Appendix 5A

JORC Code

Appendix 5A

Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results,

Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves
(The JORC Code)

Introduced 1/7/96. Origin: Appendix 17. Amended 1/9/99, 17/12/2004

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G EO SC I EN TI STS

Su p p o r ti n g G e o sci e n t i st s

Prepared by the Joint Ore Reserves Committee of

The Australasian Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, Australian Institute of Geoscientists and
Minerals Council of Australia

(JORC)

Effective: 17 December 2004

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Foreword
1. The Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and
Ore Reserves (the ‘JORC Code’ or ‘the Code’) sets out minimum standards,
recommendations and guidelines for Public Reporting in Australasia of Exploration
Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves. The Joint Ore Reserves Committee
(‘JORC’) was established in 1971 and published several reports containing
recommendations on the classification and Public Reporting of Ore Reserves prior to
the release of the first edition of the JORC Code in 1989.

Revised and updated editions of the Code were issued in 1992, 1996 and 1999. This 2004 edition supersedes all previous editions.

Concurrently with the evolution of the JORC Code, the Combined Reserves
International Reporting Standards Committee (‘CRIRSCO’), initially a committee of
the Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions (‘CMMI’), has, since 1994, been
working to create a set of standard international definitions for reporting Mineral
Resources and Mineral (Ore) Reserves, modelled on those of the JORC Code.

Representatives of bodies from participating countries (Australia, Canada, South

Africa, USA and UK) reached provisional agreement on standard definitions for
reporting in 1997. This was followed in 1998 by an agreement to incorporate the
CMMI definitions into the International Framework Classification for Reserves and
Resources – Solid Fuels and Mineral Commodities, developed by the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe (‘UN-ECE’).

As a result of the CRIRSCO/CMMI initiative, considerable progress has been made

towards widespread adoption of consistent reporting standards throughout the world.
These are embodied in the similar codes, guidelines and standards published and
adopted by the relevant professional bodies in Australia, Canada, South Africa, USA,
UK, Ireland and many countries in Europe. The definitions in this edition of the
JORC Code are either identical to, or not materially different from, those
international definitions.

Introduction
2. In this edition of the JORC Code, important terms and their definitions are
highlighted in bold text. The guidelines are placed after the respective Code clauses
using indented italics. They are intended to provide assistance and guidance to
readers. They do not form part of the Code, but should be considered persuasive
when interpreting the Code. Indented italics are also used for Appendix 1 –‘Generic
Terms and Equivalents’, and Table 1 – ‘Check List of Assessment and Reporting
Criteria’ to make it clear that they are also part of the guidelines, and that the latter is
not mandatory for reporting purposes.

3. The Code has been adopted by The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
(‘The AusIMM’) and the Australian Institute of Geoscientists (‘AIG’) and is therefore
binding on members of those organisations. It is endorsed by the Minerals Council of
Australia, and the Securities Institute of Australia as a contribution to good practice.
The Code has also been adopted by and included in the listing rules of the Australian
(‘ASX’) and New Zealand (‘NZX’) Stock Exchanges.

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The ASX and NZX have, since 1989 and 1992 respectively, incorporated the Code into
their listing rules. Under these listing rules, a Public Report must be prepared in
accordance with the Code if it includes a statement on Exploration Results, Mineral
Resources or Ore Reserves. The incorporation of the Code imposes certain specific
requirements on mining or exploration companies reporting to the ASX and NZX. The
2004 edition of the Code has included much of the relevant material previously found
only in the listing rules concerning the reporting of Exploration Results and the naming
of the Competent Person. Despite the inclusion of this material in the Code it is strongly
recommended that users of the Code familiarise themselves with those listing rules which
relate to Public Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves.

The JORC Code requires the Competent Person(s), on whose work the Public Report of
Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves is based, to be named in the
report. The report or attached statement must say that the person consents to the
inclusion in the report of the matters based on their information in the form and context
in which it appears, and must include the name of the person’s firm or employer. Refer to
Clause 8 of the Code.

Scope
4. The main principles governing the operation and application of the JORC Code are
transparency, materiality and competence.

• Transparency requires that the reader of a Public Report is provided with

sufficient information, the presentation of which is clear and unambiguous,
to understand the report and is not misled.

• Materiality requires that a Public Report contains all the relevant

information which investors and their professional advisers would
reasonably require, and reasonably expect to find in the report, for the
purpose of making a reasoned and balanced judgement regarding the
Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves being reported.

• Competence requires that the Public Report be based on work that is the
responsibility of suitably qualified and experienced persons who are subject
to an enforceable professional code of ethics.

5. Reference in the Code to a Public Report or Public Reporting is to a report or

reporting on Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves, prepared for
the purpose of informing investors or potential investors and their advisers. This
includes a report or reporting to satisfy regulatory requirements.

The Code is a required minimum standard for Public Reporting. JORC also
recommends its adoption as a minimum standard for other reporting. Companies
are encouraged to provide information in their Public Reports which is as
comprehensive as possible.

Public Reports include but are not limited to: company annual reports, quarterly reports
and other reports to Australian and New Zealand Stock Exchanges, or as required by law.
The Code applies to other publicly released company information in the form of postings
on company web sites and briefings for shareholders, stockbrokers and investment
analysts. The Code also applies to the following reports if they have been prepared for the
purposes described in Clause 5: environmental statements; Information Memoranda;

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Expert Reports, and technical papers referring to Exploration Results, Mineral Resources
or Ore Reserves.

For companies issuing concise annual reports, or other summary reports, inclusion of all
material information relating to Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves
is recommended. In cases where summary information is presented it should be clearly
stated that it is a summary, and a reference attached giving the location of the Code-
compliant Public Reports or Public Reporting on which the summary is based.

It is recognised that companies can be required to issue reports into more than one
regulatory jurisdiction, with compliance standards that may differ from this Code. It is
recommended that such reports include a statement alerting the reader to this situation.
Where members of The AusIMM and the AIG are required to report in other jurisdictions,
they are obliged to comply with the requirements of those jurisdictions.

The term ‘regulatory requirements’ as used in Clause 5 is not intended to cover reports
provided to State and Federal Government agencies for statutory purposes, where
providing information to the investing public is not the primary intent. If such reports
become available to the public, they would not normally be regarded as Public Reports
under the JORC Code (see also guidelines to Clauses 19 and 37).

Reference in the Code to ’documentation‘ is to internal company documents prepared as

a basis for, or to support, a Public Report.

It is recognised that situations may arise where documentation prepared by Competent

Persons for internal company or similar non-public purposes does not comply with the
JORC Code. In such situations, it is recommended that the documentation includes a
prominent statement to this effect. This will make it less likely that non-complying
documentation will be used to compile Public Reports, since Clause 8 requires Public
Reports to fairly reflect Exploration Results, Mineral Resource and/or Ore Reserve
estimates, and supporting documentation, prepared by a Competent Person.

While every effort has been made within the Code and Guidelines to cover most
situations likely to be encountered in Public Reporting, there may be occasions when
doubt exists as to the appropriate form of disclosure. On such occasions, users of the
Code and those compiling reports to comply with the Code should be guided by its
intent, which is to provide a minimum standard for Public Reporting, and to ensure that
such reporting contains all information which investors and their professional advisers
would reasonably require, and reasonably expect to find in the report, for the purpose of
making of a reasoned and balanced judgement regarding the Exploration Results, Mineral
Resources or Ore Reserves being reported.

6. The Code is applicable to all solid minerals, including diamonds, other gemstones,
industrial minerals and coal, for which Public Reporting of Exploration Results,
Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves is required by the Australian and New Zealand
Stock Exchanges.

The JORC Code is cited by the ‘Code and Guidelines for Technical Assessment and/or
Valuation of Mineral and Petroleum Assets and Mineral and Petroleum Securities for
Independent Expert Reports’ (the ‘VALMIN Code’) as the applicable standard for the
public reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves. References
to ‘technical and economic studies’ and ‘feasibility studies’ in the JORC Code are not
intended as references to Technical Assessments or Valuations as defined in the VALMIN
Code.

7. JORC recognises that further review of the Code and Guidelines will be required
from time to time.

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Competence and Responsibility

8. A Public Report concerning a company’s Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or Ore
Reserves is the responsibility of the company acting through its Board of Directors. Any
such report must be based on, and fairly reflect the information and supporting
documentation prepared by a Competent Person or Persons. A company issuing a Public
Report shall disclose the name(s) of the Competent Person or Persons, state whether the
Competent Person is a full-time employee of the company, and, if not, name the
Competent Person’s employer. The report shall be issued with the written consent of the
Competent Person or Persons as to the form and context in which it appears.

