Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 31 FS / January 2021

QUESTION 16
The flow diagram shows how various organic
compounds can be prepared using compound P
as starting reagent.
4.1 Write down the meaning of the term
hydrohalogenation. (2)
4.2 Write down the STRUCTURAL
FORMULA of compound Q. (2)
4.3 Reaction I is an elimination reaction.
Write down the:
4.3.1 TYPE of elimination reaction (1)
4.3.2 MOLECULAR FORMULA of
compound P (1)
4.4 Write down the IUPAC name of
compound R. (2)
4.5 For the HYDROLYSIS REACTION, write
down the:
4.5.1 Balanced equation using
structural formulae (5)
4.5.2 TWO reaction conditions (2)
[15]

REACTION RATE AND ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

QUESTION 1
1.1 Define the term reaction rate in words. (2)
Learners use the reaction between IMPURE POWDERED calcium carbonate and excess hydrochloric acid
to investigate reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
CaCO3 2(aq) + H2 2(g)

They perform four experiments under different conditions of concentration, mass and temperature as shown
in the table below. They use identical apparatus in the four experiments and measure the volume of gas
released in each experiment.
EXPERIMENT
1 2 3 4
Concentration of acid (mol·dm-3) 1 0,5 1 1
Mass of impure calcium carbonate (g) 15 15 15 25
Initial temperature of acid (°C) 30 30 40 40
1.2 The results of experiments 1 and 3 are compared in the investigation. Write down the:
1.2.1 Independent variable (1)
1.2.2 Dependent variable (1)
1.3 Use the collision theory to explain why the reaction rate in experiment 4 will be higher than that in
experiment 3. (3)
The learners obtain graphs A, B, C and D below from their results.
A

B
Volume CO2 (cm3)

C
D

Time (s)

1.4 Which ONE of the graphs (A, B, C or D) represents experiment 1? Fully explain the answer by
comparing experiment 1 with experiments 2, 3 and 4. (6)
1.5 When the reaction in experiment 4 reaches completion, the volume of gas formed is 4,5 dm3.
Assume that the molar gas volume at 40 °C is equal to 25,7 dm3. Calculate the mass of the impurities
present in the calcium carbonate. (5)
[18]

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 32 FS / January 2021

QUESTION 2

which influence reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
2(aq) + H2(g)
They use the same volume of hydrochloric acid and 1,2 g of zinc in each of five experiments. The reaction
conditions and temperature readings before and after completion of the reaction in each experiment are
summarised in the table below.
REACTION CONDITIONS
Time
Experiment Concentration of Temperature (°C) State of division
-3 (s)
) Before After of the 1,2 g of Zn
1 0,5 20 34 granules 50
2 0,5 20 35 powder 10
3 0,8 20 36 powder 6
4 0,5 35 50 granules 8
5 0,5 20 34 granules 11
2.1 Is the reaction between hydrochloric acid and zinc EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Give a
reason for the answer by referring to the data in the table. (2)
2.2 Give a reason for the difference in reaction rate observed for Experiments 1 and 2. (1)
2.3 The learners compare the results of Experiments 1 and 3 to draw a conclusion regarding the effect
of concentration on reaction rate. Give a reason why this is not a fair comparison. (1)
2.4 How does the rate of the reaction in Experiment 5 compare to that in Experiment 1? Write down
FASTER THAN, SLOWER THAN or EQUAL TO.
Write down the factor responsible for the difference in the rate of reaction and fully explain, by
referring to the collision theory, how this factor affects reaction rate. (5)
2.5 Calculate the rate at which the hydrochloric acid reacts in Experiment 4 in mol·s-1. (6)
[15]
QUESTION 3
A group of learners uses the reaction of clean magnesium ribbon with dilute hydrochloric acid to investigate
factors that influence reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
2(aq) + H2

3.1 Is the above reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
3.2 In one of the experiments 5 g magnesium ribbon was added to the hydrochloric acid solution.
3.2.1 If 30 cm3 -3 is USED UP in
-1. (5)
The volume of hydrogen gas produced as a function of time in this experiment is represented by
graph S below. (The graph is NOT drawn to scale.)
3.2.2 How does the rate of the reaction change
S between:
(Write down INCREASES, DECREASES or
Volume (cm3)

