CHAPTER 1: BASIC COMPONENTS AND UNITS

[Link]
1. What is the name of the measurement instrument which can measure many electrical quantities such
as voltage, current, resistance temperature, frequency, and capacitance in a circuit?
a) AVO meter b) oscilloscope c) multi-meter d) frequency meter
2. Which one is not an electrical quantity?
a) voltage b) flow rate c) power d) current
3. Which one is the unit of resistance?
a) volt b) henry
c) ohm d) joule
4. Which one is the unit of current?
a) volt b) watt c) ohm d) ampere

5. What does make a multi-meter different from an AVO-meter?

a) measures more quantities b) low loading effect c) high sensitivity d) being an analog instrument.

6. Which one is not a type of plier?

a) pliers b) screwdriver c) side cutter d) needle nose pliers

7. What does make the solder alloy?

a) Tin- Zinc b) Copper- Lead c) Tin -lead d) Copper - Tin

8. Hertz is the unit of....

a) frequency b) time c) inductance d} Ampere

9. The unit of voltage is...

a) Hertz b) Volt c) Ohm d) Ampere
10. Which one is equal to 3,6 x 104?
a) 3600 b)360 c) 0.0036 d) 36000

11. Which one is equal to 47000000?

a) 47 x 10-6 b) 47 x 104 c)47x106 d) 470 x 108

12. Which one is the abbreviation of micro amperes?

a) pA b) mA c) nA d) µA

13. Define 0.00000010 in power of 10.

a) 107 b) 10-7 c) 108 d) 10-8

14. 30 million ohm is equal to...

a) 30 MΩ b) 30GΩ c) 3 MΩ d) 30 KΩ
15. 250000 W is equal to...
a) 25 MW b) 25 KW c) 2,5 GW d) 0,25 MW

11
CHAPTER 1: BASIC COMPONENTS AND UNITS

PROBLEMS

1. Define shortly what resistance is?

2. What does make electrolytic capacitors different than others?

3. State the response of inductors to AC and DC currents.

4. What do we use to increase or decrease AC voltages?

5. Give some examples of semiconductor devices.

6. What is a power supply?

7. Which measurement instrument can visualize AC waveforms?

8. Write down the symbol and unit of frequency.

9. State numbers below as powers of ten.

a) 1000 = 103 b) l00000 = 105 c)0,00001 = 10-5

d) 0,000000001 e) 1000000000000000 = 1015 f),0001 = 10-4

= 10-9

1O. Calculate below unit conversions.

a) 10000 V =10KV b) 22000000 Ω=22MΩ

c) 0,000025 A =25µA d) 10000 nA =10µA

e) 3900 KΩ =3.9MΩ t) 63 µF =63000nF

g) 5000 mH =5H h) 250 MHz =0.25GHz

12
1- Resistance is the measure of an object's or material's ability to impede the flow of electric current through it.
Measured by ohms and has a symbol “R”. The higher the resistance the lesser flow of electric current.

2- electrolytic capacitors have polarity the other types do have polarity.

3- inductors initially resist the flow of current in both AC and DC circuits due to their inductive
reactance. However, in DC circuits, once the current becomes steady, the inductor behaves like a short
circuit, while in AC circuits, the inductor acts as a high-pass filter, allowing high-frequency signals to
pass through and blocking low-frequency signals.

4- Transformers, voltage regulators, electronic power converters such as inverters or DC-DC converters.

5- Diodes, transistors, integrated circuits, light emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells, thyristors.

6- a power supply is a device that provides instruments and electrical parts the necessary DC power in
various amounts, also has an electrical safety feature in case of outburst or outage.

7- function generators.

8- Frequency is symbolized by F with a unit of Hertz and its unit symbol is Hz.
2.8. TEST
1. Which one does not belong to an atom?
a) Proton b) Valance orbit c) Conduction orbit d) Electron

2. Which one is wrong?

a) Number of protons equals number of electrons in an atom.
b) Neutrons carry positive charge.
c) Valance electrons are the electrons that reside outermost orbit of an atom.
d) Electrons carry negative charge.

3. Valance electrons after rejected by their atom, are intercepted by another. So, ..............is commenced.
a) neutron flux b) hole current c) electric current d) proton flux

4. Substance with elements with least than 4 valance electrons are called....
a) insulator b) semiconductor c) conductor d) superconductor

5. Which one is an insulator?

a) copper b) human body c) salt water d) ceramic

6. What is the number of known earth elements?

a) 97 b) 118 c) 186 d) 1106

7. Which one is electrically different from others?

a) porcelain b) plastic c) neon d) aluminum

8. The elements with exactly 4 valance electrons are called ....................

a) insulator b) semiconductor c) conductor d) superconductor

9. Which one has the freest electrons?

a) insulator b) semiconductor c) conductor d) superconductor

10. "Flow rate of electrons". What does this concept refer to?
a) voltage b) charge c) current d) power

11. Ampere is the unit of ............

a) voltage b) resistance c) power d} current

12. Which one is true?

a) Direction of electron flow is from positive to negative.
b) Direction of conventional current flow is from positive to negative.
c) Electron flow and hole flow directions are same.
d) AII the circuit calculations are carried out using direction of electron flow.

13. Which one is wrong?

a) 1 Coulomb = 6,25.1018 electron b) 1 electron's charge= 1,6 x 10·19 Coulomb
c) 93.8x1016 electron's charge = 0,15C d) 1 electron's charge= 6,25.1018 Coulomb
14. There is a ......... relation between current and charge. if current ................. charge ................
a) proportional/ increases / decreases
b) proportional / increases/ increases
c)inverse proportional/ increases / decreases
d) proportional / increases / decreases

15. Which one show the relation different charges attract each other?

16. 25 C is transferred through a conductor in 5 s. what will be the current level?

a) 5 mA b) 125 A c) 125 mA d) 5 A

17. Potential difference needed to move a charge from one point to another is called as............
a) current b) voltage c) power d) charge

18. What is not the symbol of electrical voltage?

a) V b) E c) W d) U

19. A.......... has negative and positive terminals where electrons are repelled from negative side and
accepted from positive side.
a) current source b) frequency source c) signal source d) voltage source

20. The opposition to current is called...................

a) emf b) inductance c) resistance d) capacitance

21. The magnitude with unit (S) and calculated using G = 1 / R is..........
a) insulation b) conductance c} semiconduction d) impedance

22. Which type of resistance differs from others?

a) trim pots b) potentiometers c) rheostats d)carbon-film resistors

23. Which one changes resistance with varying light?

a) PTC b) VDR c) LDR d)NTC

24. Which one is not a fixed type of resistor?

a) chip resistor b} rheostat c} metal film resistor d) carbon-film resistor

25. "Red- yellow- black- silver' color coded resistance value and tolerance is....
a) 240Q %20 b) 24Q %20 c) 24Q %10 d) 23Q %10

26. Color code the 68KQ %5 resistor.

a) violet - gray - yellow - gold b) blue - white - orange - silver
c) blue - gray - d) green - blue - orange - gold
orange - gold

27. "orange - green - yellow- red- green" color coded resistance value and tolerance is.....
a) 35400Q %5 b) 3S0000Q %0,5 c) 35400Q %0,5 d) 35400Q %2
28. What’s the resistance?
a) 5,6Ω b) 56Ω c) 5,6KΩ d) 5,6MΩ
29. The power rating of usually used resistors is ......................
a) 0,5W b) 0,25W c) 1 W d) 0,75W

30. Which one is not necessary for an electric circuit to function properly?
a) Voltage source b) Load c) Current path d) Measurement instrument

31. Which one is not one of the states that an electric circuit falls?
a) Closed circuit b) Open circuit c) Loading d) Short circuit

32. "a faulty circuit can draw more current which can lead to over-heating and fire in the circuit." What do
we use to prevent fire in a circuit?
a) Long cables b) Fuses c) Powerful resistors d) Switch

33. Where in a circuit has zero potential?

a) Chassis b) Fuse bus c) Voltage source d) Load bus
34. When making measurements amperemeter is connected in .......... and voltmeter is connected in
........ to the circuit.
a) series / parallel b) series / series c) parallel / series d) parallel / parallel
35. But in reality, a voltmeter's internal resistance being a very high value is smaller than infinite. So,
by connecting a voltmeter to a component it is shunted and the net resistance of that branch is lowered.
The voltmeter does not show the actual voltage in this case due to the ....................
a) resistance effect b) loading effect c) fault effect d) sensitivity effect
36. What is the most important thing when making resistance measurements?
a) Ohmmeter is connected in series. b) Color codes of the resistance
c) Resistors are removed from d) Ohmmeter is set to the highest range.
circuits.