Appropriate forms of compliance statements may be as follows (delete bullet points

which do not apply):
• If the required information is in the report:
“The information in this report that relates to Exploration Results, Mineral
Resources or Ore Reserves is based on information compiled by (insert name of
Competent Person), who is a Member or Fellow of The Australasian Institute of
Mining and Metallurgy or the Australian Institute of Geoscientists or a ‘Recognised
Overseas Professional Organisation’ (‘ROPO’) included in a list promulgated by
the ASX from time to time (select as appropriate and if a ROPO insert name of
ROPO)”: or
• If the required information is included in an attached statement:
“The information in the report to which this statement is attached that relates to
Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves is based on information
compiled by (insert name of Competent Person), who is a Member or Fellow of
The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy or the Australian Institute of
Geoscientists or a ‘Recognised Overseas Professional Organisation’ (‘ROPO’)
included in a list promulgated by the ASX from time to time (select as appropriate
and if a ROPO insert name of ROPO)”.
• If the Competent Person is a full-time employee of the company:
“(Insert name of Competent Person) is a full-time employee of the company”.
• If the Competent Person is not a full-time employee of the company:
“(Insert name of Competent Person) is employed by (insert name of Competent
Person’s employer)”.
• For all reports:
“(Insert name of Competent Person) has sufficient experience which is relevant to
the style of mineralisation and type of deposit under consideration and to the
activity which he (or she) is undertaking to qualify as a Competent Person as
defined in the 2004 Edition of the ‘Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration
Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves’. (Insert name of Competent Person)
consents to the inclusion in the report of the matters based on his (or her)
information in the form and context in which it appears”.

9. Documentation detailing Exploration Results, Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve

estimates, on which a Public Report on Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore
Reserves is based, must be prepared by, or under the direction of, and signed by, a
Competent Person or Persons. The documentation must provide a fair representation of
the Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves being reported.

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10. A ‘Competent Person’ is a person who is a Member or Fellow of The Australasian

Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, or of the Australian Institute of Geoscientists, or
of a ‘Recognised Overseas Professional Organisation’ (‘ROPO’) included in a list
promulgated from time to time.

A ‘Competent Person’ must have a minimum of five years experience which is

relevant to the style of mineralisation and type of deposit under consideration and to
the activity which that person is undertaking.

If the Competent Person is preparing a report on Exploration Results, the relevant

experience must be in exploration. If the Competent Person is estimating, or
supervising the estimation of Mineral Resources, the relevant experience must be in
the estimation, assessment and evaluation of Mineral Resources. If the Competent
Person is estimating, or supervising the estimation of Ore Reserves, the relevant
experience must be in the estimation, assessment, evaluation and economic extraction
of Ore Reserves.

The key qualifier in the definition of a Competent Person is the word `relevant'.
Determination of what constitutes relevant experience can be a difficult area and
common sense has to be exercised. For example, in estimating Mineral Resources for vein
gold mineralisation, experience in a high-nugget, vein-type mineralisation such as tin,
uranium etc. will probably be relevant whereas experience in (say) massive base metal
deposits may not be. As a second example, to qualify as a Competent Person in the
estimation of Ore Reserves for alluvial gold deposits, considerable (probably at least five
years) experience in the evaluation and economic extraction of this type of mineralisation
would be needed. This is due to the characteristics of gold in alluvial systems, the particle
sizing of the host sediment, and the low grades involved. Experience with placer deposits
containing minerals other than gold may not necessarily provide appropriate relevant
experience.

The key word ‘relevant’ also means that it is not always necessary for a person to have
five years experience in each and every type of deposit in order to act as a Competent
Person if that person has relevant experience in other deposit types. For example, a
person with (say) 20 years experience in estimating Mineral Resources for a variety of
metalliferous hard-rock deposit types may not require five years specific experience in
(say) porphyry copper deposits in order to act as a Competent Person. Relevant
experience in the other deposit types could count towards the required experience in
relation to porphyry copper deposits.

In addition to experience in the style of mineralisation, a Competent Person taking

responsibility for the compilation of Exploration Results or Mineral Resource estimates
should have sufficient experience in the sampling and analytical techniques relevant to
the deposit under consideration to be aware of problems which could affect the reliability
of data. Some appreciation of extraction and processing techniques applicable to that
deposit type may also be important.

As a general guide, persons being called upon to act as Competent Persons should be
clearly satisfied in their own minds that they could face their peers and demonstrate
competence in the commodity, type of deposit and situation under consideration. If
doubt exists, the person should either seek opinions from appropriately experienced
colleagues or should decline to act as a Competent Person.
Estimation of Mineral Resources may be a team effort (for example, involving one person
or team collecting the data and another person or team preparing the estimate).
Estimation of Ore Reserves is very commonly a team effort involving several technical
disciplines. It is recommended that, where there is clear division of responsibility within a

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team, each Competent Person and his or her contribution should be identified, and
responsibility accepted for that particular contribution. If only one Competent Person
signs the Mineral Resource or Ore Reserve documentation, that person is responsible and
accountable for the whole of the documentation under the Code. It is important in this
situation that the Competent Person accepting overall responsibility for a Mineral
Resource or Ore Reserve estimate and supporting documentation prepared in whole or in
part by others, is satisfied that the work of the other contributors is acceptable.

Complaints made in respect of the professional work of a Competent Person will be dealt
with under the disciplinary procedures of the professional organisation to which the
Competent Person belongs.

When an Australian or New Zealand Stock Exchange listed company with overseas
interests wishes to report overseas Exploration Results, Mineral Resource or Ore Reserve
estimates prepared by a person who is not a member of The AusIMM, the AIG or a
ROPO, it is necessary for the company to nominate a Competent Person or Persons to
take responsibility for the Exploration Results, Mineral Resource or Ore Reserve estimate.
The Competent Person or Persons undertaking this activity should appreciate that they
are accepting full responsibility for the estimate and supporting documentation under
Stock Exchange listing rules and should not treat the procedure merely as a ‘rubber-
stamping’ exercise.

Reporting Terminology

11. Public Reports dealing with Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves
must only use the terms set out in Figure 1.
The term ‘Modifying Factors’ is defined to include mining, metallurgical, economic,
marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental considerations.

Figure 1 sets out the framework for classifying tonnage and grade estimates to reflect
different levels of geological confidence and different degrees of technical and economic
evaluation. Mineral Resources can be estimated mainly by a geologist on the basis of
geoscientific information with some input from other disciplines. Ore Reserves, which are
a modified sub-set of the Indicated and Measured Mineral Resources (shown within the
dashed outline in Figure 1), require consideration of the Modifying Factors affecting
extraction, and should in most instances be estimated with input from a range of
disciplines.

Measured Mineral Resources may convert to either Proved Ore Reserves or Probable Ore
Reserves. The Competent Person may convert Measured Mineral Resources to Probable
Ore Reserves because of uncertainties associated with some or all of the Modifying
Factors which are taken into account in the conversion from Mineral Resources to Ore
Reserves. This relationship is shown by the broken arrow in Figure 1. Although the trend
of the broken arrow includes a vertical component, it does not, in this instance, imply a
reduction in the level of geological knowledge or confidence. In such a situation these
Modifying Factors should be fully explained.

Refer also to the guidelines to Clause 31.

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Figure 1. General relationship between Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and

Ore Reserves

Exploration Results

Mineral Resources Ore Reserves

Inferred
Increasing
level of Indicated Probable
geological
knowledge
and
confidence
Measured Proved

Consideration of mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing,

legal, environmental, social and governmental factors
(the “Modifying Factors”)

Reporting – General
12. Public Reports concerning a company’s Exploration Results, Mineral Resources or
Ore Reserves should include a description of the style and nature of the
mineralisation.

13. A company must disclose any relevant information concerning a mineral deposit that
could materially influence the economic value of that deposit to the company. A
company must promptly report any material changes in its Mineral Resources or Ore
Reserves.

14. Companies must review and publicly report on their Mineral Resources and Ore
Reserves at least annually.

15. Throughout the Code, if appropriate, ‘quality’ may be substituted for ‘grade’ and
‘volume’ may be substituted for ‘tonnage’. (Refer Appendix 1 – Table of Generic
Terms and Equivalents).

Reporting of Exploration Results

16. Exploration Results include data and information generated by exploration
programmes that may be of use to investors. The Exploration Results may or may not
be part of a formal declaration of Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves.

