factors as cost, ease of use,
and time to market require extremely
serious examination.
Development of Safety-Critical Systems
A safety-critical system is a system
whose failure could result in severe
consequences, such as human
injury or death. These systems rely
heavily on the flawless performance
of software. Some examples include
systems in automobiles (like antilock
brakes), airplanes (navigation
systems), medical devices,
elevators, and nuclear power plants.
Key Points:
Importance of Software: Software in these systems must be developed with high rigor,
formal methods, and thorough testing, given the potential catastrophic consequences of
failure.
Examples of Failures:
Mariner I (1962): A space probe failed because faulty software caused the spacecraft to
veer off course and was destroyed shortly after launch.
Royal Air Force Helicopter (1994): Software controlling engine acceleration caused a
fatal crash.
Oncology Software (2000-2002): A software error in radiation dosage calculation led to
patient deaths and severe injuries.
Development Process: Building software for safety-critical systems involves more
rigorous tasks like fault analysis, system testing, and rechecking at each step. It requires
collaboration with safety engineers, who track hazards and manage risks throughout the
project.
Key Points:
Risk Analysis: The process involves Redundancy: To reduce the impact
calculating the risk based on the of failure, multiple components
probability of failure, the likelihood it performing the same function can be
will go undetected, and the severity used.
of the consequences.
N-Version Programming: Involves Reliability vs. Safety: Reliability and
running multiple versions of software safety are two different system
in parallel, created by different characteristics. Reliability refers to
teams, to ensure that at least one the system's ability to function
version works correctly. This continuously, while safety ensures
approach is used in high-stakes that the system performs without
systems like aerospace and aviation. causing harm.
Quality Management Standards
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), founded in
1947, is a global federation of national standards bodies from 161
countries. ISO 9001, a part of the ISO 9000 series of standards
established in 1988, provides a framework for organizations to
develop formal quality management systems. This system ensures
that organizations focus on meeting customer needs, improving
quality, and ensuring continuous improvement. Over 1 million
organizations worldwide are ISO 9001 certified, signaling a
commitment to high standards in quality management.
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA):
FMEA is a technique used to evaluate the reliability of systems
and products and determine the effects of potential failures. It
helps organizations identify risks early, allowing them to address
potential failures before they become costly or dangerous.
Failure Modes: Describe how a product or process could fail to
meet the expected requirements.
Effects: Adverse consequences that a failure might have on the
customer.
Short Quiz
(10 Items)
1. Which of the following is true about a high-
quality software system?
a. It is more difficult to learn and use.
b. It meets its users’ needs.
c. It operates more slowly and deliberately.
d. It operates in an unreliable manner.
2. Which of the following is a major cause of
poor software quality?
a. Many developers do not know how to design quality into software
or do not take the time to do so.
b. Programmers make mistakes in turning design specifications into
lines of code.
c. Software developers are under extreme pressure to reduce the
time to market of their products.
d. All of the above are major causes of poor software quality.
3. The liability of manufacturers, sellers, lessors,
and others for injuries caused by defective
products is commonly referred to as ______?
a. Manufacturer Liability
b. Seller Liability
c. Product Liability
d. Strict Liability
4. A standard, proven work process for the
development of high-quality software is called
a(n)?
a. Software Security
b. Software Development
c. Software Liability
d. Software Quality
5. A ______ is any error that if not removed
could cause a software system to fail to meet its
users’ needs.
a. Software Defect
b. Software Negligence
c. Software Error
d. Software Bloatware
6. The provision of multiple interchangeable
components to perform a single function to cope
with failures and errors is called:
a. Risk
b. Redundancy
c. Reliability
d. Availability
7. In a lawsuit alleging _____ , responsibility is limited
to harmful defects that could have been detected and
corrected through “reasonable” software development
practices.
a. Strict Liability
b. Misrepresentation
c. Negligence
d. Breach of Warranty
8. A reliability evaluation technique that can
determine the effect of system and equipment
failures is _____ .
a. CMMI-DEV
b. FMEA
c. ISO-9000
d. DOD-178B
9. Methods within the development cycle
designed to guarantee reliable operation of the
product are known as _____ .
a. Quality Assurance
b. Adoption of Methodologies
c. Product Liability Risks
d. Adoption of Methodologies
10. This occurs when a product doesn’t meet its
promised terms, allowing the buyer to sue.
a. Strict Liability
b. Misrepresentation
c. Negligence
d. Breach of Warranty
answers
1. B. 6. B
2. D. 7. C
3. C. 8. B
4. B. 9. A
5. A. 10. D