37. The screened cables used in TV sets are known as ...............

a) Twisted pair b) Copper c) Mesh wire. d) Coaxial cable
38 .............is burying a metal object in the ground.
a) Fusing b) Grounding c) Neutralization d) Para toner

39. What is the current limit of a 16/0,2 standard cable?

a) lA b) 2A c) 3A d) SA
40. What is used to control current in the circuit?
a) Fuse b) Thermal c) Chassis d) Switch
2.9. PROBLEM$

- What is an atom? Write down the constituents of an atom?

The atom is the smallest particle that forms an element, the
atom has a nucleus, electrons (-), the nucleus carries
protons (+) and neutrons (Null), electrons = protons,
valance electrons are the ones that reside in the outer
orbit and can be easily taken away by other atoms, that
explains conductors and semiconductors as well as
insulators, However there was no mention of
superconductors so any question that contains
superconductors are not understood, in the answer key
for question 9 “Which one has the freest electrons?” it’s said to be a
“superconductor” although I believe it’s “insulator” as free electrons are
the valance electron.

now because I love this topic, I’m going to write a little

extra,

An electron is an elementary subatomic particle; however, protons are made of 1 down quark
and 2 up quarks and neutrons contain 1 up quark and 2 down quarks, quarks are also an
elementary particle. The masses of each subatomic particle and the masses of 118 elements
vary, I’m not going to mention them as there are too many, because in the book subatomic
particles are mentioned and not any other.

- What is valance electron? What is their most important property?

As mentioned in the previous answer valance electrons are the ones that reside in the outer orbit and can be easily
taken away by other atoms, that explains conductors and semiconductors as well as insulators. They make an electron
cloud, which gets absorbed by another atom hence making an electrical exchange, hence conducting electricity.

- State what a conductor is and give some examples.

A conductor is any element that has 1,2 or 3 valance electrons on it, a good example is gold and silver, personally I like gold
as it’s used in most devices (all devices have a chip and the chip have gold) and it’s used in quantum computers.

- Give some examples of insulators.

Insulators, I’d say air but in fact it’s possible to extract electricity from thin air using nanotechnology, I don’t know what is that
tech to be honest. A good example is glass, plastics, cotton, and paper.

- What the elements with 4 valance electrons are called?

Not a superconductor, it’s a semiconductor. “Atoms with their valance electron number exactly four are called as
semiconductors.” Page 15.

-What is the symbol and unit of current?

“I” is current, and its SI unit is A ampere.

-State the difference between electron flow and conventional flow directions.
Electron flow is simply current, conventional flow is the direction of current being from positive to negative,
Originally, it’s from negative to positive, I have quite a hard time dealing with that conflict in the physics 2 class.
In Physics class so many different formulas and symbols are used for the exact same purpose and that is very uncynical.
Electromotive force as voltage? There’s an explanation of course but when the educational system doesn’t explain it fully
then I start getting lost then I’d have a 40min exam that is quoted “easy”.

-Calculate the charge of 50x1031electrons?

50e31/6.25e18 = 8e13C
Q = 8e13C

-Calculate the number of electrons that constitute an 80µC charge.

6.25e18 * 80e-6 = 5e14

-Same charges rebel Each other and opposite charges attract Each other.

-State the current level reached by transferring 50C charge in 5 seconds.

50C / 5t = 10A

- if 500Jis needed to move a 100C charge in a resistor, calculate the voltage applied to the resistor.

500J/100C = 5V

-How is the electron flow supported by a battery in the electric circuit?

Get a battery, connect it to a conductor, pump from one side positive charge, the charge wants to go to the negative
charge, its only way is through the conductor, it reaches the other side of the battery, do it again and you have a circuit.

-Why are resistors used in electric circuits?

They are used to limit current, instead of burning your small electrical device a resistor is added before it, typically we
shouldn’t emit too much voltage in the first place.

-Express the name of the property representing the easiness to current flow in electric circuits.
Conductance, it’s the invers of resistance, its symbol is G SI unit is siemens or S.

-Count the names of variable resistors.

- Trimpot

- potentiometer

- Rheostat
- Find resistances.
1st = 33Ω %5 2nd = 24300Ω 2% 3rd = 4,7MΩ 4th = 243000Ω 1% 5th = 230Ω 10% 6th = 59800Ω %1
7th = 2,2Ω 8th = 2,03MΩ %1 9th = 7,43MΩ %2 10th = 100KΩ 11th = 340Ω %20 12th = 549KΩ %0.5
13th = 34Ω %10 14th = 74,7MΩ %2 15th = 149KΩ %0.5 16th = 3,9Ω

- What constitutes a simple electric circuit?

100Ω %10 = Brown, Black, Brown / silver
673KΩ %0.5 = Blue, Violet, Orange, Orange / Gold
10Ω %20 = Brown, Black, Black / No color
1000Ω %10 = Brown, Black, Red / silver
587Ω %5 = Green, Gray, Violet, Black / Gold
4.7MΩ %20 = Yellow, Violet, Green / No color
475MΩ %5 = Yellow, Violet, Green, Blue / Gold
22Ω %20 = Red, Red, Black / No color
555KΩ %2 = Green, Green, Green, Orange / Red

- State different states of an electric circuit by drawing diagrams.

Express the state of the circuit below. What harm can do such a situation in an electric circuit? What can be done to
prevent such harms?



By simply removing the connection in the middle.

-How is a fuse used?

A fuse used to open the circuit automatically once the current increased to a dangerous level.

-State the diameter of a wire which can carry 5A?

24/0.2 max.

-Draw the symbol of chassis used in circuit diagrams. What is the voltage level of chassis point?

The voltage level is usually assumed to be zero.

-in an electric circuit voltage is measured by a voltmeter, Current is measured by an amperemeter, and
resistance is measured by a ohm meter.

-in the circuit diagram below, there are many resistors connected in series and parallel to each other. There are
instruments which measure voltage or current on every component. The empty circles in the circuit represent
these instruments. Show whether the instrument is a voltmeter or amperemeter by placing a "V" for voltmeter and
"A" tor amperemeter.
3.6. TEST

1. “The ra�o of the poten�al difference between two ends of a conductor to the current flowing
through that conductor is fixed “this defini�on is known as

a) Lenz’s law b) Kirchhoff’s law c) Faraday’s law d) Ohm’s law

2. If the voltage applied to resistance is ............... the current flow will be ..........

a) increased / increased b) decreased increased c) increased /fixed d) increased / decreased

3. According to the Ohm’s law if resistance is increased two-fold in the circuit, the current flowed will
......

a) increase two-fold b) stay fixed c) decrease two-fold d) increase four-fold

4, “V = LR’ what is the unit of V in the formula?

a) ampere b) ohm c) wat d) volt

5. The capacity to produce work is called as ............

a) power b) energy c) joule d) poten�al

6. When a current is passed through a resistance ............... and …………. energy is produced.

a) kine�c / poten�al b) kine�c / mo�on c) heat / light d) kine�c / light

7. If 1 joule energy is expensed in one second, the power will be...............

a) 1 joule b) 1 volt c) 1 wat d) 1 ampere

8. The unit of power is.................

a) V b) W c) T d)P

9. If 120j energy is expensed in 20s, the power will be................

a) 6 wat b) 6 joule c) 720 wat d) 20 / 120 wat

10. 1 MW is.............. wat.

a) 1000 W b) 0,001W c) 1000000 W d) 109 Wat

11, 1 hp is......... wat.

a) 74.6W b) 976W c) 1476 W d) 746W

12. 1Wh is ….. joule.