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The reporting of such information is common in the early stages of exploration when
the quantity of data available is generally not sufficient to allow any reasonable
estimates of Mineral Resources.

If a company reports Exploration Results in relation to mineralisation not classified as

a Mineral Resource or an Ore Reserve, then estimates of tonnages and average grade
must not be assigned to the mineralisation unless the situation is covered by Clause
18, and then only in strict accordance with the requirements of that clause.
Examples of Exploration Results include results of outcrop sampling, assays of drill hole
intercepts, geochemical results and geophysical survey results.

17. Public Reports of Exploration Results must contain sufficient information to allow a
considered and balanced judgement of their significance. Reports must include
relevant information such as exploration context, type and method of sampling,
sampling intervals and methods, relevant sample locations, distribution, dimensions
and relative location of all relevant assay data, data aggregation methods, land tenure
status plus information on any of the other criteria listed in Table 1 that are material
to an assessment.

Public Reports of Exploration Results must not be presented so as to unreasonably

imply that potentially economic mineralisation has been discovered.
If true widths of mineralisation are not reported, an appropriate qualification must be
included in the Public Report.

Where assay and analytical results are reported, they must be reported using one of
the following methods, selected as the most appropriate by the Competent Person:

 either by listing all results, along with sample intervals (or size, in the case of
bulk samples), or

 by reporting weighted average grades of mineralised zones, indicating clearly

how the grades were calculated.

Reporting of selected information such as isolated assays, isolated drill holes, assays of
panned concentrates or supergene enriched soils or surface samples, without placing
them in perspective is unacceptable.
Table 1 is a check list and guideline to which those preparing reports on Exploration
Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves should refer. The check list is not
prescriptive and, as always, relevance and materiality are overriding principles which
determine what information should be publicly reported.

18. It is recognised that it is common practice for a company to comment on and discuss
its exploration in terms of target size and type. Any such information relating to
exploration targets must be expressed so that it cannot be misrepresented or
misconstrued as an estimate of Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves. The terms
Resource(s) or Reserve(s) must not be used in this context. Any statement referring to
potential quantity and grade of the target must be expressed as ranges and must
include (1) a detailed explanation of the basis for the statement, and (2) a proximate
statement that the potential quantity and grade is conceptual in nature, that there has
been insufficient exploration to define a Mineral Resource and that it is uncertain if
further exploration will result in the determination of a Mineral Resource.

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Reporting of Mineral Resources

19. A ‘Mineral Resource’ is a concentration or occurrence of material of intrinsic
economic interest in or on the Earth’s crust in such form, quality and quantity that
there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. The location,
quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a Mineral Resource are
known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge.
Mineral Resources are sub-divided, in order of increasing geological confidence, into
Inferred, Indicated and Measured categories.

Portions of a deposit that do not have reasonable prospects for eventual economic
extraction must not be included in a Mineral Resource. If the judgement as to
‘eventual economic extraction’ relies on untested practices or assumptions, this is a
material matter which must be disclosed in a Public Report.

The term ‘Mineral Resource’ covers mineralisation, including dumps and tailings, which
has been identified and estimated through exploration and sampling and within which
Ore Reserves may be defined by the consideration and application of the Modifying
Factors.
The term ‘reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction’ implies a judgement
(albeit preliminary) by the Competent Person in respect of the technical and economic
factors likely to influence the prospect of economic extraction, including the approximate
mining parameters. In other words, a Mineral Resource is not an inventory of all
mineralisation drilled or sampled, regardless of cut-off grade, likely mining dimensions,
location or continuity. It is a realistic inventory of mineralisation which, under assumed
and justifiable technical and economic conditions, might, in whole or in part, become
economically extractable.

Where considered appropriate by the Competent Person, Mineral Resource estimates may
include material below the selected cut-off grade to ensure that the Mineral Resources
comprise bodies of mineralisation of adequate size and continuity to properly consider
the most appropriate approach to mining. Documentation of Mineral Resource estimates
should clearly identify any diluting material included, and Public Reports should include
commentary on the matter if considered material.

Any material assumptions made in determining the ‘reasonable prospects for eventual
economic extraction’ should be clearly stated in the Public Report.

Interpretation of the word ‘eventual’ in this context may vary depending on the
commodity or mineral involved. For example, for some coal, iron ore, bauxite and other
bulk minerals or commodities, it may be reasonable to envisage ‘eventual economic
extraction’ as covering time periods in excess of 50 years. However for the majority of
gold deposits, application of the concept would normally be restricted to perhaps 10 to
15 years, and frequently to much shorter periods of time.

Any adjustment made to the data for the purpose of making the Mineral Resource
estimate, for example by cutting or factoring grades, should be clearly stated and
described in the Public Report.

Certain reports (eg: inventory coal reports, exploration reports to government and other
similar reports not intended primarily for providing information for investment purposes)
may require full disclosure of all mineralisation, including some material that does not
have reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction. Such estimates of
mineralisation would not qualify as Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves in terms of the
JORC Code (refer also to the guidelines to Clauses 5 and 37).

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20. An ‘Inferred Mineral Resource’ is that part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage,
grade and mineral content can be estimated with a low level of confidence. It is
inferred from geological evidence and assumed but not verified geological and/or
grade continuity. It is based on information gathered through appropriate techniques
from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes which may
be limited or of uncertain quality and reliability.

An Inferred Mineral Resource has a lower level of confidence than that applying to an
Indicated Mineral Resource.

The Inferred category is intended to cover situations where a mineral concentration or

occurrence has been identified and limited measurements and sampling completed, but
where the data are insufficient to allow the geological and/or grade continuity to be
confidently interpreted. Commonly, it would be reasonable to expect that the majority of
Inferred Mineral Resources would upgrade to Indicated Mineral Resources with continued
exploration. However, due to the uncertainty of Inferred Mineral Resources, it should not
be assumed that such upgrading will always occur.

Confidence in the estimate of Inferred Mineral Resources is usually not sufficient to allow
the results of the application of technical and economic parameters to be used for
detailed planning. For this reason, there is no direct link from an Inferred Resource to any
category of Ore Reserves (see Figure 1).

Caution should be exercised if this category is considered in technical and economic

studies.

21. An ‘Indicated Mineral Resource’ is that part of a Mineral Resource for which
tonnage, densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade and mineral content can be
estimated with a reasonable level of confidence. It is based on exploration, sampling
and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such
as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are too widely or
inappropriately spaced to confirm geological and/or grade continuity but are spaced
closely enough for continuity to be assumed.

An Indicated Mineral Resource has a lower level of confidence than that applying to a
Measured Mineral Resource, but has a higher level of confidence than that applying
to an Inferred Mineral Resource.
Mineralisation may be classified as an Indicated Mineral Resource when the nature,
quality, amount and distribution of data are such as to allow confident interpretation of
the geological framework and to assume continuity of mineralisation.

Confidence in the estimate is sufficient to allow the application of technical and

economic parameters, and to enable an evaluation of economic viability.

22. A ‘Measured Mineral Resource’ is that part of a Mineral Resource for which tonnage,
densities, shape, physical characteristics, grade and mineral content can be estimated
with a high level of confidence. It is based on detailed and reliable exploration,
sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from
locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes. The locations are
spaced closely enough to confirm geological and grade continuity.
Mineralisation may be classified as a Measured Mineral Resource when the nature,
quality, amount and distribution of data are such as to leave no reasonable doubt, in the

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opinion of the Competent Person determining the Mineral Resource, that the tonnage and
grade of the mineralisation can be estimated to within close limits, and that any
variation from the estimate would be unlikely to significantly affect potential economic
viability.

This category requires a high level of confidence in, and understanding of, the geology
and controls of the mineral deposit.

Confidence in the estimate is sufficient to allow the application of technical and

economic parameters and to enable an evaluation of economic viability that has a greater
degree of certainty than an evaluation based on an Indicated Mineral Resource.

23. The choice of the appropriate category of Mineral Resource depends upon the
quantity, distribution and quality of data available and the level of confidence that
attaches to those data. The appropriate Mineral Resource category must be
determined by a Competent Person or Persons.

Mineral Resource classification is a matter for skilled judgement and Competent Persons
should take into account those items in Table 1 which relate to confidence in Mineral
Resource estimation.