NO CHANGE.)
(a) t1 and t2
Use the collision theory to explain the
answer. (4)
(b) t2 and t3
Time (s)
Give a reason for the answer without
0 t1 t2 t3 referring to the graph. (2)

3.3 In another experiment they add 5 g of magnesium to

30 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid of concentration
-3. They obtained graph T below.
T (The graph is NOT drawn to scale.)
Volume (cm3)

S
Give TWO possible reasons why graph T differs
from graph S. (2)
[15]

Time (s)

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 33 FS / January 2021

QUESTION 4
Dilute acids, indicated in the table below, react with EXCESS zinc in each of the three experiments to produce
hydrogen gas. The zinc is completely covered with the acid in each experiment.
EXPERIMENT DILUTE ACID
1 100 cm3 -3 H SO
2 4

2 50 cm 3 -3 H2SO4
3 100 cm3 -3

The volume of hydrogen gas produced is measured in each experiment.

4.1 Name TWO essential apparatuses needed to determine the rate of hydrogen production. (2)
The graph below was obtained for Experiment 1.
Use this graph and answer the questions that follow.
4.2 At which time (t1, t2 or t3) is the:
Experiment 1 4.2.1 Reaction rate the highest (1)
Volume (cm3)

4.2.2 Mass of zinc present in the flask the

smallest (1)
4.3 In which time interval, between t1 and t2 OR
between t2 and t3, does the largest volume of
Time (s) hydrogen gas form per second? (1)
4.4 Redraw the graph for Experiment 1 in the
0 t 1 t 2 t3 ANSWER BOOK. On the same set of axes,
sketch the graphs that will be obtained for
Experiments 2 and 3. Clearly label the three graphs as EXPERIMENT 1, EXPERIMENT 2 and
EXPERIMENT 3. (4)
4.5 The initial mass of zinc used in each experiment is 0,8 g. The balanced equation for the reaction in
Experiment 3 2(aq) + H2(g)
4.5.1 Calculate the mass of zinc present in the flask after completion of the reaction in
Experiment 3. (5)
4.5.2 How will the mass of zinc present in the flask after completion of the reaction in
Experiment 2 compare to the answer to QUESTION 4.5.1? Write down only LARGER
THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
[15]
QUESTION 5
Methanol and hydrochloric acid react according to the following balanced equation:
CH3 CH3 2

5.1 State TWO factors that can INCREASE the rate of this reaction. (2)
5.2 Define the term reaction rate. (2)
5.3 The rate of the reaction between methanol and hydrochloric acid is investigated. The concentration
llowing results were obtained:
-3
TIME (MINUTES) )
0 1,90
15 1,45
55 1,10
100 0,85
215 0,60
5.3.1 -3 -1 during the first 15 minutes. (3)
5.3.2 Use the data in the table to draw a graph of concentration versus time on a graph paper.
NOTE: The graph is not a straight line. (3)
5.3.3 th minute. (1)
5.3.4 Use the collision theory to explain why the reaction rate decreases with time. Assume that
the temperature remains constant. (3)
5.3.5 Calculate the mass of CH3 th minute. The volume of the

reagents remains 60 cm during the reaction.

3 (5)
[19]

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 Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 34 FS / January 2021

QUESTION 6
The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate (Na 2S2O3) is used to investigate one
of the factors that influences reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Na2S2O3 2 2(g)

The hydrochloric acid solution is added to the sodium thiosulphate

flask solution in a flask. The flask is placed over a cross drawn on a sheet
of white paper, as shown in the diagram below. The time that it takes
Na2S2O3(aq) for the cross to become invisible is measured to determine the
reaction rate. Four experiments, A to D, are conducted during this
investigation. The volumes of reactants used in each of the four
white paper experiments and the times of the reactions are summarised in the
table below.