a) 60 joule b) 3600 joule c) 1 joule d) 1 / 3600 joule

13. The energy expensed in a determined �me frame is called as ..............0

a) unit energy b) voltage c) power d) current

14. The formula of energy is ............

a)W=P/t b)P=We c)W=VI d)W=Pt

15. An iron rated at 2000W is operated for 2 hours. Find the energy consumed.

a) 4 KWh b) 4000 KWh c) 4000joule d) 1000 Wh

16. Which one is wrong?

a)P=V1 b)P=V/I c)P=I2R d)P=V2/R

17. The voltage is 10V and the resistance is 25Ω in circuit. Find the power.

a)5W b) 2,5 W c)4w d) 250 W

18. Devices that convert AC voltages to DC voltages are called as...

a) oscillator b) signal generator c) batery d) power supply

19. Devices that convert chemical energy to electrical energy are called as...............

a) accumulator b) electrolyte ¢) oscillator d) dynamo

20. A 150Ah rated batery supplies a current of 3A for ..............

a) 150h b) 750h c)50h d)3h

21. The ra�o of output power to the input power in power supplies is called as................

a) regula�on b) ripple factor c) power d) efficiency

[Link] input power is 80W and output power is 48W, find the percentage efficiency.

a) 48% b) 60% C) 16.67% d) 80%

23. What is the total energy consump�on read from below energy meter �ll beginning.

a) 394 Wh b) 394 joule c) 39.4 KWh d) 39,4 Wh

24. Which one consumes the highest energy?

a) TV set b) computer c) washing machine d) instant heater

25. A fridge rated at 2000W is operated for 50 hours. Find the cost if the price is 30 cents per kWh.

a) 30 TL b) 300 TL c) 15 TL d) 100 TL

26. Which one is incorrect according to the diagram below?

a) If current is increased the heat produc�on is also increased

b) By increasing the resistance in the circuit, we can increase the power consump�on.

c) By increasing voltage, we can increase the current in the circuit

d) It is necessary to decrease the resistance to increase the current in the circuit.

27. Which one is incorrect?

a) P: power(joule), b) | : current (Ampere) c) V : voltage (Volt) d) R : resistance (ohm)

3.7. PROBLEMS

[Link]�s Ohm's law? Explain. What does determine the rela�on between voltage and current in a fixed
resistance circuit?

The rela�onship between the poten�al difference across a conductor and the current flowing through it
is constant and can be expressed as V = I * R, where V represents the poten�al difference, I denotes the
current, and R is the resistance.

2. If we increase the voltage two-fold in a fixed resistance circuit, the current will be.............

Increased by 2 �mes.

3. If voltage is 48V and resistance is 100Ω, the current will be...............

V=48V, R=100Ω  I=48V/100Ω = 0.48A

4. Find the source voltage in the circuit below.

I=3A

R=50Ω

V=I*R

V=150V

5. Define energy and power.

Energy refers to the ability or capacity to perform work, while power is the measure of how quickly
energy is used or consumed within a specific period of �me.

6. What will be the power, if 7500j is expensed in dura�on of 5 hours?

P=W/t = 7500J/5*602 = 0.4166666W

7. Make power and energy conversion below.

1000W= 1KW 50KW =50000W 240W =0.24KW 0,012W= 12mW

36000j = 10Wh 5KWh= 5000Wh 1800000j = 0.5KWh 350000Wh = 350KWh

8. A child plays with a 300W computer for 5 hours. Find the energy consumed.

W=P*t = 300*18000 = 5400000J = 1500Wh = 1.5KWh

[Link] is the appliances found in a home and their power ra�ng and opera�on dura�ons.

Find the reading on the energy meter. if 1KWh = 20 cents (0.2 TL), find the cost.

10. The voltage on a resistance is 5.5V and the current is 3 mA. Find the power consump�on.

V=5.5V

I=3mA

P=16.5mW

11. Find the power dissipated on every resistor in the circuits below.

P=V*I P=I2*R P=V2/R

P=20V*2A P=1.52A*27Ω P=92V/33Ω

P=40W P=60.75W P=2.45W

12. Give examples of popular types of power supplies.

AC/DC Power Supply

Uninterrup�ble Power Supply (UPS)

Batery Power Supply

Solar Power Supply

13.A 2500 mAh rated batery can supply a 0.5A current for .............. hours if it is full in the beginning.

5 hours.

14. The input power is 48W, and output power is 36W in a power supply. Calculate the efficiency and

power loss.
η = Pout / Pin = (36/48)*100% = 75%

Ploss = input - output = 48-36 = 12W

15. fully charged batery is capable of producing a current of 1.5A for 24 hours. What is the capacity of
that batery in Ah?

I*t=Ah

1.5A*24*602s = 36Ah

16. In the circuit below, find voltage, current and power of the resistance.

Amperemeter =12.25mA

Voltmeter =60V

Power = 0.735W
4.7. TEST

1. Total resistance in a series circuit is equal to the ............... of all resistances.

a) square b) sum c) inverse d) product

2. A series circuit is set up using 20Ω, 15Ω, 220Ω and 100Ω resistances. The net resistance is................

a) 320Ω b) 15Ω c) 220Ω d) 355Ω

3. Four 200Ω resistors are connected in series. Total resistance is ..............

a) 800Ω b) 8KΩ c)50Ω d) 1KΩ

4, Current of every resistor in a series configura�on is.............

a) directly propor�onal to resistances. b) same.

c) inversely propor�onal to resistances. d) different.

5. If two or more voltage sources are connected in ........... net voltage will be the algebraic sum.

a) parallel b) compound c) inverse d) series

6.“Algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero” what this expression is about?

a) Series ohm law b) Kirchhoff’s law of current

c) Kirchhoff’s law of voltage d) Parallel ohm law

7. When wri�ng the voltage equa�on in a series circuit reference point is taken as the.............

a) posi�ve of the batery b) nega�ve of the batery

c) load point d) posi�ve of the load

8. The voltage polarity on resistors is selected as

a) Random

b) current entrance is (+) exit is (-).

c) current exit is (+) entrance is(-).

d) closer side to ground is (-) the other side is (+).

9. In a series circuit, sum of voltage drop on every resistor is equal to .........

a) net source voltage b) zero c) ground poten�al d) voltage drop in one resistor

[Link] a series circuit, bigger resistance gets...... and smaller resistance gets....... Voltage.

a) bigger/ bigger b) equal / equal c) bigger / smaller d) posi�ve / nega�ve

11. The equa�on below is…..

VX = (VS/RT) * RX

a) branch curren�n a parallel circuit b) voltage divider formula

c) Kirchoff law of voltage d) Ohm's law

12. Total powerin a series circuit is equal to

a) Sum ofresistor powers c) Square of source voltage

b) Productof resistor powers d) Productof current by net resistance

4.8. PROBLEMS

1. Why do we need series configura�on?

When aiming for a resistance value that deviates from the standard, it becomes necessary.

2. How is the net resistance calculated in series circuits?

The calcula�on involves adding up the values of the resistors that are connected in series.

3. Find equivalent resistance in the circuits below.

15Ω + 50Ω + 100Ω = 165Ω 10Ω + 22Ω + 33Ω + 47Ω = 112Ω

4. Find total resistance and current in the circuit.

2K + 1K + 10K + 5K +10K = 28KΩ

5. Draw basic schema�c diagram of a torch.

6. Find the net voltage applied to the light bulb?

1.5V

7. find the net voltage, net resistance and current ni the circuit.

R = 250Ω
V = 10V
I=10/250 = 0.04A

8. Explain Kirchoff's voltage law shortly.

The sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero based on algebraic principles.

9. Algebraic sum of voltage drops on every componentin a closed loopis equal to...
The net sum of voltage sources in a series circuit can be determined by adding up the
individual voltage values of the sources.

10. Howis the voltage equationin a seriescircuit written?

VT = V1 + V2 + ....+ Vn

11. Apply Kirchoffs voltage law to find the voltage drop seen on 80Ω resistance.

8V
12. Usually, ,,,,. are used as voltage dividers.
Resistors.

13. In a series circuit bigger resistancegets ............ and smaller resistance gets...
A larger voltage drop across it ....... a smaller voltage drop across it.