In deciding between Measured Mineral Resources and Indicated Mineral Resources,

Competent Persons may find it useful to consider, in addition to the phrases in the two
definitions relating to geological and grade continuity in Clauses 21 and 22, the phrase in
the guideline to the definition for Measured Mineral Resources: ‘.... any variation from
the estimate would be unlikely to significantly affect potential economic viability’.

In deciding between Indicated Mineral Resources and Inferred Mineral Resources,

Competent Persons may wish to take into account, in addition to the phrases in the two
definitions in Clauses 20 and 21 relating to geological and grade continuity, the guideline
to the definition for Indicated Mineral Resources: ‘Confidence in the estimate is sufficient
to allow the application of technical and economic parameters and to enable an
evaluation of economic viability’, which contrasts with the guideline to the definition for
Inferred Mineral Resources: ‘Confidence in the estimate of Inferred Mineral Resources is
usually not sufficient to allow the results of the application of technical and economic
parameters to be used for detailed planning.’ and ‘Caution should be exercised if this
category is considered in technical and economic studies’.

The Competent Person should take into consideration issues of the style of mineralisation
and cut-off grade when assessing geological and grade continuity.

Cut-off grades chosen for the estimation should be realistic in relation to the style of
mineralisation.

24. Mineral Resource estimates are not precise calculations, being dependent on the
interpretation of limited information on the location, shape and continuity of the
occurrence and on the available sampling results. Reporting of tonnage and grade
figures should reflect the relative uncertainty of the estimate by rounding off to
appropriately significant figures and, in the case of Inferred Mineral Resources, by
qualification with terms such as ‘approximately’.

In most situations, rounding to the second significant figure should be sufficient. For
example 10,863,000 tonnes at 8.23 per cent should be stated as 11 million tonnes at 8.2
per cent. There will be occasions, however, where rounding to the first significant figure
may be necessary in order to convey properly the uncertainties in estimation. This would
usually be the case with Inferred Mineral Resources.

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To emphasise the imprecise nature of a Mineral Resource estimate, the final result should
always be referred to as an estimate not a calculation.

Competent Persons are encouraged, where appropriate, to discuss the relative accuracy
and/or confidence of the Mineral Resource estimates. The statement should specify
whether it relates to global or local estimates, and, if local, state the relevant tonnage or
volume. Where a statement of the relative accuracy and/or confidence is not possible, a
qualitative discussion of the uncertainties should be provided (refer to Table 1).

25. Public Reports of Mineral Resources must specify one or more of the categories of
‘Inferred’, ‘Indicated’ and ‘Measured’. Categories must not be reported in a combined
form unless details for the individual categories are also provided. Mineral Resources
must not be reported in terms of contained metal or mineral content unless
corresponding tonnages and grades are also presented. Mineral Resources must not be
aggregated with Ore Reserves.

Public Reporting of tonnages and grades outside the categories covered by the Code is
not permitted unless the situation is covered by Clause 18, and then only in strict
accordance with the requirements of that clause.

Estimates of tonnage and grade outside of the categories covered by the Code may be
useful for a company in its internal calculations and evaluation processes, but their
inclusion in Public Reports could cause confusion.

26. Table 1 provides, in a summary form, a list of the main criteria which should be
considered when preparing reports on Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and
Ore Reserves. These criteria need not be discussed in a Public Report unless they
materially affect estimation or classification of the Mineral Resources.

It is not necessary, when publicly reporting, to comment on each item in Table 1, but it
is essential to discuss any matters which might materially affect the reader’s
understanding or interpretation of the results or estimates being reported. This is
particularly important where inadequate or uncertain data affect the reliability of, or
confidence in, a statement of Exploration Results or an estimate of Mineral Resources or
Ore Reserves; for example, poor sample recovery, poor repeatability of assay or
laboratory results, limited information on bulk densities etc.

If there is doubt about what should be reported, it is better to err on the side of providing
too much information rather than too little.
Uncertainties in any of the criteria listed in Table 1 that could lead to under- or over-
statement of resources should be disclosed.

Mineral Resource estimates are sometimes reported after adjustment from reconciliation
with production data. Such adjustments should be clearly stated in a Public Report of
Mineral Resources and the nature of the adjustment or modification described.

27. The words ‘ore’ and ‘reserves’ must not be used in describing Mineral Resource
estimates as the terms imply technical feasibility and economic viability and are only
appropriate when all relevant Modifying Factors have been considered. Reports and
statements should continue to refer to the appropriate category or categories of
Mineral Resources until technical feasibility and economic viability have been
established. If re-evaluation indicates that the Ore Reserves are no longer viable, the
Ore Reserves must be reclassified as Mineral Resources or removed from Mineral
Resource/Ore Reserve statements.

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It is not intended that re-classification from Ore Reserves to Mineral Resources or vice
versa should be applied as a result of changes expected to be of a short term or temporary
nature, or where company management has made a deliberate decision to operate on a
non-economic basis. Examples of such situations might be commodity price fluctuations
expected to be of short duration, mine emergency of a non-permanent nature, transport
strike etc.

Reporting of Ore Reserves

28. An ‘Ore Reserve’ is the economically mineable part of a Measured and/or Indicated
Mineral Resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses, which may
occur when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments and studies have been
carried out, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed
mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and
governmental factors. These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that
extraction could reasonably be justified. Ore Reserves are sub-divided in order of
increasing confidence into Probable Ore Reserves and Proved Ore Reserves.

In reporting Ore Reserves, information on estimated mineral processing recovery

factors is very important, and should always be included in Public Reports.

Ore Reserves are those portions of Mineral Resources which, after the application of all
mining factors, result in an estimated tonnage and grade which, in the opinion of the
Competent Person making the estimates, can be the basis of a viable project, after taking
account of all relevant Modifying Factors.

Ore Reserves are reported as inclusive of marginally economic material and diluting
material delivered for treatment or dispatched from the mine without treatment.

The term 'economically mineable’ implies that extraction of the Ore Reserve has been
demonstrated to be viable under reasonable financial assumptions. What constitutes the
term ‘realistically assumed’ will vary with the type of deposit, the level of study that has
been carried out and the financial criteria of the individual company. For this reason,
there can be no fixed definition for the term ‘economically mineable’.

In order to achieve the required level of confidence in the Modifying Factors, appropriate
studies will have been carried out prior to determination of the Ore Reserves. The studies
will have determined a mine plan that is technically achievable and economically viable
and from which the Ore Reserves can be derived. It may not be necessary for these studies
to be at the level of a final feasibility study.

The term ‘Ore Reserve’ need not necessarily signify that extraction facilities are in place
or operative, or that all necessary approvals or sales contracts have been received. It does
signify that there are reasonable expectations of such approvals or contracts. The
Competent Person should consider the materiality of any unresolved matter that is
dependent on a third party on which extraction is contingent.

If there is doubt about what should be reported, it is better to err on the side of providing
too much information rather than too little.

Any adjustment made to the data for the purpose of making the Ore Reserve estimate, for
example by cutting or factoring grades, should be clearly stated and described in the
Public Report.

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Where companies prefer to use the term ‘Mineral Reserves’ in their Public Reports, e.g. for
reporting industrial minerals or for reporting outside Australasia, they should state clearly
that this is being used with the same meaning as ‘Ore Reserves’, defined in this Code. If
preferred by the reporting company, ‘Ore Reserve’ and ‘Mineral Resource’ estimates for
coal may be reported as ‘Coal Reserve’ and ‘Coal Resource’ estimates.

JORC prefers the term ‘Ore Reserve’ because it assists in maintaining a clear distinction
between a ‘Mineral Resource’ and an ‘Ore Reserve’.

29. A ‘Probable Ore Reserve’ is the economically mineable part of an Indicated, and in
some circumstances, a Measured Mineral Resource. It includes diluting materials and
allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined. Appropriate
assessments and studies have been carried out, and include consideration of and
modification by realistically assumed mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing,
legal, environmental, social and governmental factors These assessments demonstrate
at the time of reporting that extraction could reasonably be justified.

A Probable Ore Reserve has a lower level of confidence than a Proved Ore Reserve
but is of sufficient quality to serve as the basis for a decision on the development of
the deposit.

30. A ‘Proved Ore Reserve’ is the economically mineable part of a Measured Mineral
Resource. It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses which may occur
when the material is mined. Appropriate assessments and studies have been carried
out, and include consideration of and modification by realistically assumed mining,
metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social and governmental
factors. These assessments demonstrate at the time of reporting that extraction could
reasonably be justified.

A Proved Ore Reserve represents the highest confidence category of reserve estimate. The
style of mineralisation or other factors could mean that Proved Ore Reserves are not
achievable in some deposits.