Volume of Volume of H2 Volume of

Experiment Time (s)
Na2S2O3(aq) (cm3) (cm3) ) (cm3)
A 25 0 5 50,0
B 20 5 5 62,5
C 15 10 5 83,3
D 10 15 5 125,0
6.1 State TWO factors that can influence the rate of the reaction above. (2)
6.2 Write down the NAME or FORMULA of the product that causes the cross to become invisible. (1)
6.3 Give a reason why water is added to the reaction mixture in experiments B to D. (1)
6.4 Write down an investigative question for this investigation. (2)
6.5 In which experiment (A, B, C or D) is the reaction rate the highest? (1)
6.6 Use the collision theory to explain the difference in reaction rate between experiments B and D. (3)
6.7 The original Na2S2O3 solution was prepared by dissolving 62,50 g Na2S2O3 crystals in distilled water
in a 250 cm3 volumetric flask. Calculate the mass of sulphur, S, that will form in experiment D if
Na2S2O3 is the limiting reactant. (7)
[17]
QUESTION 7
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, decomposes to produce water and oxygen according to the following balanced
equation: 2H2O2 2 2(g)

7.1 The activation energy (EA) for this reaction is 75 kJ and the
Potential energy (kJ)

196 kJ.
7.1.1 Define the term activation energy. (2)
7.1.2 Redraw the set of axes alongside in your ANSWER
BOOK and then complete the potential energy
H2O2 diagram for this reaction. Indicate the value of the
0
potential energy of the following on the y-axis:
Activated complex
Products
(The graph does NOT have to be drawn to scale.) 3)
Course of reaction When powdered manganese dioxide is added to the reaction
mixture, the rate of the reaction increases.
7.1.3 On the graph drawn for QUESTION 7.1.2, use broken lines to show the path of the reaction
when the manganese dioxide is added. (2)
7.1.4 Use the collision theory to explain how manganese dioxide influences the rate of
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. (3)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 35 FS / January 2021

7.2 Graphs A and B below were obtained for the volume of oxygen produced over time under different
conditions.
60
Graph A

50
Volume of oxygen gas (dm3)

Graph B
40

30

20

10

Time (s)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
7.2.1 Calculate the average rate of the reaction (in dm3 s-1) between t = 10 s and t = 40 s for
graph A. (3)
7.2.2 Use the information in graph A to calculate the mass of hydrogen peroxide used in the
reaction. Assume that all the hydrogen peroxide decomposed. Use 24 dm 3·mol-1 as the molar
volume of oxygen. (4)
7.2.3 How does the mass of hydrogen peroxide used to obtain graph B compare to that used to
obtain graph A? Choose from GREATER THAN,
P SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
Number of molecules

7.3 Three energy distribution curves for the oxygen gas

produced under different conditions are shown in
the graph alongside. The curve with the solid line
represents 1 mol of oxygen gas at 90 °C.
Choose the curve (P or Q) that best represents
EACH of the following situations:
Q
7.3.1 1 mol of oxygen gas produced at 120 °C (1)
7.3.2 2 moles of oxygen gas produced at 90 °C (1)
Kinetic energy [20]

QUESTION 8
The apparatus below is used to investigate one of the factors that affects the rate of decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide, H2O2. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
2H2O2 2 2(g)
Two experiments are conducted. The reaction conditions are as follows:
Experiment I: 50 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide is allowed to decompose at 30 °C.
Experiment II: 50 cm3 of hydrogen peroxide decompose at 30 °C in the presence of copper(II) oxide powder
(CuO).

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 36 FS / January 2021

The results of the investigation are summarised in the table below.

Total volume of O 2(g) Time taken for complete
Experiment
produced(dm3) decomposition (min.)
I 0,4 12,3
II 0,4 5,8
8.1 For this investigation, write down the function of the:
8.1.1 Graduated syringe (1)
8.1.2 Copper(II) oxide (1)
8.2 How will you know when the reaction is completed? (1)
8.3 Write down the independent variable for this investigation. (1)
8.4 Use the collision theory to fully explain the difference in reaction rates of experiment I and
II. (3)
8.5 The graphs below show changes in the potential energy during the decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide in experiment I and experiment II.

8.5.1 Is energy ABSORBED or RELEASED during this reaction? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
8.5.2 Which ONE of the curves, A or B, represents experiment II? (1)
8.6 Calculate the rate, in -3 -1, at which 50 cm 3 of hydrogen peroxide decomposes in

experiment II. Assume that 1 mole of gas occupies a volume of 25 dm 3 at 30 °C. (6)
[16]
QUESTION 9
The reaction of copper(II) carbonate with excess dilute hydrochloric acid is used to investigate the rate of reaction.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
CuCO3(s) + 2HC 2(aq) + H2 2(g)
The apparatus used is illustrated below.

