Unit 2

Lens:-

A camera lens is an optical lens or assembly of lenses used in conjunction with a camera body and
mechanism to make images of objects either on photographic film or on other media capable of
storing an image chemically or electronically. There is no major difference in principle between a
lens used for a still camera, a video camera, a telescope, a microscope, or other apparatus, but the
details of design and construction are different. A lens might be permanently fixed to a camera, or it
might be interchangeable with lenses of different focal lengths, apertures, and other properties.

Focal length:-

The focal length of an optical system is a measure of how strongly the system converges or diverges
light; it is the inverse of the system's optical power. A positive focal length indicates that a system
converges light, while a negative focal length indicates that the system diverges light.

The focal length of a thin convex lens can be easily measured by using it to form an image of a
distant light source on a screen. Camera lens focal lengths are usually specified in millimetres (mm),
but some older lenses are marked in centimetres (cm) or inches.

Aperture:-

Aperture refers to the opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes. It is calibrated in
f/stops and is generally written as numbers such as 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 and 16. Lower f/stops
give more exposure because they represent the larger apertures, while the higher f/stops give less
exposure because they represent smaller apertures. This may seem a little contradictory at first but
will become clearer as you take pictures at varying f/stops. Be sure to check your manual first to
learn how to set Aperture Priority for your camera, then try experimenting to get comfortable with
changing the aperture and recognizing the effects different apertures will have on the end-result
image.

Depth of field:-

Depth of field (DOF) is the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in
acceptably sharp focus in an image. The depth of field can be calculated based on focal length,
distance to subject, the acceptable circle of confusion size, and aperture.

Depth of field refers to how much is in focus in front of and behind the subject that is focused
upon to decide how much depth of field is desired to achieve the desired “look” of the photograph
is to set the camera's aperture or choose an appropriate lens or focal length.

SHUTTER:-

Shutter is a device that allows light to pass for a determined period, exposing photographic film or a
photosensitive digital sensor to light in order to capture a permanent image of a scene. A shutter
can also be used to allow pulses of light to pass outwards, as seen in a movie projector or a signal
lamp. A shutter of variable speed is used to control exposure time of the film. The shutter is
constructed so that it automatically closes after a certain required time interval. The speed of the
shutter is controlled by a ring outside the camera.
Shutter speed:-

Shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera
is exposed to light when taking a photograph. The amount of light that reaches the film or image
sensor is proportional to the exposure time. 1⁄500 of a second will let half as much light in as 1⁄250

Shutter speed can have a dramatic impact on the appearance and quality of photographs,
especially when moving objects are involved. For instance a slow shutter-speed often results in a
blurred image as the slight shudder of the shutter itself, or the motion caused to the whole camera
by the index pressing on the shutter-release button create vibrations that are faster than the shutter
itself; this will cause the appearance of the objects in the view-finder and on the photographs having
moved when in fact it is the camera that moved.

Image Sensor :-

An image sensor is an electronic device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. It is
used in digital cameras and imaging devices to convert the light received on the camera or imaging
device lens into a digital image.

There are two main types of image sensors:

1:-Charged coupled device (CCD)

2:-Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS).

Memory card :-

A memory card is an electronic storage device used for storing digital media, such as photos and
videos. In photography, memory cards are commonly used in digital cameras, varying in type, form
factor, capacity, speed / class and brand.

External flash:-

An external flash is a camera flash that is not built into the camera body. They can be mounted on a
camera via hot shoe, or remotely triggered to fire off-camera. While many cameras have a built-in
flash, greater power and versatility can be had by attaching an external flash.

File format:-

The three main file formats for digital photographs are RAW, TIFF and JPEG. Both RAW and TIFF
formats do not apply any compression to the photo to save space on your memory card. When your
camera saves a digital photo as a RAW or TIFF file (if it can), the photo includes all of the information
captured by your camera’s image sensor.

JPEG is a far more common file format, and it does use compression. It is a much more
popular format with the consumer market because it allows a 128 MB media card to store of
photographs.