Sha Tin Methodist College Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part I
Form 4 Chemistry The Ocean
Name: Class: ( )
1. Solute, solvent and solution
Sea water is a mixture that contains many different dissolved substances. Thus, sea water is also regarded as
a solution.
A solution is a mixture formed when one or more substances (the solute(s)) dissolves in another substance
(the solvent). For example, when salt dissolves in water, a salt solution forms. Salt is the solute while water
is the solvent.
Soluble substance : A substance dissolves in solvent
Insoluble substance : A substance does not dissolve in solvent
Common Misconception:
Water is the only solvent
Water is an example of solvents. There are other solvents such as organic solvents like propanone,
heptane and etc.
Scientific Language for describing a solution
When a solute is dissolved in water, the solution formed is commonly called an aqueous solution (水
溶液)
For convenient, scientists abbreviate “aqueous solution” as “solution”.
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Sha Tin Methodist College Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part I
Form 4 Chemistry The Ocean
Concentration (濃度) of a solution
A dilute (稀) solution contains small amount of solute in a given volume of solvent.
A concentrated (濃) solution contains a large amount of solute in a given volume of solvent
A saturated (飽和) solution is a solution that has dissolved all the solute it can, at a given temperature.
Imagine we keep adding copper(II) sulphate crystals to dilute copper(II) sulphate solution. The solution
becomes more and more concentrated. When the crystals no longer dissolve, the solution is saturated. A
saturated solution is a solution in which the solvent has dissolved the maximum amount of the solute it can
at a particular temperature. Some undissolved crystals remain at the bottom of the container.
2. Sea water
2.1 Composition of sea water
Most of the dissolved substances in sea water are salts. “Salt” is a general name of ionic compounds.
The main one is ‘common salt’ — sodium chloride. Other salts found in sea water include magnesium
chloride, sodium sulphate, calcium chloride, etc.
N1:
There are dissolved substances in sea
water other than salts. For example,
gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide and
organic substances like urea can also be
found in sea water.
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Sha Tin Methodist College Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part I
Form 4 Chemistry The Ocean
2.2 Separation Methods
In order to separate and obtain substances from a _________________, a suitable separation method should
mixture
be used. Examples are listed below:
1. Decantation
from liquid mixture
used to removes solids
2. Filtration
3. Evaporation
4. Crystallization
You should notice that the above methods are ___________________
physical methods. No new substances are
formed at the end of separation.
2.2.1 Decantation
Decantation is a quick but rough method of separating a dense insoluble solid from a liquid or solution.
The procedure for decantation is illustrated below:
The solid in the mixture is allowed to settle to the bottom of the container. The liquid on top is carefully
decanted (poured off). Sand-free sea water can be obtained in this way from a mixture of sea water and sand.
Decantation, however, is unable to separate fine and tiny solids from the liquid. The liquid obtained from
decantation is usually a turbid liquid with tiny solids.
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Sha Tin Methodist College Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part I
Form 4 Chemistry The Ocean
2.2.2 Filtration
Filtration is a method that separates an insoluble solid from a liquid or solution. It is able to separate fine and
tiny insoluble solids from the liquid. The procedure for filtration is illustrated below:
Sea water is poured onto a piece of filter paper in a filter funnel. The filter paper acts as a sieve in filtration.
There are many tiny holes in it. These holes allow particles of water (i.e. solvent) and dissolved salts to pass
residue
through. Insoluble solids, like mud, remain on the filter paper as ___________________. The sea water that
filtrate
passes through the filter paper is collected as ______________________.
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Sha Tin Methodist College Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part I
Form 4 Chemistry The Ocean
2.2.4 Evaporation
Dissolved solute can be separated from the solvent by evaporation. For example, solid sodium chloride is
obtained from filtered sea water by evaporation.
Evaporation refers to the change of a liquid to vapour at a temperature below its boiling point. Natural
evaporation is a slow process.