14. How is the voltage divider formulae derived?

VX = I*RX = (VS/RT) * RX

15. Find voltage drop on 8KQ resistanceusing voltage divider formulae.

8V

16. Draw the equivalent schema�c of a poten�ometer.

17. Give an example to voltage divider networks and explain shortly.

A voltage divider network is a simple circuit consis�ng of two resistors connected in series. It is used to
divide an input voltage into a desired lower output voltage. The output voltage is determined by the
ra�o of the resistances in the circuit.

18. State how volume control worksin a radio receiver.

Volume control in a radio receiver works by using a poten�ometer to vary the resistance in the audio
circuit, thereby adjus�ng the amplitude (loudness) of the audio signal.
19. Find the total power consumed by resistors.

Pt=VS2 / RT

362/18 = 72W

20. Total power of resistors is equal to the power equal in series circuits.
5.8. TEST

1. The circuit with components opposite leads are connected to each other is called as...........

a) inverse b) series c) compound d) parallel

2. In parallel connec�on the poten�al on each resistors .............

a) inversely propor�onal to each resistance b) propor�onal to each resistance

c) equal d) infinite

3. Which symbol is used to express parallel connec�on in short?

a) # b) || c) / d) =

4. Which one is the correct formula to calculate equivalent resistance of two parallel connected
resistors?

a) b) c) d)

5. When the parallel connected resistor's resistances are equal, the equivalent resistance is equal to

a) one branch resistance b) sum of branch resistances

c) one branch resistance divided to branch number d) branch number divided to branch resistance

6. Find equivalent resistance

a) 18Ω

b) 4Ω

c) 6Ω

d) 3Ω

7. In a parallel circuit, the sum of........ entering a node is equal to the sum of........ leaving that node.

a) voltages / voltages b) powers / powers

c) voltages / currents d) currents / currents

8. In an electrical circuit, the point where two or more components are connected is called as .............

a) branch b) solder c) node d) loop

9. Generally currents entering a node are assumed to have a ............. sign while currents leaving a node
is assumed to have a............ sign.

a) -/+ b) +/- C) nega�ve / posi�ve d) neutral / nega�ve

10. The algebraic sum of currents that are entering and leaving a node is..........

a) nega�ve b) posi�ve c) zero d) infinite

11. Branch currents in a parallel circuit is ........... to the branch resistances.

a) inversely propor�onal b) propor�onal c) parallel d) neutral

12. What the below equa�on is called? IX = (RT/RX) * IT

a) current divider b) voltage divider c) Kirchhoff law of voltage d) ohm’s law

5.9. PROBLEMS

1. What is a parallel connec�on? Show by sketching an example.

2. Withdraw the formula to find the equivalent resistance in a parallel connec�on of two resistors.

1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2  RT = (R1*R2)/(R1+R2)

3. Find equivalent resistances.

120*60 / 180 = 40Ω 24/3 = 8Ω 1/24 + 1/12 + 1/8  4Ω

4. Find equivalent resistance

120/6 = 20Ω

5. Find equivalent resistance and total circuit current and R1 current

RT = 60*30/90 = 20Ω

IT = 18V/20Ω = 0.9A
6. Find equivalent resistance and total circuit current and the currents of all branches

RT = 100*400/500 = 80Ω

IT = 20V/80Ω = 0.25A

I1 = 20V/100Ω = 0.2A

I2 = 20V/400Ω = 0.05A

7. Find the currents of all branches

I1 = 90V/10Ω = 9A

I2 = 90V/15Ω = 6A

I3 = 90V/5Ω = 18A

8. Explain the current law of Kirchhoff.

The principle states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node is equal to the algebraic sum of
currents leaving that node.

9. Explain what a node is.

A node refers to a point in a circuit where two or more components are connected together.

10. Find and enumerate nodesin the below circuit.

11. Find the highest resistance in the parallel connected branches of the below circuit by evalua�ng the
current readings shown by amperemeters.

The lower the current the Higher the resistance hence

it’s 2mA.

12. Find the unknown current in the below node.

Input = output

2+6+x = 8+5  x=5

13. find the unknown current in the below circuit.

IT = 140µA R1 = 200Ω

I1 = 56µA R1 = 200Ω

I2 = 56µA R1 = 400Ω

RT = 80Ω

I3 = 80/400 * 140 = 28µA

14. In aparallel connected circuit if the branch resistance is high its current will be low and if the branch

resistanceis low its current will be high

15. Voltages in a parallel connected circuit is

equal across all connected elements.

16. Find branchcurrents using current divider formula.

RT = 100*400/500 = 80Ω

I1x = (RT/ RX )*IT

I1 = 80Ω/200Ω * 200µA = 80mA

I2 = 80Ω/200Ω * 200µA = 80mA

I3= 80Ω/400Ω * 200µA = 40mA

17. Find branch currents

RT = 1.6Ω

I1 = 1.6/2*24 = 20mA

I2 = 1.6/10*24 =4mA

18. Find total power dissipated in the resistors

RT = 0.36Ω

PT = 902V/0.36Ω = 22500W

19. Find equivalent resistance in the below circuits.

a) 80/4= 20, 30*60/90 = 20, 40*10/50 = 8Ω

b) a�er applying the same steps in the answer above, we get 48Ω

c) 70Ω

d) 4Ω
20. Find the required parameters in the circuits below.

a) RT = 12Ω IT = 2A VA = 6V

b) RT = 2KΩ IT = 6mA VX = 12V

VY = 4V

c) RT = 16KΩ IT = 3mA V1 =
36V

I3 = 1.5mA

d) RT = 14Ω IT = 5A VA = -20V

21. Find equivalent resistance, total current and total power in the below circuit.

RT = 450Ω IT = 0.2A PT = 18W

22. Find required parameters.

RT = 6.67Ω RA = 6Ω VX = 10V
6.11. TEST

1. Capacitoris...........for DC and ............. For AC.

a)conductor/insulator b)insulator/conductor c)conductor/conductor d)low resistance/high resistance

2. An insula�ng dielectric layer sandwiched between two conductor plates cons�tute the passive
electric circuit element called...............

a) resistor b) inductor c) diode d) capacitor

3. Capacitors are used as ........... in power supplies.

a) rec�fier b) regulator C)filter d) amplifier

4. What is a variable capacitor?

a) adjustable capacitance b) polarized capacitor c) filter capacitor d) fixed capacitance

5. Wha�s it called in the below diagram shown with an arrow?

a) lead b) conductor c) dielectric material d) metal layer

6. What is the type of the capacitor whosecircuit diagram symbolis given below?

a) Ceramic capacitor

b) Variable capacitor

c) Non-polarized capacitor

d) Polarized capacitor

7. The capability to store charges of a capacitor is measured by...............

a) resistance b) capacitance c) inductance d) impedance

8. Capacitance is .......... propor�onal with stored electric charge and............... propor�onal with
voltage.

a) directly / inversely b) inversely / directly c) inversely /inversely _d) directly / directly

9. Which one is bigger?

a) 47 µF b) 4700 nF c) 0,47mF d) 47.105 pF

10. Which of the below less effects the capacitance of a capacitor?

a) conductorplate area b) voltage

c) dielectric constant d) distance between two plates

11. Which of the below capacitance comparisonsis correct according the diagram below?

a) bigger/ smaller b) equal/ equal c) smaller/ bigger d) not dependent on d

12. There are capacitors with equal physical dimensions other than the dielectric materials. Which one
has

the biggest capacitance?

a) Teflon b) vacuum c) Mika d) paper

13. Which one is not a capacitor type?

a) cerbon b) Mika c) ceramic d) plas�c-Film

14. Which capacitor type haspolarity?

a) Mika b) Trimmer c) ceramic d) electroly�c

15. Which capacitor type can have the highest capacitance?

a) Mika b) Plas�c-film c) ceramic d)electroly�c

16. Which capacitor type has a 100V-2500V opera�ng voltage level?

a) Mika b) Plas�c-film c) Carbone d) Electroly�c

17. Which capacitor type can have a 1uF - 200 000uF capacitance range?

a) Mika b) Electroly�c c) Carbone d) Plas�c-film

18. Which dielectric material is usually used in variable capacitors?

a) Glass b) Teflon c) Air d) Mika

19. ‘It is used in various circuits to fine tune capacitance. Usually used dielectric material is either mica,

ceramic,or air" which type is this capacitor?