31. The choice of the appropriate category of Ore Reserve is determined primarily by the
relevant level of confidence in the Mineral Resource and after considering any
uncertainties in the Modifying Factors. Allocation of the appropriate category must be
made by a Competent Person or Persons.

The Code provides for a direct two-way relationship between Indicated Mineral
Resources and Probable Ore Reserves and between Measured Mineral Resources and
Proved Ore Reserves. In other words, the level of geological confidence for Probable Ore
Reserves is similar to that required for the determination of Indicated Mineral Resources,
and the level of geological confidence for Proved Ore Reserves is similar to that required
for the determination of Measured Mineral Resources.

The Code also provides for a two-way relationship between Measured Mineral Resources
and Probable Ore Reserves. This is to cover a situation where uncertainties associated
with any of the Modifying Factors considered when converting Mineral Resources to Ore
Reserves may result in there being a lower degree of confidence in the Ore Reserves than
in the corresponding Mineral Resources. Such a conversion would not imply a reduction
in the level of geological knowledge or confidence.

A Probable Ore Reserve derived from a Measured Mineral Resource may be converted to a
Proved Ore Reserve if the uncertainties in the Modifying Factors are removed. No
amount of confidence in the Modifying Factors for conversion of a Mineral Resource to

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an Ore Reserve can override the upper level of confidence that exists in the Mineral
Resource. Under no circumstances can an Indicated Mineral Resource be converted
directly to a Proved Ore Reserve (see Figure 1).

Application of the category of Proved Ore Reserve implies the highest degree of
confidence in the estimate, with consequent expectations in the minds of the readers of
the report. These expectations should be borne in mind when categorising a Mineral
Resource as Measured.

Refer also to the guidelines in Clause 23 regarding classification of Mineral Resources.

32. Ore Reserve estimates are not precise calculations. Reporting of tonnage and grade
figures should reflect the relative uncertainty of the estimate by rounding off to
appropriately significant figures. Refer also to Clause 24.

To emphasise the imprecise nature of an Ore Reserve, the final result should always be
referred to as an estimate not a calculation.

Competent Persons are encouraged, where appropriate, to discuss the relative accuracy
and/or confidence of the Ore Reserve estimates. The statement should specify whether it
relates to global or local estimates, and, if local, state the relevant tonnage or volume.
Where a statement of the relative accuracy and/or confidence is not possible, a qualitative
discussion of the uncertainties should be provided (refer to Table 1).

33. Public Reports of Ore Reserves must specify one or other or both of the categories of
‘Proved’ and ‘Probable’. Reports must not contain combined Proved and Probable Ore
Reserve figures unless the relevant figures for each of the categories are also provided.
Reports must not present metal or mineral content figures unless corresponding
tonnage and grade figures are also given.

Public Reporting of tonnage and grade outside the categories covered by the Code is
not permitted unless the situation is covered by Clause 18, and then only in strict
accordance with the requirements of that clause.

Estimates of tonnage and grade outside of the categories covered by the Code may be
useful for a company in its internal calculations and evaluation processes, but their
inclusion in Public Reports could cause confusion.

Ore Reserves may incorporate material (dilution) which is not part of the original
Mineral Resource. It is essential that this fundamental difference between Mineral
Resources and Ore Reserves is borne in mind and caution exercised if attempting to draw
conclusions from a comparison of the two.

When revised Ore Reserve and Mineral Resource statements are publicly reported they
should be accompanied by reconciliation with previous statements. A detailed account of
differences between the figures is not essential, but sufficient comment should be made to
enable significant changes to be understood by the reader.

34. In situations where figures for both Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves are reported,
a statement must be included in the report which clearly indicates whether the
Mineral Resources are inclusive of, or additional to the Ore Reserves.

Ore Reserve estimates must not be aggregated with Mineral Resource estimates to
report a single combined figure.

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In some situations there are reasons for reporting Mineral Resources inclusive of Ore
Reserves and in other situations for reporting Mineral Resources additional to Ore
Reserves. It must be made clear which form of reporting has been adopted. Appropriate
forms of clarifying statements may be:

‘The Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources are inclusive of those Mineral Resources
modified to produce the Ore Reserves.’

or

‘The Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources are additional to the Ore Reserves.’

In the former case, if any Measured and Indicated Mineral Resources have not been
modified to produce Ore Reserves for economic or other reasons, the relevant details of
these unmodified Mineral Resources should be included in the report. This is to assist the
reader of the report in making a judgement of the likelihood of the unmodified Measured
and Indicated Mineral Resources eventually being converted to Ore Reserves.

Inferred Mineral Resources are by definition always additional to Ore Reserves.

For reasons stated in the guidelines to Clause 33 and in this paragraph, the reported Ore
Reserve figures must not be aggregated with the reported Mineral Resource figures. The
resulting total is misleading and is capable of being misunderstood or of being misused to
give a false impression of a company’s prospects.

35. Table 1 provides, in a summary form, a list of the criteria which should be considered
when preparing reports on Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves.
These criteria need not be discussed in a Public Report unless they materially affect
estimation or classification of the Ore Reserves. Changes in economic or political
factors alone may be the basis for significant changes in Ore Reserves and should be
reported accordingly.

Ore Reserve estimates are sometimes reported after adjustment from reconciliation with
production data. Such adjustments should be clearly stated in a Public Report of Ore
Reserves and the nature of the adjustment or modification described.

Reporting of Mineralised Fill, Remnants, Pillars, Low Grade

Mineralisation, Stockpiles, Dumps and Tailings
36. The Code applies to the reporting of all potentially economic mineralised material.
This can include mineralised fill, remnants, pillars, low grade mineralisation,
stockpiles, dumps and tailings (remnant materials) where there are reasonable
prospects for eventual economic extraction in the case of Mineral Resources, and
where extraction is reasonably justifiable in the case of Ore Reserves. Unless otherwise
stated, all other clauses of the Code (including Figure 1) apply.

Any mineralised material as described in this clause can be considered to be similar to in

situ mineralisation for the purposes of reporting Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves.
Judgements about the mineability of such mineralised material should be made by
professionals with relevant experience.

If there are no reasonable prospects for the eventual economic extraction of all or part of
the mineralised material as described in this clause, then this material cannot be classified
as either Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves. If some portion of the mineralised material is
currently sub-economic, but there is a reasonable expectation that it will become

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economic, then this material may be classified as a Mineral Resource. If technical and
economic studies have demonstrated that economic extraction could reasonably be
justified under realistically assumed conditions, then the material may be classified as an
Ore Reserve.

The above guidelines apply equally to low grade in situ mineralisation, sometimes
referred to as ‘mineralised waste’ or ‘marginal grade material’, and often intended for
stockpiling and treatment towards the end of mine life. For clarity of understanding, it is
recommended that tonnage and grade estimates of such material be itemised separately in
Public Reports, although they may be aggregated with total Mineral Resource and Ore
Reserve figures.

Stockpiles are defined to include both surface and underground stockpiles, including
broken ore in stopes, and can include ore currently in the ore storage system. Mineralised
material in the course of being processed (including leaching), if reported, should be
reported separately.

Reporting of Coal Resources and Reserves

37. Clauses 37 to 39 of the Code address matters that relate specifically to the Public
Reporting of Coal Resources and Reserves. Unless otherwise stated, Clauses 1 to 36 of
this Code (including Figure 1) apply. Table 1, as part of the guidelines, should be
considered persuasive when reporting on Coal Resources and Reserves.

For purposes of Public Reporting, the requirements for coal are generally similar to those
for other commodities with the replacement of terms such as ‘mineral’ by ‘coal’ and
‘grade’ by ‘quality’.

For guidance on the estimation of Coal Resources and Reserves and on statutory
reporting not primarily intended for providing information to the investing public,
readers are referred to the 2003 edition of the ‘Australian Guidelines for Estimating and
Reporting of Inventory Coal, Coal Resources and Coal Reserves’. These guidelines do not
override the provisions and intentions of the JORC Code for Public Reporting.

Because of its impact on planning and land use, governments may require estimates of
inventory coal that are not constrained by short to medium term economic
considerations. The JORC Code does not cover such estimates. Refer also to the
guidelines to Clauses 5 and 19.

38. The terms ‘Mineral Resource(s)’ and ‘Ore Reserve(s)’, and the subdivisions of these as
defined above, apply also to coal reporting, but if preferred by the reporting company,
the terms ‘Coal Resource(s)’ and ‘Coal Reserve(s)’ and the appropriate subdivisions
may be substituted.