Conical flask

Dilute
hydrochloric acid Copper(II) carbonate lumps

170,00 g Scale

9.1 State TWO ways in which the rate of the reaction above can be increased. (2)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 37 FS / January 2021

During the investigation, samples of both PURE and IMPURE copper(II) carbonate of EQUAL mass are used.
The graphs below are obtained from the results.

170,00

169,95 ----- Impure CuCO3

Pure CuCO3
Mass of flask and contents (g)

169,90

169,85

169,80

169,75

169,70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (s)
9.2 Write down the reaction time for the reaction of the pure CuCO 3 (1)
9.3 Assume that all the gas formed during the two reactions escape from the flask and that the impurities
do not react. Calculate the:
9.3.1 Average rate of the reaction of the pure sample over the first 20 s (3)
9.3.2 Percentage purity of the impure sample (4)
9.3.3 Maximum volume of CO2(g) produced during the reaction of the pure sample of CuCO 3 if
the reaction takes place at STANDARD CONDITIONS (3)
9.4 Sketch a graph of the volume of gas produced versus time for the reaction of the pure CuCO3.
Indicate the reaction time on the x-axis. (2)
[15]
QUESTION 10
A group of learners uses the reaction between powdered zinc and EXCESS dilute hydrochloric acid to investigate
one of the factors that affects the rate of a chemical reaction. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
2(aq) + H2(g)
They conduct two experiments. The reaction conditions used are summarised in the table below.
TEMPERATURE VOLUME OF CONCENTRATION OF MASS OF
EXPERIMENT 3 -3
(°C) ) ) Zn (g)
I 25 200 0,25 x
II 25 200 0,40 x
The results obtained are shown in the graph (not drawn to
scale).
10.1 Define reaction rate. (2)
10.2 Write down an investigative question for this
investigation. (2)
10.3 Which curve, P or Q, represents the results of
experiment I? Explain the answer. (3)
10.4 The average rate of the production of hydrogen gas,
as represented by graph P, was 15 cm3 -1. Calculate
the mass of zinc used. Take the molar gas volume
at 25 °C as 24 000 cm3. (5)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 38 FS / January 2021

10.5 In a third experiment (experiment III), 200 cm3 -3 dilute hydrochloric acid solution at

35 °C reacts with the same amount of zinc powder as in experiment I and experiment II.
10.5.1 How will the heat of reaction of experiment II compare with that of experiment III? Choose
from MORE THAN, LESS THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
10.5.2 How will the activation energy of the reaction in experiment I compare with that of the
reaction in experiment III? Choose from MORE THAN, LESS THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
10.6 The rate of the reaction in experiment III is higher than that of experiment I.
Fully explain this statement by referring to the collision theory. (3)
[17]
QUESTION 11
Learners use the reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid to investigate one of the
factors that affects reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Na2S2O3 2 2(g) + S(s)

In the first experiment, 50 cm3 of the sodium thiosulphate

solution is added to 100 cm3 -3 dilute

flask hydrochloric acid solution in a flask that is placed over a

cross drawn on a sheet of white paper. The hydrochloric
acid is in EXCESS.
Na2S2O3
The time taken for the cross to become invisible, when
viewed from the top, is recorded. The experiment is then
white paper repeated four times with different volumes of the sodium
thiosulphate solution. The results obtained are shown in
the table below.

11.1 Define reaction rate. (2)

11.2 How does the concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution used in experiment 2 compare to
that used in experiment 5? Choose from MORE THAN, LESS THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
11.3 Draw a graph of average reaction rate versus volume of sodium thiosulphate used on a GRAPH
SHEET. (3)
11.4 Use the information in the graph to answer the following questions.
11.4.1 Determine the volume of dilute sodium thiosulphate solution that needs to react in order for
the cross to become invisible in 40 seconds. USE DOTTED LINES ON THE GRAPH TO
SHOW HOW YOU ARRIVED AT THE ANSWER. (3)
11.4.2 Write down a conclusion for this investigation. (2)
11.5 Use the collision theory to explain the effect of an increase in concentration on reaction rate. (3)
11.6 The mass of sulphur produced in experiment 1 is 1,62 g. Calculate the mass of the sodium
thiosulphate used in experiment 1. (4)
[18]
QUESTION 12
Two experiments are carried out to investigate
one of the factors that affects the reaction rate
between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric
acid. The reaction that takes place is repre-
sented by the following balanced equation:
2(aq) + H2(g)
In experiment 1 a certain mass of magnesium
ribbon reacts with excess dilute hydrochloric
[Link] experiment 2 magnesium powder of
the same mass as the magnesium ribbon,
reacts with the same volume of excess dilute
hydrochloric acid. The concentration of the
acid is the same in both experiments.