a) variable b) poten�al c) electroly�c d) trimmer

20. “these are diodes used to obtain a variable capacitance by varying barrier length using an external

varying reverse bias” which type is this capacitor?

a) Ceramic b) Varactor diode c) Electroly�c d) Mica

21. When a capacitor’s charge is completed its voltage reaches its highest point. This voltage is ...........

the source voltage.

a) higher than b) lower than c) equal to d) unrelated with

22. Wha�s obtained from the resistor when the capacitor discharges across the resistor?

a) light b) heat c)photon d) pressure

23. A capacitor is assumedto befully chargedin .............. dura�on.

a)t b) 3t c) 5t d) 10t

24, When a capacitor discharges it ........... of ini�al voltage in one t dura�on.

a) %50 b) %37 c) %86 d) %63

25. CAB = (C1*C2)/C1+C2 according to the formula, how C; and C2 are connected?

a) series b) parallel c) compound d) star

26. 6F and 3yF two capacitors are connectedin series. Find the equivalent capacitance.

a)1µF b) 2µF c) 9µF d) 18µF

27. 4µF and 6µF two capacitors are connected in parallel. Find the equivalent capacitance.

a)4µF b) 2,4µF c) 10µF d) 24µF

28. The resistance to AC of a capacitor is called ..............

a) resistance b) impedance c) induc�ve reactance d) capaci�ve reactance

29. In an capaci�ve AC circuit, if source frequency is .............. the current will...

a)increased/increase b)increased/stay unchanged c)decreased/increase d)unchanged/decrease

30. In a capaci�ve AC circuit ... leads .... 90°,

a) voltage / current b) current / voltage c)current/resistance d) voltage / power

31. Which one doesdefine powerin a purely capaci�ve AC circuit?

a) ac�ve power b) apparent power c) reac�ve power d) effec�ve power

32. Wha�s the purpose of the capacitor in the below circuit?

a) rec�fier

b) filter

c) coupling

d) regulator

33. what is the purpose of the capacitor in the below circuit?

a) rec�fier

b) filter

c) coupling

d) amplifier

34. ..... fault is the short circuit of the capacitor by instant dielectric breakdown.

a) instant fault b) open circuit c) slow ac�ng d) aging

35...... capacitors are used to pass AC signals to ground without affec�ng the DC bias at the point of
connec�on.

a) filter b) AC de-coupling c) AC coupling d) regulator

36. The meter used to measure inductance, capacitance and resistance is called .............

a) ohmmeter b) capacitance meter c) LCR-meter d) ampermeter

6.12. PROBLEMS

1. Whats the principal duty of capacitors?

Capacitance block DC and allows AC.

2. Make below unit conversions.

0,01µF = 10nF 10000pF= 10nF 6300nF= 6.3µF 0,05mF =50µF

0,0002µF =200pF 100nF =100000pF 4700nF= 4.7 µF 0,000005F =5µF

3. Find the amountof stored charge in coulombsif a 0,006pF capacitoris charged to 10 volts.

Q=C*V = 0.006e-6 * 10 = 6e-9 Coulump

4. Find the value of capacitanceif that capacitor stores 40x10-6 C charge if charged to 10V.

C=Q/V = 40e-6/10 = 4µF

5. Plate area is A=0,009m2, and distance between plates is d=0,0015m in a capacitor where Teflon

is used as dielectric material. Find net capacitance.

C = (0.009*2*8.85e-12)/0.0015 = 1.062e-10

6. When distance between plates in a capacitor is increased, the capacitance increases

7. When the dielectric coefficient in a capacitor is decreased, the capacitance decreases

8. When the plate area in a capacitoris increased, the capacitance increases

9. What does make an electroly�c capacitor different than the other capacitor types?

Electroly�c capacitors use an electrolyte to form a dielectric, enabling them to store larger capacitance
values compared to other capacitor types.

10. Count fixed capacitor types.

Ceramic capacitor Electroly�c capacitor

Tantalum capacitor Film capacitor

Mica capacitor Glass capacitor

Paper capacitor Supercapacitor

11. Explain how a capacitor charges.

A capacitor charges when a voltage difference is applied across its terminals, causing electrons to
accumulate on one plate and an equal number of electrons to be removed from the other plate,
crea�ng an electric field between them.

12. Explain discharge of a capacitor across a resistor.

When a charged capacitor is connected across a resistor, it begins to discharge. The stored energy in the
capacitor is gradually released as current flows through the resistor, reducing the voltage across the
capacitor over �me.

13. Find �me constant of the circuit

τ = R*C

τ = 100e3 * 2700e-6

τ = 270sn

14. In the circuit below the capacitor is fully discharged ini�ally and the switch S is closed. Find the
capacitor voltage a�er t= 30µS and draw the charge diagram.

R*C = 1e4*e-9 = 1e-5sn

R=10KΩ V=15V

V = VF (1-e-t/RC)

15*(1-e-30e-6/1e-5) = 14.25V

15. Find the capacitor voltage 50µS a�er the switch is closed. Draw discharge diagram.

τ = 0.02sn

V = VF (1-e-t/RC)

10*(1-e-50e-6/0.02) = 9.97V

16. Find net capacitance between A-B.

Series = 1/C,
parallel C+C,

According to
that

a) CAB = 10µF
b) CAB = 70µF
 c) CAB = 20µF

d) CAB = 20µF

e) CAB = 8µF

f) CAB = 10µF

g) CAB = 90µF

17. Find capaci�ve reactance and rms vatueofcircuit current

XC 1/2*π*F*C = 1/2*π*1e3*33e-9 = 4.82KΩ

VP = 16 / 0.707 = 22.63

IP = VP/XC = 22.63/4.82

Irms = 1.17mA

18. Find reac�ve power

Q =I2rms * XC , Q = V2rms / XC

XC = 5305.16Ω

Q=10*0.707/5305.16 = 9.41mVAR
19. Explain how capacitors are used as power filters in power supplies.

Capacitors in power supplies act as power filters, storing and releasing electrical energy to smooth out
voltage fluctua�ons. This ensures a stable and consistent power output.

20. Explain how capacitors are tested.

Tes�ng capacitors involves u�lizing various methods, including capacitance measurement using a
mul�meter, verifica�on of voltage ra�ngs, inspec�on for physical damage or leakage, and conduc�ng
component-level tests using specialized equipment.
7.12. TEST

1. Inductors show a....... To DC and show a...............to AC.

a) high resistance / low resistance b) resistance / easiness

c) low resistance/ high resistance d) infinity / zero

2. A varying electromagne�c field causes a counterac�ng voltage to induce in the

inductance. This property is called.........

a) impedance b) capacitance c) inductance d) induc�ve reactance

3. The unit of measurement of inductance is..........

a) ohm b) henry c) farad d) hertz

4. When a current passes through an ideal inductor, a ........ is induced around the

inductor.

a) magne�c field b) resistance c) voltage d) heat

5. Which one of the below does not affect the amount of energy stored in an

inductor?

a) current b) inductance C) frequency d) a and b altogether

6. Which physical parameter of a coil does not affect the inductance level?

a) number of turns b) core length ¢) core permi�vity d) frequency

7. ‘’The magnitude of the induced voltage in a coil is directly propor�onal to the

�me difference of magne�c field around that coil’’ What is this law called?

a) Ohm's law b) Faraday law c) Lenz law d) Kirchhoff’s law

8. Induc�on electromotor force current counteracts the current or movement

that produces itself. This law is called as........ law

a) Ohm b) Faraday c) Lenz d) Kirchhoff

9. What coil type is this?

a) Ferrite core b) iron core c) air core d) variable

10. When the number of turns of a coil is increased, inductance.............

a) decreases b) increases c) don’t change d) varies leisurely

11. What will the net inductance be in the series combina�on of inductances 10mH and 5Mh?

a) 10mH b) 15mH c) 6mH d) 150mH

12. Two coils with 9mH and 18mHinductance are connected in parallel. Find the

net inductance.