39. ‘Marketable Coal Reserves’, representing beneficiated or otherwise enhanced coal

product where modifications due to mining, dilution and processing have been
considered, may be publicly reported in conjunction with, but not instead of, reports
of Ore (Coal) Reserves. The basis of the predicted yield to achieve Marketable Coal
Reserves should be stated.

Reporting of Diamond Exploration Results, Mineral

Resources and Ore Reserves
40. Clauses 40 to 43 of the Code address matters that relate specifically to the Public
Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves for diamonds

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and other gemstones. Unless otherwise stated, Clauses 1 to 36 of this Code (including
Figure 1) apply. Table 1, as part of the guidelines, should be considered persuasive
when reporting Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves for
diamonds and other gemstones.

For the purposes of Public Reporting, the requirements for diamonds and other gemstones
are generally similar to those for other commodities with the replacement of terms such
as ‘mineral’ by ‘diamond’ and ‘grade’ by ‘grade and average diamond value’. The term
‘quality’ should not be substituted for ‘grade,’ since in diamond deposits these have
distinctly separate meanings. Other industry guidelines on the estimation and reporting
of diamond resources and reserves may be useful but will not under any circumstances
override the provisions and intentions of the JORC Code.
A number of characteristics of diamond deposits are different from those of, for example,
typical metalliferous and coal deposits and therefore require special consideration. These
include the generally low mineral content and variability of primary and placer deposits,
the particulate nature of diamonds, the specialised requirement for diamond valuation
and the inherent difficulties and uncertainties in the estimation of diamond resources and
reserves.

41. Reports of diamonds recovered from sampling programs must provide material
information relating to the basis on which the sample is taken, the method of recovery
and the recovery of the diamonds. The weight of diamonds recovered may only be
omitted from the report when the diamonds are considered to be too small to be of
commercial significance. This lower cut-off size should be stated.

The stone size distribution and price of diamonds and other gemstones are critical
components of the resource and reserve estimates. At an early exploration stage, sampling
and delineation drilling will not usually provide this information, which relies on large
diameter drilling and, in particular, bulk sampling.

In order to demonstrate that a resource has reasonable prospects for economic extraction,
some appreciation of the likely stone size distribution and price is necessary, however
preliminary. To determine an Inferred Resource in simple, single-facies or single-phase
deposits, such information may be obtainable by representative large diameter drilling.
More often, some form of bulk sampling, such as pitting and trenching, would be
employed to provide larger sample parcels.

In order to progress to an Indicated Resource, and from there to a Probable Reserve, it is

likely that much more extensive bulk sampling would be needed to fully determine the
stone size distribution and value. Commonly such bulk samples would be obtained by
underground development designed to obtain sufficient diamonds to enable a confident
estimate of price.

In complex deposits, it may be very difficult to ensure that the bulk samples taken are
truly representative of the whole deposit. The lack of direct bulk sampling, and the
uncertainty in demonstrating spatial continuity of size and price relationships should be
persuasive in determining the appropriate resource category.

42. Where diamond Mineral Resource or Ore Reserve grades (carats per tonne) are based
on correlations between the frequency of occurrence of micro-diamonds and of
commercial size stones, this must be stated, the reliability of the procedure must be
explained and the cut-off sieve size for micro-diamonds reported.

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43. For Public Reports dealing with diamond or other gemstone mineralisation, it is a
requirement that any reported valuation of a parcel of diamonds or gemstones be
accompanied by a statement verifying the independence of the valuation. The
valuation must be based on a report from a demonstrably reputable and qualified
expert.

If a valuation of a parcel of diamonds is reported, the weight in carats and the lower
cut-off size of the contained diamonds must be stated and the value of the diamonds
must be given in US dollars per carat. Where the valuation is used in the estimation of
diamond Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves, the valuation must be based on a parcel
representative of the size, shape and colour distributions of the diamond population in
the deposit.

Diamond valuations should not be reported for samples of diamonds processed using
total liberation methods.

Table 1 provides in summary form, a list of the main criteria which should be considered
when preparing reports on Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves for
diamonds and other gemstones.

Reporting of Industrial Minerals Exploration Results,

Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves

44. Industrial minerals are covered by the JORC Code if they meet the criteria set out in
Clauses 5 and 6 of the Code. For the purpose of the JORC Code, industrial minerals
can be considered to cover commodities such as kaolin, phosphate, limestone, talc etc.

When reporting information and estimates for industrial minerals, the key principles and
purpose of the JORC Code apply and should be borne in mind. Assays may not always be
relevant, and other quality criteria may be more applicable. If criteria such as deleterious
minerals or physical properties are of more relevance than the composition of the bulk
mineral itself, then they should be reported accordingly.
The factors underpinning the estimation of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves for
industrial minerals are the same as those for other deposit types covered by the JORC
Code. It may be necessary, prior to the reporting of a Mineral Resource or Ore Reserve, to
take particular account of certain key characteristics or qualities such as likely product
specifications, proximity to markets and general product marketability.
For some industrial minerals, it is common practice to report the saleable product rather
than the ‘as-mined’ product, which is traditionally regarded as the Ore Reserve. JORC’s
preference is that, if the saleable product is reported, it should be in conjunction with,
not instead of, reporting of the Ore Reserve. However, it is recognised that commercial
sensitivities may not always permit this preferred style of reporting. It is important that,
in all situations where the saleable product is reported, a clarifying statement is included
to ensure that the reader is fully informed as to what is being reported.
Some industrial mineral deposits may be capable of yielding products suitable for more
than one application and/or specification. If considered material by the reporting
company, such multiple products should be quantified either separately or as a
percentage of the bulk deposit.

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Table 1
Check List of Assessment and Reporting Criteria
Table 1 is a check list and guideline which those preparing reports on Exploration
Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves should use as a reference. The check list is
not prescriptive and, as always, relevance and materiality are overriding principles that
determine what information should be publicly reported. It is, however, important to
report any matters that might materially affect a reader’s understanding or interpretation
of the results or estimates being reported. This is particularly important where inadequate
or uncertain data affect the reliability of, or confidence in, a statement of Exploration
Results or an estimate of Mineral Resources or Ore Reserves.

The order and grouping of criteria in Table 1 reflects the normal systematic approach to
exploration and evaluation. Criteria in the first group ‘Sampling techniques and data’
apply to all succeeding groups. In the remainder of the table, criteria listed in preceding
groups would often apply to succeeding groups and should be considered when estimating
and reporting.

Criteria Explanation
Sampling techniques and data
(criteria in this group apply to all succeeding groups)
Sampling  Nature and quality of sampling (eg. cut channels, random chips etc.) and measures
techniques. taken to ensure sample representivity.
Drilling techniques.  Drill type (eg. core, reverse circulation, open-hole hammer, rotary air blast, auger,
Bangka etc.) and details (eg. core diameter, triple or standard tube, depth of diamond
tails, face-sampling bit or other type, whether core is oriented and if so, by what
method, etc.).
Drill sample  Whether core and chip sample recoveries have been properly recorded and results
recovery. assessed.
 Measures taken to maximise sample recovery and ensure representative nature of the
samples.
 Whether a relationship exists between sample recovery and grade and whether
sample bias may have occurred due to preferential loss/gain of fine/coarse material.
Logging.  Whether core and chip samples have been logged to a level of detail to support
appropriate Mineral Resource estimation, mining studies and metallurgical studies.
 Whether logging is qualitative or quantitative in nature. Core (or costean, channel
etc.) photography.
Sub-sampling  If core, whether cut or sawn and whether quarter, half or all core taken.
techniques and  If non-core, whether riffled, tube sampled, rotary split etc. and whether sampled wet
sample preparation. or dry.
 For all sample types, the nature, quality and appropriateness of the sample
preparation technique.
 Quality control procedures adopted for all sub-sampling stages to maximise
representivity of samples.
 Measures taken to ensure that the sampling is representative of the in situ material
collected.
 Whether sample sizes are appropriate to the grainsize of the material being sampled.
Quality of assay  The nature, quality and appropriateness of the assaying and laboratory procedures
data and laboratory used and whether the technique is considered partial or total.
tests.  Nature of quality control procedures adopted (eg. standards, blanks, duplicates,
external laboratory checks) and whether acceptable levels of accuracy (ie. lack of
bias) and precision have been established.
Verification of  The verification of significant intersections by either independent or alternative
sampling and company personnel.
assaying.  The use of twinned holes.