In the school laboratory, we can obtain common salt from the filtered sea water quickly by heating it to
dryness. We may use either of the set-ups shown below:
forflammable
solid
If sea water is heated to dryness as shown in the above figures, the solid left behind would be an impure
sodium chloride. It contains other salts like magnesium chloride. Besides, the common salt obtained is a
powder, not crystals. A crystal is a solid which has a regular shape. It has smooth flat faces and straight
edges.
imeguhtion shape
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Sha Tin Methodist College Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part I
Form 4 Chemistry The Ocean
2.2.5 Crystallization x concentrated solution
Crystallization is the process of forming crystals from a ___________________
saturated solution.
Sodium chloride obtained by crystallization contains less impurities than the one obtained by evaporation.
water t
Two techniques are commonly used in crystallization.
concentration A
1. Slow cooling of hot saturated solution
The solution such as sea water is heated directly until it becomes saturated.
The saturated solution is then allowed to cool slowly to room temperature. Crystals of sodium chloride
forms.
How do we know that the solution is saturated enough to form crystals?
Dip a glass rod in the solution and take it out. If small solid forms on the rod, the solution is
saturated.
2. Slow evaporation of sea water at room temperature
When sea water evaporates slowly at room temperature, it becomes more and more concentrated.
Eventually, the sea water becomes saturated. Further evaporation of the sea water will cause common
salt crystals to separate out. As evaporation continues, the crystals slowly grow in size. After several
days, the common salt crystals can be separated from the remaining sea water by filtration.
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Sha Tin Methodist College Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part I
Form 4 Chemistry The Ocean
The table below compares methods of evaporation and crystallization in extracting common salt from sea
water, and the form and purity of the salt obtained.
7
If substances in the nite he difference 730
distillation boilingpoints
boiling points difference
lowerthan 30 C fractional
distillation
Sha Tin Methodist College fractional duum
ayf
Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part I
Form 4 Chemistry shouldbe used The Ocean
2.3 Isolation of pure water from sea water iii 針對 boiling of liquid
distillation
Pure water is obtained from sea water by ______________________.
In distillation, we boil a solution, only the liquid vaporizes. The vapour would condense to give the liquid
again on a cold surface.
distillate
The liquid collected is called the _________________. residue
The solid left behind is called the _______________.
Hence, distillation can be used to separate the solvent from a solution.
Distillation can also be used to separate a mixture of two or more liquids with a great difference in boiling
points. (usually higher than 30 ºC)
2.3.1 Distillation using simple set-up
The figure below shows the simple set-up for distilling sea water to get pure water.
The thermometer ensure the
boiled substance is water
heat
Before heating the sea water, we should add some anti-bumping granules to the boiling tube. Anti-bumping
granules _______________________________________________________________________________.
ensure a smooth boiling
If bumping occurs, some sea water (not yet vaporized) may splash out into the receiver test tube.
prevent bumping duet overheating
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Sha Tin Methodist College Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part I
Form 4 Chemistry The Ocean
2.3.2 Distillation using ’Quickfit’ apparatus
In this set-up, cold running water is passed into the condenser (or Liebig condenser) from the
lower opening and leaves from the upper opening. This provides a better cooling effect for the
steam.
The steam passes through the inner tube of the condenser. It is cooled by the cold running water flowing in
the outer tube of the condenser. Then the steam condenses to pure water and is collected in the conical flask.
The pure water that distils over is the distillate. The mixture of salts left behind is the residue.
9
⼗
Nall V Na and ci
Sha Tin Methodist College X Sodium metal Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part I
Form 4 Chemistry Na The Ocean
3. Test for the presence of ions in ionic compound
3.1 Flame test a Chemical
Flame test is a ____________ test commonly used to test for the presence of metal ions in ionic compounds.
physical
Procedures for a flame test
1. Moisten a clean platinum or nichrome wire with concentrated hydrochloric acid
2. Then dip the wire into a crushed sample of the substance to be tested
3. After that, heat the end of the wire in a non-luminous Bunsen flame
t. k
We can identify the metal element present in the sample by observing the flame colour produced.