a) 9mH b) 27mH c) 6mH d) 162mH

13. τ = L/R what this formula is called as?

a) coil inductance b) coil resistance c) LR �me constant d) charge �me

14. The resistance to AC current by an inductance is called as..........

a) induc�ve reactance b) capaci�ve reactance c) inductance d) susceptance

15. With the inductance fixed, the induc�ve reactance......... and the current..........

when the frequency is increased.

a) increases /increases b) decreases/ decreases c) increases/ decreases d) decreases/ increases

16. The circuit below is called as.......

a) Series circuit

b) Tank circuit

c)Filter

d) Bridge

17. ………. are used to suppress RF noises in power supplies or AF output stages.

a) Filter coils b) Choke coils c) RF coils d) Tank coils

18. The below meter reflects the resistance of a coil. What can be said about the coil?

a) coil is good

b) coil is short circuited

C) coil is open circuited

d) coil has a high impedance

19. Which one is the smallest?

a) 50mH b) 0,5µH c) 5*10-5H d) 50nH

20. A good inductor has a DC resistance between......... and……

a) 0Ω / 10Ω b) 10Ω / 1KΩ c) 1Ω/200Ω d) 1KΩ/1MΩ

21. What is the purpose of the coil in the below circuit?

a) tank circuit

b) RF coil

c) choke coil

d) filter coil

22. ………………. selects a band of frequency while rejec�ng all the other. frequencies.

a) Tank circuit b) filter circuit. c) amplifier circuit d) regulator circuit

23. In a transformer symbol if all the dots in primary and secondary windings are

up the phase difference between windings is ........ and if one is up and the other

is down the phase difference is ...........

a) 180° / 0° b) 180° / 180° c) 0° / 180° d) 0° / 0°

7.13. PROBLEMS

1. Explain how a coil acts in DC and AC.

In DC, a coil acts as an inductor, resis�ng changes in current and storing energy in its magne�c field. In
AC, it also induces voltage and exhibits reactance, affec�ng the flow of current. Show rela�vely high
resistance.

2. Define inductance. What is its symbol and unit of measurement?

Inductance is the property of a coil or circuit element that opposes changes in current flow. Its symbol
is "L" and the unit of measurement is the henry (H).

3. Make below unit conversions.

2H = 2000mH 250µH = 0.25mH 0.47mH= 470µH 240000µH = 0.24H

5nH = 5000pH 0,025µH= 25nH 105µH= 100000µH 80000nH=0.05mH

4. Sketch fixed and variable inductance symbols.

5. Find the amount of stored energy in a 20H inductance if the current passing

through the inductor is 5A.

W=1/2*L*I = ½ * 2e-5*52 = 25e-5 Joule

6. Which physical parameters does affect the coil inductance? Write the inductance formula.

Magne�c permeability of the core

number of turns L = N2*µ*A/l

core length and area

7. Coil inductance is directly propor�onal to inductor number of turns.

8. Find coil inductance if core length is 3cm, number of tums is 400, core diameter is 0.7cm and
permi�vity of the core is 0.25x10-3 H/m.

according to the inductance formula:

3502 * 0.25e-3*0.7/3 = 51.33mH

9. Explain Faraday’s law by drawing a diagram.

Faraday's law states that a changing magne�c field induces an electromo�ve force (EMF) in a conductor,
propor�onal to the rate of change of magne�c flux through the conductor.

The magnet twirls inside the coil, hence inducing a magne�c field that induces current It also induces
voltage and that induced voltage is propor�onal to the difference in the magne�c field around the coil.

10. Explain Lenz's law.

The current generated by the induced electromo�ve force creates a magne�c field that opposes the
change in the magne�c field or mechanical force causing the magne�c field to change. This
counterac�ng magne�c field is a result of the movement of the magnet inside the solenoid.

11. Sketch the symbol iron and ferrite core inductors.

12. Find net inductance.

5 + 22 + 43 + 15 = 85mH

13. Find net inductance.

27/3 = 9mH

14. Find net inductance.

1/10 + 1/40 = 1/8  8+12 = 20mH

15. Find L/R �me constant.

τ = L / R = 47e-6 / 1e3 = 0.047sn

16. The coil’s wire resistance is called as…..

Copper resistance or wire resistance.

17. In a series RL circuit current increase 63% in one τ �me interval.

18. Find values marked with? in the graph below.

%98

19. Find the induc�ve reactance.

according to the induc�ve reactance formula: XL = 2*π*f*L

2*π*5e3*0.05 = 1.57KΩ

20. Find the RMS current in the circuit.

XL = 2*π*1e4*30e-3 = 1884.95Ω

Vrms = 20V * 0.707 = 14.14

Irms = 14.14/1884.95 = 7.50mA

21. Find ac�ve and reac�ve power if the coil DC resistance is 10Ω.

using the induc�ve reactance formula XL = 3015.92Ω

IL = V/XL = 20/3015.92 = 6.63e-3

Q = IL2 * XL = 6.63e-32 * 3015.92 = 132.57mVAR

P = IL2 * XL = 6.63e-3 *10 = 0.44mW

22. In a transformer, to get a 12V at the output when input is 220V and primary turns is 330, the
secondary number of turns must be 18, N2 = 18.

23. 110V is applied to the primary of a transformer. The output is loaded with a 220ohm resistance. If
the number of turns of primary and secondary is 240 and 48 respec�vely, find primary and secondary
currents and secondary voltage.

V2 = 22V I2 = 0.1A I1 = 0.5A

24. Explain coil tes�ng by drawing a diagram.

When tes�ng a coil to see if it’s

working properly or not we connected
to a ohmmeter and then if the coil is
open circuit ohmmeter shows infinity
a good coil will show a resistance
value which is dependent on the coil
wire length and diameter also its
material as shown in the image.
8.10. TEST

1. DC voltage applied to a semiconductor device for proper opera�on is called as ..............

a) biasing b) enhancement voltage c) batery d) threshold voltage

2. The forward voltage drop of a silicon diode at room temperature is ...........

a) 0,2V b) 0,3V c) 0,7V d) 1,2V

3. The diode has two different biasing condi�ons called as ............... and ...............

a) posi�ve / nega�ve b) conduc�on / cut-off c) forward bias / reverse bias d) open/ closed

4. The arrow in the symbol of diode shows............

a) applied voltage polarity b) bias direc�on c) forward bias direc�on of hole current d) no way

5. Which is the varicap diode symbol?

a) b) c) d)

6. Forward voltage drop of green LED is...............

a) 2,2V b) 5V c) 1,8V d) 4,1V

7. “If the intensity of light falling on the PN junc�on is increased, the reverse bias leakage current also
increases.” The statement is valid, and the effect is most enhanced for the ............

a) LED b) photo diode c) Zener diode d) Varicap diode

8. ……………………….diodes are also known as variable capacitance diodes, because junc�on capacitance
changes with varying reverse bias.

a) LEDs b) Photo c) Zener d) Varicap

9. Which special purpose diode is used for voltage stabiliza�on?

a) LED b) Photo diode c) Zener diode d) varicap diode

10. White ring at the end of the diode package shows...........

a) that it is a diode b) anode c) cathode d) that i�s a small signa! Diode

11. First step of AC to DC conversion is...........

a) clipping b) charging c) rec�fica�on q) filtering

12. A half wave rec�fier uses......... diodes.

a)1 b)2 c)3 d)4

13. In which stage of a DC power supply is this waveform seen?

a) rec�fier b) filter c) transformer d) regulator

14. For a transistor that makes amplifica�on in the circuit, base- emiter is ............ biased while base
collector is wo... biased.

a) forward / reverse b) forward / forward c) reverse / forward d) reverse / reverse

15. N-type region in a P-type transistor is the ............

a) base b) collector c) emiter d) substrate

16. Which current is the biggest in the transistor?

a) current b) collector current c) emiter current d) changes according to the connec�on in the circuit.

