Mechanical Technology 1
Tutorial 9
1. The length of the upper arm of a Watt governor is 400 mm and its inclination to the vertical
is 30°. Find the percentage increase in speed, if the balls rise by 20 mm. [Ans. 3%]
2. A Porter governor has two balls each of mass 3 kg and a central load of mass 15 kg. The
arms are all 200 mm long, pivoted on the axis. If the maximum and minimum radii of rotation
of the balls are 160 mm and 120 mm respectively, find the range of speed. [Ans. 28.3 rpm]
3. In a Porter governor, the mass of the central load is 18 kg and the mass of each ball is 2 kg.
The top arms are 250 mm while the bottom arms are each 300 mm long. The friction of the
sleeve is 14 N. If the top arms make 45° with the axis of rotation in the equilibrium position,
find the range of speed of the governor in that position. [Ans. 15 rpm]
4. A loaded governor of the Porter type has equal arms and links each 250 mm long. The mass
of each ball is 2 kg and the central mass is 12 kg. When the ball radius is 150 mm, the valve is
fully open and when the radius is 185 mm, the valve is closed. Find the maximum speed and
the range of speed. If the maximum speed is to be increased 20 % by an addition of mass to the
central load, find what additional mass is required. [Ans. 193 rpm; 16 rpm; 6.14 kg]
5. The arms of a Porter governor are 300 mm long. The upper arms are pivoted on the axis of
rotation and the lower arms are attached to the sleeve at a distance of 35 mm from the axis of
rotation. The load on the sleeve is 54 kg and the mass of each ball is 7 kg. Determine the
equilibrium speed when the radius of the balls is 225 mm. What will be the range of speed for
this position, if the frictional resistances to the motion of the sleeve are equivalent to a force of
30 N? [Ans. 174.3 rpm.; 8.5 rpm]
6. In a Porter governor, the upper and lower arms are each 250 mm long and are pivoted on the
axis of rotation. The mass of each rotating ball is 3 kg and the mass of the sleeve is 20 kg. The
sleeve is in its lowest position when the arms are inclined at 30° to the governor axis. The lift
of the sleeve is 36 mm.
Find the force of friction at the sleeve, if the speed at the moment it rises from the lowest
position is equal to the speed at the moment it falls from the highest position. Also, find the
range of speed of the governor. [Ans. 9.8 N; 16 rpm]
7. A Porter governor has links 150 mm long and are attached to pivots at a radial distance of
30 mm from the vertical axis of the governor. The mass of each ball is 1.75 kg and the mass of
the sleeve is 25 kg.
The governor sleeve begins to rise at 300 rpm when the links are at 30° to the vertical.
Assuming the friction force to be constant, find the minimum and maximum speed of rotation
when the inclination of the links is 45° to the vertical. [Ans. 284 rpm.; 347 rpm]
8. A Proell governor has all the four arms of length 250 mm. The upper and lower ends of the
arms are pivoted on the axis of rotation of the governor. The extension arms of the lower links
are each 100 mm long and parallel to the axis when the radius of the ball path is 150 mm. The
mass of each ball is 4.5 kg and the mass of the central load is 36 kg. Determine the equilibrium
speed of the governor. [Ans. 164 rpm]
9. A Proell governor has arms of 300 mm length. The upper arms are hinged on the axis of
rotation, whereas the lower arms are pivoted at a distance of 35 mm from the axis of rotation.
The extension of lower arms to which the balls are attached are 100 mm long. The mass of
each ball is 8 kg and the mass on the sleeve is 60 kg. At the minimum radius of rotation of 200
mm, the extensions are parallel to the governor axis. Determine the equilibrium speed of the
governor for the given configuration. What will be the equilibrium speed for the maximum
radius of 250 mm? [Ans. 144.5 rpm; 158.2 rpm]
10. A Proell governor has equal arms of length 450 mm. When the radii of rotation of the balls
are 130 mm and 180 mm. the mass of each ball is 8 kg and the mass of central load is 90 kg.
The upper and lower ends of the arms are pivoted on the axis of governor. The extension arms
of lower links are each 80 mm long and parallel to the axis. Determine the range of the speed
of the governor.
11. A Hartnell governor having a central sleeve spring and two right-angled bell crank levers
moves between 290 rpm and 310 rpm for a sleeve lift of 15 mm. The sleeve arms and the ball
arms are 80 mm and 120 mm respectively. The levers are pivoted at 120 mm from the governor
axis and mass of each ball is 2.5 kg. The ball arms are parallel to the governor axis at the lowest
equilibrium speed. Determine
(a) Loads on the spring at the lowest and the highest equilibrium speeds, and
(a) Stiffness of the spring.
12. A spring loaded governor of the Hartnell type has arms of equal length. The masses rotate
in a circle of 130 mm diameter when the sleeve is in the mid position and the ball arms are
vertical. The equilibrium speed for this position is 450 rpm., neglecting friction. The maximum
sleeve movement is to be 25 mm and the maximum variation of speed taking in account the
friction to be 5 per cent of the mid position speed. The mass of the sleeve is 4 kg and the friction
may be considered equivalent to 30 N at the sleeve.
The power of the governor must be sufficient to overcome the friction by one per cent change
of speed either way at mid-position. Determine, neglecting obliquity effect of arms;
(a) The value of each rotating mass (b) The spring stiffness in N/mm; and (c) The initial
compression of spring.
13. In a Hartnell governor the radius of rotation is 7 cm when speed is 500 rpm. At this speed,
ball arm is normal and sleeve is at mid position. The sleeve movement is 2 cm with 5% of
change in speed. The mass of sleeve is 6 kg and friction is equivalent to 25 N at the sleeve. The
mass of the ball is 2 kg. If ball arm and sleeve arms are equal, find, (a) Spring rate (b) Initial
compression in the spring, and (c) Governor effort and power for 1% change in the speed if
there is no friction.
14. A Hartnell governor having a central sleeve spring and two right-angled bell crank levers
moves between two speeds such that there sum is 600 rpm and the difference between twice of
the lower speed and the higher speed is 270 rpm for a sleeve lift of 15 mm. The sleeve arms
and the ball arms are 80 mm and 120 mm respectively. The levers are pivoted at 120 mm from
the governor axis and mass of each ball is 2.5 kg. The ball arms are parallel to the governor
axis at the lowest equilibrium speed. Determine: (a) loads on the spring at the lowest and the
highest equilibrium speeds, and (b) stiffness of the spring.
Note: Neglect the obliquity effect of arms and the moment due to the weight of the balls
15. In a Hartung governor, the length of the sleeve arms are 80 mm and 120 mm, respectively.
The total travel of the sleeve is 25 mm. In the mid-position, each spring is compressed by 50
mm and the radius of motion of the balls is 140 mm. The weight of each ball is 40 N and the
spring has stiffness of 10 N/mm. The equivalent weight of the governor gear at the sleeve is
160 N. Neglecting the moment due to the revolving masses when the arms are inclined,
determine ratio of speed to the mean speed of the governor. Also, find the speed in the mid-
position.
16. A spring loaded governor of the Wilson-Hartnell type, the two balls, each of mass 2.5 kg,
are connected across by two springs. The length of the ball arm of each bell crank lever is 180
and the length of sleeve arm of each bell crank lever is 140 mm. In the minimum position, the
radius of the governor balls is 120 mm and the speed is 600 rpm, while in maximum position,
the radius of the governor balls is 200 mm and the speed is 650 rpm. The combined stiffness
of the two springs is then 1.0 kN/m. Find the equivalent stiffness of the axillary spring referred
to the sleeve