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Criteria Explanation
Location of data  Accuracy and quality of surveys used to locate drill holes (collar and down-hole
points. surveys), trenches, mine workings and other locations used in Mineral Resource
estimation.
 Quality and adequacy of topographic control.
Data spacing and  Data spacing for reporting of Exploration Results.
distribution.  Whether the data spacing and distribution is sufficient to establish the degree of
geological and grade continuity appropriate for the Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve
estimation procedure(s) and classifications applied.
 Whether sample compositing has been applied.
Orientation of data  Whether the orientation of sampling achieves unbiased sampling of possible
in relation to structures and the extent to which this is known, considering the deposit type.
geological structure.  If the relationship between the drilling orientation and the orientation of key
mineralised structures is considered to have introduced a sampling bias, this should be
assessed and reported if material.
Audits or reviews.  The results of any audits or reviews of sampling techniques and data.
Reporting of Exploration Results
(criteria listed in the preceding group apply also to this group)
Mineral tenement  Type, reference name/number, location and ownership including agreements or
and land tenure material issues with third parties such as joint ventures, partnerships, overriding
status. royalties, native title interests, historical sites, wilderness or national park and
environmental settings.
 The security of the tenure held at the time of reporting along with any known
impediments to obtaining a licence to operate in the area.
Exploration done by  Acknowledgment and appraisal of exploration by other parties.
other parties.
Geology.  Deposit type, geological setting and style of mineralisation.
Data aggregation  In reporting Exploration Results, weighting averaging techniques, maximum and/or
methods. minimum grade truncations (eg. cutting of high grades) and cut-off grades are usually
material and should be stated.
 Where aggregate intercepts incorporate short lengths of high grade results and longer
lengths of low grade results, the procedure used for such aggregation should be stated
and some typical examples of such aggregations should be shown in detail.
 The assumptions used for any reporting of metal equivalent values should be clearly
stated.
Relationship  These relationships are particularly important in the reporting of Exploration
between Results.
mineralisation  If the geometry of the mineralisation with respect to the drill hole angle is known, its
widths and intercept nature should be reported.
lengths.  If it is not known and only the down-hole lengths are reported, there should be a
clear statement to this effect (eg. ‘downhole length, true width not known’).
Diagrams.  Where possible, maps and sections (with scales) and tabulations of intercepts should
be included for any material discovery being reported if such diagrams significantly
clarify the report.
Balanced reporting.  Where comprehensive reporting of all Exploration Results is not practicable,
representative reporting of both low and high grades and/or widths should be
practiced to avoid misleading reporting of Exploration Results.
Other substantive  Other exploration data, if meaningful and material, should be reported including
exploration data. (but not limited to): geological observations; geophysical survey results; geochemical
survey results; bulk samples - size and method of treatment; metallurgical test
results; bulk density, groundwater, geotechnical and rock characteristics; potential
deleterious or contaminating substances.
Further work.  The nature and scale of planned further work (eg. tests for lateral extensions or
depth extensions or large-scale step-out drilling).
Estimation and reporting of Mineral Resources
(criteria listed in the first group, and where relevant in the second group, apply
also to this group)

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JORC Code

Criteria Explanation
Database integrity.  Measures taken to ensure that data has not been corrupted by, for example,
transcription or keying errors, between its initial collection and its use for Mineral
Resource estimation purposes.
 Data validation procedures used.

Geological  Confidence in (or conversely, the uncertainty of) the geological interpretation of the
interpretation. mineral deposit.
 Nature of the data used and of any assumptions made.
 The effect, if any, of alternative interpretations on Mineral Resource estimation.
 The use of geology in guiding and controlling Mineral Resource estimation.
 The factors affecting continuity both of grade and geology.
Dimensions.  The extent and variability of the Mineral Resource expressed as length (along strike
or otherwise), plan width, and depth below surface to the upper and lower limits of
the Mineral Resource.
Estimation and  The nature and appropriateness of the estimation technique(s) applied and key
modelling assumptions, including treatment of extreme grade values, domaining, interpolation
techniques. parameters, maximum distance of extrapolation from data points.
 The availability of check estimates, previous estimates and/or mine production
records and whether the Mineral Resource estimate takes appropriate account of
such data.
 The assumptions made regarding recovery of by-products.
 Estimation of deleterious elements or other non-grade variables of economic
significance (e.g. sulphur for acid mine drainage characterisation).
 In the case of block model interpolation, the block size in relation to the average
sample spacing and the search employed.
 Any assumptions behind modelling of selective mining units.
 Any assumptions about correlation between variables.
 The process of validation, the checking process used, the comparison of model data
to drillhole data, and use of reconciliation data if available.
Moisture.  Whether the tonnages are estimated on a dry basis or with natural moisture, and the
method of determination of the moisture content.
Cut-off parameters.  The basis of the adopted cut-off grade(s) or quality parameters applied.
Mining factors or  Assumptions made regarding possible mining methods, minimum mining
assumptions. dimensions and internal (or, if applicable, external) mining dilution. It may not
always be possible to make assumptions regarding mining methods and parameters
when estimating Mineral Resources. Where no assumptions have been made, this
should be reported.
Metallurgical  The basis for assumptions or predictions regarding metallurgical amenability. It
factors or may not always be possible to make assumptions regarding metallurgical treatment
assumptions. processes and parameters when reporting Mineral Resources. Where no assumptions
have been made, this should be reported.
Bulk density.  Whether assumed or determined. If assumed, the basis for the assumptions. If
determined, the method used, whether wet or dry, the frequency of the
measurements, the nature, size and representativeness of the samples.
Classification.  The basis for the classification of the Mineral Resources into varying confidence
categories.
 Whether appropriate account has been taken of all relevant factors. i.e. relative
confidence in tonnage/grade computations, confidence in continuity of geology and
metal values, quality, quantity and distribution of the data.
 Whether the result appropriately reflects the Competent Person(s)’ view of the
deposit.
Audits or reviews.  The results of any audits or reviews of Mineral Resource estimates.

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 Appendix 5A
JORC Code

Criteria Explanation
Discussion of  Where appropriate a statement of the relative accuracy and/or confidence in the
relative accuracy/ Mineral Resource estimate using an approach or procedure deemed appropriate by
confidence. the Competent Person. For example, the application of statistical or geostatistical
procedures to quantify the relative accuracy of the resource within stated confidence
limits, or, if such an approach is not deemed appropriate, a qualitative discussion of
the factors which could affect the relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate.
 The statement should specify whether it relates to global or local estimates, and, if
local, state the relevant tonnages or volumes, which should be relevant to technical
and economic evaluation. Documentation should include assumptions made and the
procedures used.
 These statements of relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate should be
compared with production data, where available.
Estimation and reporting of Ore Reserves
(criteria listed in the first group, and where relevant in other preceding groups,
apply also to this group)
Mineral Resource  Description of the Mineral Resource estimate used as a basis for the conversion to
estimate for an Ore Reserve.
conversion to Ore  Clear statement as to whether the Mineral Resources are reported additional to, or
Reserves. inclusive of, the Ore Reserves.
Study status.  The type and level of study undertaken to enable Mineral Resources to be
converted to Ore Reserves.
 The Code does not require that a final feasibility study has been undertaken to
convert Mineral Resources to Ore Reserves, but it does require that appropriate
studies will have been carried that will have determined a mine plan that is
technically achievable and economically viable, and that all Modifying Factors
have been considered.
Cut-off parameters.  The basis of the cut-off grade(s) or quality parameters applied.
Mining factors or  The method and assumptions used to convert the Mineral Resource to an Ore
assumptions. Reserve (ie either by application of appropriate factors by optimisation or by
preliminary or detailed design).
 The choice of, the nature and the appropriateness of the selected mining method(s)
and other mining parameters including associated design issues such as pre-strip,
access, etc.
 The assumptions made regarding geotechnical parameters (eg. pit slopes, stope sizes,
etc.), grade control and pre-production drilling.
 The major assumptions made and Mineral Resource model used for pit
optimisation (if appropriate).
 The mining dilution factors, mining recovery factors, and minimum mining widths
used.
 The infrastructure requirements of the selected mining methods.
Metallurgical factors  The metallurgical process proposed and the appropriateness of that process to the
or assumptions. style of mineralisation.
 Whether the metallurgical process is well-tested technology or novel in nature.
 The nature, amount and representativeness of metallurgical testwork undertaken
and the metallurgical recovery factors applied.
 Any assumptions or allowances made for deleterious elements.
 The existence of any bulk sample or pilot scale testwork and the degree to which
such samples are representative of the orebody as a whole.
Cost and revenue  The derivation of, or assumptions made, regarding projected capital and operating
factors. costs.
 The assumptions made regarding revenue including head grade, metal or
commodity price(s) exchange rates, transportation and treatment charges, penalties,
etc.
 The allowances made for royalties payable, both Government and private.