17. A transistor with β =40 and IB=1mA is operated in the forward ac�ve mode. Then find the collector
current.

a) 0,4 mA b) 1mA c)4mA d) 40mA

18. We use a.......... to effec�vely protect a transistor driving a relay from dangerously high voltage
levels produced by the self-inductance in the relay circuit.

a) resistor b) diode c) capacitor d) fuse

19. The output voltage in a series voltage regulator depends on..................

a) load resistance b) Zener voltage C) VBE and VZ voltage d) β gain factor

20. What does give the IC / IB ra�o?

a) α b) β c) ϕ d) λ

8.11. PROBLEMS

1. Show the difference between N type and P type semiconductor materials by drawing a diagram.

2. Which diodes are forward biased and which ones are reverse biased?

1 - reverse biased 2- forward biased 3- forward biased 4- forward biased

3. Explain opera�on principles of LEDs.

LEDs (Light-Emi�ng Diodes) operate by conver�ng electrical energy into light through the process of
electroluminescence, where photons are emited when electrons recombine with electron holes in a
semiconductor material.

4. What is the purpose of the below circuit?

Either breakdown voltage or regulate it.

5. Count main diode types.

1. ZENER DIODES

2. LIGHT EMITTING DIODES

3. varicap diodes

6. Mark the lit lamps in the circuits below.

a) L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 b) L1 L6 L10

7. Find I and Vo in the circuits below.

a) I=3.75mA V0 = 7.5V

b) I=1.91mA V0 = 7V

c) I=2.15mA V0 = 4.3V

d) I=14.75mA V0 = 12.1V
8. A typical power supply diagram is given below. State the duty of each stage and draw input and
output waveforms on them.

9. Calculate the resistance in the circuits used to draw H and I from series connected LEDs. (ILED = 20mA
= 0,02A)

a) R=27.7Ω b) R=98Ω

10. Draw NPN and PNP transistor symbols and label each leg.
11. Find IB, IC, IE currents and VCE, VP voltages in the transistor circuit and mark the opera�ng point in
the output characteris�c.

-VBB + VBB + VBB = 0  -VBB + IBQ *RB + 0.7V = 0  IBQ = 6V-0.7V/200KΩ = 26.5µA

ICQ = βDC IB = 200*26.5µA = 5.3mA

-VCC + VRC + VCE = 0  VCE = VCC - IC *RC  VCE = 12V - 5.3mA * 1KΩ = 6.7V

IE = IB+IC = 5.3e-3 + 26.5e-6 = 5.3265e-3mA

[Link] the transistor circuit below IC= 4 mA and RC = 2 KΩ. Find VC.

VCE = VCC - IC *RC

VCE = 12V - 4mA*2KΩ = 4V

9.10. TEST

1. Difference between AC and DC is....

a) amplitude is varying in ac while it is constant in dc b) polarity changes in ac while it is fixed in dc

c) a and b both true d) none

2. Which one is a sine wave?

a) b) c) d)

3. In a sine wave, peak occurs ......... in each cycle.

a) once b) twice c) four-�me d) depends on frequency

4. 14KHz sine wave has a frequency higher than......

a) 20KHz b) 16000 Hz c) 10000 Hz d) 1,20 MHz

5. Number of cycles in one second is called as.........

a) period b) frequency c) angular speed d) average value

6. A sine wave with 3mS period is faster than a sine wave with a ........... period.

a) 3600 μs b) 0,0024 s c) 1,5 mS d) 1000 μs

7. Peak-peak value of a sine wave with 10V peak value is .........

a) 20V b) 5V c) 100V d)1V

8. Effec�ve value of 20V peak sine wave is........

a) 6,37V b) 7,07V c) 0,707V d) 14,14V

9, Average value of a sine wave for full cycle with 12V peak value is .........

a) 0V b) 3,82V ¢) 7,64V d) 5V

10. Average value of a sine wave for half cycle with 20V peak value is .........

a) 0V b) 6,37V c) 12,74V d)14,14V

11. A posi�ve going sine wave crosses the x-axis at 10° , while another posi�ve going sine wave crosses
the x-axis at 45° . find the phase difference between these two sine waves.

a) 55° b) 35° c) 0° d) 45°

12. Find instantaneous value of a 15A peak sine wave current signal at 32°

a) 7,95A b) 7,5A c) 2,13A d)7,95A

13. 10KΩ resistor with 5 mA mms is flowing has a......... rms voltage drop.

a) 70,7V b) 7,07V c)5V d) 50V

14. Series connected two resistors has ac voltage applied to them. Find the peak value of the ac source
if voltage measured by an ac voltmeter reads 6,5V on one resistor and 3,2V on the other.

a)9,7V b) 9,19V c) 13,72V d) 4,53V

15. Instruments that shows the input signal wave form on its display is called ................

a) AVO meter b) mul�-meter c) Oscilloscope d) Volt-meter

9.11. PROBLEMS

1. Define a sine wave.

A sine wave is a fundamental waveform that represents a smooth, periodic oscilla�on with a constant
frequency and amplitude. It is widely used in mathema�cs, signal processing, and various applica�ons
to model and analyze periodic phenomena.

2. State how a sine wave's period is measured.

The period of a sine wave is measured as the �me it takes for the wave to complete one full cycle,
which includes going from a peak to the subsequent peak. It is usually determined by measuring the
�me between two consecu�ve peak points where the wave crosses a reference point, such as the x-
axis.

3. If an ac voltage has a period T = 5μS than the frequency f =?

F=1/T = 1/5e-6 = 200KHz

4. Find peak-to-peak values of voltage sine waves with a) Vp = 1V, b) Vrms = 1.414V and c) Vort = 3V

VPP = 2VP = 2*1 = 2VPP 1.414/0.707 = 2, 2*2=4VPP VP 3/0.637 = 4.7, 4.7*2 = 9.4VPP

5. Find rms value of voltage sine waves with a) Vp = 2,5V, b) Vpp = 10V and c) Vave = 1,5V

Vrms = VP*0.707 = 2.5*0.707 = 1.7675V 10/2=5, 5*0.707 = 3.535V 1.5*0.707/0.637 = 1.66V

6. Find average value of voltage sine waves with a) Vp = 10V, b) Vrms =2,3V, and C) Vpp = 60V

10/0.637 = 6.37V 2.3*0.637/0.707 = 2.07V 60/2 = 30, 30*0.637 = 19.11V

7. If a sine wave’s posi�ve going zero crossing occurs at 0° then find posi�ve and nega�ve peak and
nega�ve going zero crossing points 90° --- 180° --- 270° --- 360°

8. If a sine wave's half cycle average value is 12,5V and it is applied to a 330Ω resistor then find the peak
value of the resistor current.

VP = Vavg *π/2 =12.5V * π /2 = 19.63

IP = VP / R = 19.63V/330Ω = 0.0594 = 0.06A

9. Three series connected resistors have 6,2V, 11,3V and 7,8V peak voltages on them. Find the rms
value of the ac source.

6.2*0.707 = 4.3834 + 11.3*0.707 = 7.9891 + 7.8*0.707 = 5.5146 = 17.88V

10. 2,5V DC offset voltage is added to a sine wave with Vp = 5V. Find the posi�ve maximum of the
resul�ng wave form.

Vmax = VDC + VP = 2.5V + 5V = 7.5V

11. Find Vp, Vpp, Vrms and half cycle average value of the shown waveform.

VP = 9.5V

VPP = 2*9.5 = 19V

Vrms = 0.707*4.5 = 3.18V

Vort = 0.637*4.5 = 2.87V

12. Define rise �me, fall �me, and pulse width.

In the context of pulse waveforms, the rise �me refers to the �me it takes for the pulse to transi�on
from a low level to a high level. The fall �me, on the other hand, is the �me it takes for the pulse to
transi�on from a high level to a low level. Pulse width refers to the dura�on of �me during which the
pulse remains at a high level before transi�oning back to a low level.

13. What is a fundamental frequency?

The fundamental frequency refers to the lowest frequency component in a complex waveform, which
determines the perceived pitch of a sound or the base frequency of a periodic signal.