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 39 FS / January 2021

12.1 Define reaction rate. (2)

12.2 For this investigation, write down the:
12.2.1 Independent variable (1)
12.2.2 Controlled variable (1)
The change in mass of magnesium is calculated and recorded in 2-minute intervals for both experiments. The
results obtained are shown in the graph alongside (NOT drawn to scale).

12.3 Use the information on the graph to:

12.3.1 Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced in experiment 1 from t = 2 minutes to
t = 10 minutes (Take the molar gas volume as 25 dm3 -1.) (5)
12.3.2 Calculate the initial mass of magnesium used if the average rate of formation of hydrogen
gas in experiment 2 was 2,08 x 10-4 mol·s-1. (5)
12.4 Use the collision theory to explain why the curve of experiment 2 is steeper than that of
experiment 1. (3)
[17]
QUESTION 13
The reaction of zinc and EXCESS dilute hydrochloric acid is used to investigate factors that affect reaction rate.
The balanced equation for the reaction is:
2(aq) + H2(g)
The reaction conditions used and the results obtained for each experiment are summarised in the table below.
The same mass of zinc is used in all the experiments. The zinc is completely covered in all reactions. The
reaction time is the time it takes the reaction to be completed.
REACTION
CONCENTRATION VOLUME OF STATE OF TEMPERATURE
EXPERIMENT -3 3 TIME
) ) DIVISION OF HC OF HC (°C)
(min.)
1 2,0 200 Powder 25 7
2 1,5 200 Granules 25 14
3 5,0 200 Powder 25 5
4 1,5 400 Granules 25 x
5 2,0 200 powder 35 4
13.1 Experiment 1 and experiment 5 are compared. Write down the independent variable. (1)
13.2 Define reaction rate. (2)
13.3 Write down the value of x in experiment 4. (2)
13.4 The Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution
curves for particles in each of experiments 1,
3 and 5 are shown alongside.
Identify the graph (A or B or C) that
represents the following:
13.4.1 Experiment 3
Give a reason for the answer. (2)
13.4.2 Experiment 5
Give a reason for the answer. (2)

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 40 FS / January 2021

13.5 Experiment 6 is now conducted using a catalyst and the SAME reaction conditions as for experiment 1.
13.5.1 What is the function of the catalyst in this experiment? (1)
13.5.2 How will the heat of reaction in experiment 6 compare to that in experiment 1?
Choose from: GREATER THAN, EQUAL TO or LESS THAN. (1)
13.6 Calculate the average rate of the reaction (in mol·min-1) with respect to zinc for experiment 2 if 1,5 g
of zinc is used. (4)
[15]
QUESTION 14
Learners use the reaction of a sodium thiosulphate solution with dilute hydrochloric acid to investigate several
factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
Na2S2O3 2(g) + S(s) + H2
14.1 Define reaction rate. (2)

Three investigations (I, II and III) are carried out.

14.2 INVESTIGATION I
The results obtained in INVESTIGATION I are shown
in the graph on the left.

For this investigation, write down the:

14.2.1 Dependent variable (1)

14.2.2 Conclusion that can be drawn from the results (2)

14.3 INVESTIGATION II
The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves,
A and B, represent the number of particles
against kinetic energy for the reaction at two
different temperatures.

14.3.1 What does line P represent? (1)

14.3.2 Which curve (A or B) was
obtained at the higher
temperature? (1)
14.3.3 Explain, in terms of the collision
theory, how an increase in
temperature influences the rate
of a reaction. (4)

14.4 INVESTIGATION III

The potential energy diagrams, X and Y, represent the reaction under
two different conditions.