ions Nations Ci ions ciions
Burn magnesium metals to have very bright white
doesn't
flame But burning compound of magnesium
have bright white
flam t nco
very
observable change no reaction 10
Sha Tin Methodist College Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part I
Form 4 Chemistry The Ocean
3.2 Silver nitrate test
Silver nitrate test can be used to indicate whether or not a compound contains halide ions, such as chloride
ions, bromide ions and iodide ions. ˊ
Procedures for a silver nitrate test
ions of Group VII elements
1. Dissolve a solid sample in deionized water.
ci Bi I_
2. Then add excess dilute nitric acid, followed by silver nitrate solution to the solution of the sample.
沉澱物
The use of excess dilute nitric acid prevents the formation of other precipitates, such as silver
carbonate and silver sulphite, as they are soluble in dilute nitric acid.
The appearance of a white precipitate (silver chloride, which is insoluble in acid) indicates the presence of
⼗ IN aClap 32Agllcs 2NaN03
Ag NODay
chloride ions in the sample.
Anion Silver nitrate test result
Chloride ion White precipitate forms (AgCl)
Bromide ion Pale yellow precipitate forms (AgBr)
Iodide ion Yellow precipitate forms (AgI)
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Sha Tin Methodist College Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part II
Form 4 Chemistry The Ocean
4. Test for the presence of water in a sample
4.1 Test for water using anhydrous copper(II) sulphate chemical change
Anhydrous copper(II) sulphate is a white powder. Add a liquid sample containing water to anhydrous
copper(II) sulphate. Water turns anhydrous copper(II) sulphate from white to blue.
hydrated
copper II sulphate
4.2 Test for water using dry cobalt(II) chloride paper
04gtnHo 7US04 nHop
Water could also be tested by dry cobalt(II) chloride paper. Dip a piece of dry cobalt(II) chloride paper into a
liquid sample containing water. Water turns the paper from blue to pink.
The above tests only show the presence of water, but neither of the above tests can show that the sample
under test is pure water. To prove that it is pure water, we have to carry out the boiling point test. If the
liquid boils at 100°C (at 1 atm), it should be pure water.
1 atm refers to 1 atmospheric pressure, which is regarded as a normal pressure at room conditions.
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Sha Tin Methodist College Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part II
Form 4 Chemistry The Ocean
5. Electrolysis of sea water and uses of the products
Electrolysis means ‘decomposition by electricity’. The compounds mainly present in sea water i.e. sodium
chloride and water, can be decomposed by electricity. Plǜum be
electrode shouldn't
used as CLG reactswith Pt
When sea water is electrolysed,
hydrogen gas forms at the negative electrode and [Link] solution
i
chlorine gas forms at the positive electrode.
Finally, the solution left behind becomes sodium
hydroxide solution.
fromsea
water
theoretical volume ratioof Hick
A
is lil
瞅 an 嚻 㘭
electrons flow the negative
the theoretical Volume as terminaltothe positive terminal
water in
chap reacts with in the external circuit
sea water
substance in the electrode
HllcaptHOUlaq
Chcpt Hou
mustbe inert
type
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Sha Tin Methodist College Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part II
Form 4 Chemistry The Ocean
There are many uses of the products formed from the electrolysis of sea water in everyday life.
Products Applications
Hydrogen (H2) 1. Making margarine (人造牛油)
2. Making ammonia (for the production of fertilizer)
3. Act as rocket fuel
4. Making hydrochloric acid
Chlorine (Cl2) 1. Making hydrochloric acid
2. Sterilizing swimming pool water
3. Making polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (a plastic)
4. Making chlorine bleach (漂白水)
Sodium hydroxide (NaCl) 1. Making chlorine bleach (漂白水)
2. Making soap
3. Making drain cleaner
4. Neutralizing acidic effluent from factory
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Sha Tin Methodist College Chapter 3 Study Notes – Part II
Form 4 Chemistry The Ocean
Classwork
1. Below is a set-up for the electrolysis of sea water.
(a) (i) What is gas P?
(ii) Suggest one common use of P.
(b) (i) What is gas Q?
(ii) Suggest one common use of Q.
(c) The sea water will finally become a new substance R.
(i) What is R?
(ii) Suggest one common use of R