14. Find the second harmonic of 1KHz fundamental.

1KHz * 2 = 2KHz

15. Find fundamental of a square wave with a 10µS period.

1/Period  1/10e-6 = 100KHz

16. Find peak value of circuit current and resistor voltage drops. Source voltage is given as rms value.

RT = 8KΩ

IP = (220V* √2)/8KΩ =38.89mA

VR1 = 38.89*2 = 77.78V

VR2 = 38.89*6 = 233.34V

17. Draw voltage drop waveform on the resistors in the figures below and show their maximum and
minimum values. Find also the minimum and maximum values of the circuit current.

a) Vmin = VDC - VP = -4V Vmax = 36V I=V/R  Imin = 4/5 = 0.8mA Imax = 36/5 = 7.2mA

b) Vmin = 2V Vmax = 14V Imin = 2/1 = 2mA Imax = 14/1 = 14mA

10.4. TEST

1. Tradi�onal measurement instruments uses a scale and a needle to point to a

value. Such measurement instrument are called ........... instruments.
a) numeric b) digital c) scaled d) analog

2. Measurement instrument that show amplitude and �me informa�on of an

input signal using a display is called ............
a) AVO meter b) Mul�meter c) Oscilloscope d) Voltmeter

3. AVO-meter abbrevia�on corresponds to .........

a) Ampere, Volt, Ohm b) Analog, Volt, Ohm c) Advantage, Variable, Organiza�on d) none

4. The biggest number that a mul�-meter can show is called as ...........

a) security b) ruggedness c) calibra�on d) Count

5. ………………. is the least measurement value that an instrument can measure.

a) Accuracy b) resolu�on c) calibra�on d) speed

6. …………. Shows the capability of the measurement instrument to reflect a value

near to the actual value.
a) accuracy b) ruggedness c) calibra�on d) reliability

7. ………………… shows the strength of the instrument to work under high

temperature, humidity and dust environment.
a) speed b) resolu�on c) power consump�on d) ruggedness

8. ………… shows the degree of the instrument to work safely with humans.
a) accuracy b) ruggedness c)calibra�on d) safety

9. A mul�meter’s responsiveness in the buzzer range shows its..............

a) speed b) calibra�on c) contrast d) ruggedness

10. The rela�on between the actual and measured values are determined by
the........... process.
a) speed b) calibra�on c) safety d) resolu�on

11. When measuring current in a circuit the ampere meter is connected

in ............ to the circuit.
a) parallel b) cross c) series d) compound

12. To measure the........ the circuit is broken and then the meter is connected in
series to the circuit.
a) energy b) voltage c) power d) current
13. An ideal voltmeter has......... internal resistance.
a) zero b) infinite c) very low d) none

14. Loading of a voltmeter refers to ..........

a) infinite internal resistance b) low current draw c) draw current from the connected circuit
d) series connec�on

15. While making ............ measurements the component under test is removed
from the circuit.
a) current b) voltage c) power d) resistance

16. The instruments that measure ac�ve power directly is called as .........
a) Watmeter b) VAR meter c) Cos meter d) energy meter

17. The voltage coil in a watmeter is .......... And has........... number of turns.
a) thick / high b) thick / low c) thin / high d) thin / low

18. The current coil in a watmeter is .......... And has ......... number of turns.
a) thick / high b) thick / low ¢) thin / high d) thin / low

19. When making low power measurements the current coil is connected .........
voltage coil. when making high power measurements the current coil is
connected .............. voltage coil.
a) a�er / before b) before/a�er c) in series to / parallel to d) parallel to/ in series to

20. …….. is the instrument used to measure the reac�ve power of a load.
a) Watmeter b) VAR meter c) Cosϕ meter d) energy meter

21. Which one is not one of the stages of an oscilloscope?

a) cathode ray tube b) audio amplifier c)ver�cal deflec�on d) horizontal deflec�on

22. Which one is used to adjust the crispness of the trace in an oscilloscope?
a) Intensity b) Trace rota�on c) Posi�on d) Focus
23. To observe both channels in a dual trace scope........ buton is pressed.
a) DUAL b) ADD c) GND d) CHANNEL

24. When the channel input coupling is set to ....... mode only the AC part of the
signal is observed and the DC part is blocked.
a) DUAL b) AC c) GND d) DC

25. When the input coupling is set to ...... mode only a straight line is observed.
a) DUAL b) AC c) GND d) DC
[Link] TIME/DIV knob is set to 10 ms, .........
a) every horizontal division corresponds to 10 ms b) every ver�cal division corresponds to 10 ms.

c) full horizontal range corresponds to 10 ms d) full ver�cal range corresponds to 10 ms.

27. “10:1 probe” means....

a) reflects the actual input. b) input is amplified 10 �mes
c) frequency of the signal is divided by 10 d) input is atenuated 10 �mes.

28. While making voltage measurements the number of......... divisions are
counted and for period measurements .......... Divisions are counted.
a) horizontal / ver�cal b) ver�cal /horizontal c) cross / horizontal d) horizontal/ cross

10.5. PROBLEMS

1. Count the proper�es of a standard mul�meter.

A standard mul�meter typically has the following proper�es:

1) Voltage measurement (AC and DC), 2) Current measurement (AC and DC),

3) Resistance measurement, 4) Con�nuity tes�ng, 5) Diode tes�ng, 6) Capacitance measurement,

7) Frequency measurement, 8) Temperature measurement (some models).

A Count - Maximum display value of the mul�meter.

B Resolu�on - Smallest incremental change that can be measured.

C Accuracy - Proximity of the measured value to the true value.

D Ruggedness - Ability to withstand harsh environments and physical stresses.

E Reliability - Consistency and dependability of measurement results over �me.

F Speed - Time taken to perform measurements and display results.

G Autocalibra�on - Automa�c adjustment of measurement parameters for improved accuracy.

2. Explain the sensi�vity class in measurement instruments.

The sensi�vity class of a measurement instrument refers to its accuracy and precision in measuring
electrical quan��es. It is typically represented by a numerical value indica�ng the instrument's ability to
detect and measure small changes in the measured quan�ty.

3. Count the differences between an analog and digital instrument.

-Display -Readability -Accuracy -Sensi�vity

-Precision -Cost -Signal Processing

4. Calculate the value of the resistor Re and circuit current in the circuit diagram below.

R2 = 10KΩ

15V/10KΩ = 1.5mA

5. Fill in the blanks in the diagram below which shows the construc�on of a watmeter.

6. Find (Vpp, Vp, Vrms, Vdc) and frequency. (VOLT/DIV:1V, TIME/DIV:4μS).

VPP = Volt/Div. num of vert. divisions = 1V * 6 = 6V

VP = 6V/2 = 3V

Vrms = 0.707*3V = 2.121V

Vavg = 0V

T = 4µS * 5 = 20µS

F = 1/T =1/20µS = 50000Hz = 50KHz

7. Find (Vpp, Vp, Vrms, Vdc) and frequency.

VPP = 3V

VP = 3V/2 = 1.5V

Vrms = 0.707*1.5V = 1.06V

Vavg = 0V

T = 2.25e-4

F = 1/T =1/2.25e-4 S = 4444Hz =

4.4KHz
8. Find (Vpp, Vp, Vrms, Vdc) and frequency.

VPP = 0.5V

VP = 0.25V

Vrms = 0.707*0.25V = 0.17V

Vavg = 0V

F = 444Hz

9, in the Figure at the scope input coupling is set to GND and in the Figure b it is set to DC. Find DC
level, AC values (Vpp, Vp, Vrms, Vdc) and frequency. (VOLT/DIV:2V, TIME/DIV:100μS).

VPP = 4V

VP = 2V

Vrms = 0.707*2V = 1.41V

Vavg = 14V

F = 5KHz

VDC = 14V

10. in the dual trace scope below, upper signal is channel 1 and lower signal is channel 2. Zero reference
base line is ver�cal center of the display. So, Find DC level, AC values (Vpp, Vp, Vrms, Vdc) and frequency
for both channels if (Time/Div = 5μs).

Channel 1

VDC = 1V VPP = 1V VP = 0.5V

Vrms = 0.707*0.5V = 0.35V

F = 80KHz

Channel 2

VDC = 60mV VPP = 48mV VP = 24mV

Vrms = 0.707*24mV = 14.14mV

F = 23.81KHz