Give a reason why curve Y differs from curve X. (1)

14.5 In one of the investigations, 100 cm 3 of 0,2 mol·dm 3

reacts with excess Na2S2O3(aq) and the solution is then filtered.
After filtration of the solution, 0,18 g of sulphur is obtained.
Calculate the PERCENTAGE YIELD of sulphur. (6)
[18]

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 41 FS / January 2021

QUESTION 15
The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in antacid tablets reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid
following balanced equation:
CaCO3 2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2 H<0
15.1 Is the above reaction EXOTHERMIC or ENDOTHERMIC? Give a reason for the answer. (2)
An was found to be 0,25 g.
15.2 -1) of the above reaction. (3)
The antacid tablet contains 40% calcium carbonate. Another antacid tablet of mass 2 g is allowed to react

15.3 Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide, CO 2(g) that will be collected at STP. Assume that all the
CO2(g) produced is from the calcium carbonate. (5)
The -3 at DIFFERENT
TEMPERATURES is measured. The graph below was obtained.

Use the information in the graph to answer the following questions.

15.4 Write down ONE controlled variable for this investigation. (1)
15.5 Write down a conclusion that can be made from the graph. (2)
15.6 Use the collision theory to fully explain the answer to QUESTION 15.5. (3)
15.7 Redraw the graph above in the ANSWER BOOK. On the same set of axes, sketch the curve that will
-3 is now used. Label this curve Y. (2)
[18]
QUESTION 16
The reaction of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) a
one of the factors that affects reaction rate. The balanced equation for the reaction is:
CaCO3 2(aq) + H2 2(g)

The same mass of CaCO3 is used in all the experiments and the temperature of the hydrochloric acid in all
experiments is 40°C.

The reaction conditions for each experiment are summarised in the table below.

VOLUME OF CONCENTRATION STATE OF

EXPERIMENT (aq) DIVISION OF
(cm3) ([Link]-3) CaCO3

A 500 0,1 granules

B 500 0,1 lumps

C 500 0,1 powder

16.1 For this investigation write down the:

16.1.1 Dependent variable (1)
16.1.2 Independent variable (1)

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 42 FS / January 2021

The carbon dioxide gas, CO2(g), produced

during EXPERIMENT A, is collected in a
gas syringe. The volume of gas collected
is measured every 20 s and the results
obtained are shown in the graph.
16.2 What can be deduced from the
graph regarding the RATE OF
THE REACTION during the time
interval:
16.2.1 20 s to 40 s (1)
16.2.2 60 s to 120 s (1)
16.3 Calculate the average rate (in
cm3 -1) at which CO2(g) is
produced in the experiment. (3)
16.4 How will the volume of CO2(g)
produced in experiment B
compare to that produced in
experiment A? Choose from
GREATER THAN, SMALLER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)
16.5 A graph is now drawn for experiment C on the same set of axes. How will the gradient of this graph
compare to the gradient of the graph for experiment A? Choose from GREATER THAN, SMALLER
THAN or EQUAL TO. Use the collision theory to fully explain the answer. (4)
16.6 Assume that the molar gas volume at 40°C is 25,7 dm3 -1. Calculate the mass of CaCO (s) used in
3
experiment A. (4)
[16]

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
QUESTION 1
A certain amount of nitrogen dioxide gas (NO2) is sealed in a gas syringe at 25 °C. When equilibrium is reached,
the volume occupied by the reaction mixture in the gas syringe is 80 cm3. The balanced chemical equation for the
reaction taking place is: 2NO2(g) N2O4
dark brown colourless
1.1 Define the term chemical equilibrium. (2)
1.2 At equilibrium the concentration of the NO2(g) is 0,2 mol·dm-3. The equilibrium constant for the
reaction is 171 at 25 °C. Calculate the initial number of moles of NO 2(g) placed in the gas syringe. (8)
1.3 The diagram shows the reaction mixture in the gas syringe after equilibrium is established.

80 cm3

The pressure is now increased by decreasing the volume of

the gas syringe at constant temperature as illustrated in the
diagram alongside.

1.3.1 IMMEDIATELY after increasing the pressure, the colour of the reaction mixture in the gas
syringe appears darker than before. Give a reason for this observation. (1)
After a while a new equilibrium is established as illustrated
below. The colour of the reaction mixture in the gas syringe now
appears lighter than the initial colour.
1.3.2 Use Le Chatelier's principle to explain the colour
change observed in the gas syringe. (3)
1.4 The temperature of the reaction mixture in the gas syringe is now increased and a new equilibrium is
established. How will each of the following be affected?
1.4.1 Colour of the reaction mixture
Write down only DARKER, LIGHTER or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
1.4.2 Value of the equilibrium constant (Kc)
Write down only INCREASES, DECREASES or REMAINS THE SAME. (1)
[16]

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