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 Appendix 5A
JORC Code

Criteria Explanation
Market assessment.  The demand, supply and stock situation for the particular commodity,
consumption trends and factors likely to affect supply and demand into the future.
 A customer and competitor analysis along with the identification of likely market
windows for the product.
 Price and volume forecasts and the basis for these forecasts.
 For industrial minerals the customer specification, testing and acceptance
requirements prior to a supply contract.
Other.  The effect, if any, of natural risk, infrastructure, environmental, legal, marketing,
social or governmental factors on the likely viability of a project and/or on the
estimation and classification of the Ore Reserves.
 The status of titles and approvals critical to the viability of the project, such as
mining leases, discharge permits, government and statutory approvals.
Classification.  The basis for the classification of the Ore Reserves into varying confidence
categories.
 Whether the result appropriately reflects the Competent Person(s)’ view of the
deposit.
 The proportion of Probable Ore Reserves which have been derived from Measured
Mineral Resources (if any).
Audits or reviews. • The results of any audits or reviews of Ore Reserve estimates.
Discussion of  Where appropriate a statement of the relative accuracy and/or confidence in the
relative accuracy/ Ore Reserve estimate using an approach or procedure deemed appropriate by the
confidence. Competent Person. For example, the application of statistical or geostatistical
procedures to quantify the relative accuracy of the reserve within stated confidence
limits, or, if such an approach is not deemed appropriate, a qualitative discussion of
the factors which could affect the relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate.
 The statement should specify whether it relates to global or local estimates, and, if
local, state the relevant tonnages or volumes, which should be relevant to technical
and economic evaluation. Documentation should include assumptions made and the
procedures used.
 These statements of relative accuracy and confidence of the estimate should be
compared with production data, where available.
Estimation and reporting of diamonds and other gemstones
(criteria listed in other relevant groups also apply to this group; additional
guidelines are available in the ’Guidelines for the Reporting of Diamond
Exploration Results‘ issued by the Diamond Exploration Best Practices Committee
established by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.)
Indicator minerals.  Reports of indicator minerals, such as chemically/physically distinctive garnet,
ilmenite, chrome spinel and chrome diopside, should be prepared by a suitably
qualified laboratory.
Source of diamonds  Details of the form, shape, size and colour of the diamonds and the nature of the
source of diamonds (primary or secondary) including the rock type and geological
environment.
Sample collection.  Type of sample, whether outcrop, boulders, drill core, reverse circulation drill
cuttings, gravel, stream sediment or soil, and purpose, e.g. large diameter drilling to
establish stones per unit of volume or bulk samples to establish stone size
distribution.
 Sample size, distribution and representativity.
Sample treatment.  Type of facility, treatment rate, and accreditation.
 Sample size reduction. Bottom screen size, top screen size and re-crush.
 Processes (dense media separation, grease, X-ray, hand-sorting etc.).
 Process efficiency, tailings auditing and granulometry.
 Laboratory used, type of process for micro diamonds and accreditation.
Carat.  One fifth (0.2) of a gram (often defined as a metric carat or MC).

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JORC Code

Criteria Explanation
Sample grade.  Sample grade in this section of Table 1 is used in the context of carats per units of
mass, area or volume.
 The sample grade above the specified lower cut-off sieve size should be reported as
carats per dry metric tonne and/or carats per 100 dry metric tonnes. For alluvial
deposits, sample grades quoted in carats per square metre or carats per cubic metre are
acceptable if accompanied by a volume to weight basis for calculation.
 In addition to general requirements to assess volume and density there is a need to
relate stone frequency (stones per cubic metre or tonne) to stone size (carats per stone)
to derive sample grade (carats per tonne).
Reporting of  Complete set of sieve data using a standard progression of sieve sizes per facies. Bulk
Exploration Results. sampling results, global sample grade per facies. Spatial structure analysis and grade
distribution. Stone size and number distribution. Sample head feed and tailings particle
granulometry.
 Sample density determination.
 Percent concentrate and undersize per sample.
 Sample grade with change in bottom cut-off screen size.
 Adjustments made to size distribution for sample plant performance and performance
on a commercial scale.
 If appropriate or employed, geostatistical techniques applied to model stone size,
distribution or frequency from size distribution of exploration diamond samples.
 The weight of diamonds may only be omitted from the report when the diamonds are
considered too small to be of commercial significance. This lower cut-off size should be
stated.
Grade estimation for  Description of the sample type and the spatial arrangement of drilling or sampling
reporting Mineral designed for grade estimation.
Resources and Ore  The sample crush size and its relationship to that achievable in a commercial treatment
Reserves. plant.
 Total number of diamonds greater than the specified and reported lower cut-off sieve
size.
 Total weight of diamonds greater than the specified and reported lower cut-off sieve
size.
 The sample grade above the specified lower cut-off sieve size.
Value estimation.  Valuations should not be reported for samples of diamonds processed using total
liberation method, which is commonly used for processing exploration samples.
 To the extent that such information is not deemed commercially sensitive, Public
Reports should include:
- Diamonds quantities by appropriate screen size per facies or depth.
- Details of parcel valued.
- Number of stones, carats, lower size cut-off per facies or depth.
 The average $/carat and $/tonne value at the selected bottom cut-off should be
reported in US Dollars. The value per carat is of critical importance in demonstrating
project value.
 The basis for the price (e.g. dealer buying price, dealer selling price etc.).
 An assessment of diamond breakage.
Security and integrity  Accredited process audit.
 Whether samples were sealed after excavation.
 Valuer location, escort, delivery, cleaning losses, reconciliation with recorded sample
carats and number of stones.
 Core samples washed prior to treatment for micro diamonds.
 Audit samples treated at alternative facility.
 Results of tailings checks.
 Recovery of tracer monitors used in sampling and treatment.
 Geophysical (logged) density and particle density.
 Cross validation of sample weights, wet and dry, with hole volume and density,
moisture factor.
Classification.  In addition to general requirements to assess volume and density there is a need to relate
stone frequency (stones per cubic metre or tonne) to stone size (carats per stone) to
derive grade (carats per tonne). The elements of uncertainty in these estimates should
be considered, and classification developed accordingly.

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 Appendix 1
Generic Terms and Equivalents
Throughout the Code, certain words are used in a general sense when a more specific meaning might be
attached to them by particular commodity groups within the industry. In order to avoid unnecessary
duplication, a non-exclusive list of generic terms is tabulated below together with other terms that may be
regarded as synonymous for the purposes of this document.

Generic Synonyms and similar Intended generalised meaning

Term terms
Tonnage Quantity, Volume An expression of the amount of material of interest
irrespective of the units of measurement (which should be
stated when figures are reported).

Grade Quality, Assay, Analysis (Value) Any physical or chemical measurement of the characteristics
of the material of interest in samples or product. Note that
the term quality has special meaning for diamonds and
other gemstones. The units of measurement should be stated
when figures are reported.

Metallurgy Processing, Beneficiation, Physical and/or chemical separation of constituents of

Preparation, Concentration interest from a larger mass of material. Methods employed
to prepare a final marketable product from material as
mined. Examples include screening, flotation, magnetic
separation, leaching, washing, roasting etc.

Recovery Yield The percentage of material of initial interest that is

extracted during mining and/or processing. A measure of
mining or processing efficiency.

Mineralisation Type of deposit, orebody, style Any single mineral or combination of minerals occurring in
of mineralisation. a mass, or deposit, of economic interest. The term is
intended to cover all forms in which mineralisation might
occur, whether by class of deposit, mode of occurrence,
genesis or composition.

Ore Reserves Mineral Reserves ‘Ore Reserves’ is preferred under the JORC Code but
‘Mineral Reserves’ is in common use in other countries and
is generally accepted. Other descriptors can be used to
clarify the meaning e.g. coal reserves, diamond reserves etc.

Cut off grade Product specifications The lowest grade, or quality, of mineralised material that
qualifies as economically mineable and available in a given
deposit. May be defined on the basis of economic
evaluation, or on physical or chemical attributes that define
an acceptable product specification.

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Appendix 5A Page 27