PE 359: PETROPHYSICS
Lecturer: Dr. Samuel Erzuah
Email: [Link]@[Link]
Office #: PB 317
OUTLINE OF LECTURE
LECTURE 1: Introduction
LECTURE 2: Porosity
LECTURE 3: Rock Compressibility
LECTURE 4: Permeability
LECTURE 5: Fluid Saturation
LECTURE 6: Electrical Properties
LECTURE 7: Wettability
LECTURE 8: Capillary Pressure
LECTURE 9: Relative Permeability
LECTURE 10: Data Integration and Volumetric Estimation of Hydrocarbons
OUTLINE OF LECTURE contd
(Reading Assignment)
GROUP 1 : Wettability Estimation via Contact angle
GROUP 2 : Wettability Estimation via Flotation technique
GROUP 3: Wettability Estimation via Oil adsorption using QCM-D
GROUP 4: Wettability Estimation via Surface Complexation Modelling
GROUP 5: Wettability Estimation using both the Amott & USBM
techniques
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
Alyafei, Nayef. Fundamentals of reservoir rock properties. Manara-
Qatar Research Repository, 2021.
Ganat, Tarek Al-Arbi Omar. Fundamentals of reservoir rock
properties. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020.
ASSESMENT/DO’S & DON’T
Continuous assessment: 30%
Reading assignment/Group Presentation (5%)
Quizzes (5%)
Mid-semester exam (20%)
✓End of semester examination: 70%
IF YOU ABSENT YOURSELF MORE THAN THREE TIME FROM
LECTURE, YOU WILL NOT BE ALLOWED TO WRITE THE END OF
SEMESTER EXAMINATION ACCORDING TO THE UNIVERSITY RULE.
THE PROVOST HAS URGED EVERY LECTURER TO COMPLY WITH
THIS DIRECTIVE
PE 359: PETROPHYSICS
INTRODUCTION
Lecturer: Dr. Samuel Erzuah
Email: [Link]@[Link]
Introduction: What is Petroleum
▪ Petroleum is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon (composed of
hydrogen and carbon atoms) that can exist as a solid, liquid, or gas.
▪ The physical state of the hydrocarbon is a function of the pressure
and temperature to which it is exposed as well as its structure (chain
length/molecular weight).
▪ However, most of the hydrocarbons found within the ground are
either liquid or gas, and are referred to as crude oil and natural gas,
respectively
Introduction: Origin of Petroleum
▪ There are two theories for the origin of petroleum namely;
1. Organic Theory
2. Inorganic Theory
▪ The difference between each theory is presented in the next slide
▪ The organic theory is the commonly accepted theory
Introduction: Origin of Petroleum
Organic Inorganic
(derived from living matter, (not derived from living matter)
usually carbon atoms)
States that petroleum evolved States that petroleum was formed
from the decomposition of animals through chemical reactions
and plants that lived during between water, carbon dioxide,
previous geological times. and several inorganic substances
such as carbonates in the earth.
Introduction:
Petroleum System
• A petroleum system consists of
different geological
components needed to
generate and store
hydrocarbons.
• These components are source
rock, migration path, reservoir
rock, trap, and seal.
• Source rock is the rock
containing organic matter in
sufficient quantity, and is under
suitable conditions for the
formation of hydrocarbons.
Introduction:
Petroleum System
• Migration path is the pathway that
the hydrocarbons take to move away
from the source rock to the point
where they can find a suitable trap.
• Reservoir rock is the rock that is able
to store hydrocarbons in its pores.
• A Seal is an impermeable layer of
rock that blocks the hydrocarbons
from further migration.
Introduction: What is a Reservoir?
▪ In petroleum engineering, a reservoir is the place where the
hydrocarbons reside.
▪ Our job as petroleum engineers is to access reservoirs and extract the
hydrocarbons (natural gas and/or crude oil) in an economical and
environmentally safe manner.
▪ Reservoirs can be classified into three types:
1. Oil
2. Gas
3. Gas-Oil
The schematic showing typical hydrocarbon distributions in (a) an oil
reservoir, (b) a gas reservoir and (c) a gas–oil reservoir.
Natural gas, if present in a reservoir, is always on top because it has the
lowest density, while water is always at the bottom because it has the
highest density among the three reservoir fluids (gas, oil, and water).
Lithology of Petroleum Reservoirs
▪ Lithology is the study of the general physical characteristics of a rock.
▪ Reservoir rocks can be divided into two lithological types, namely,
sandstone and carbonates.
▪ Sandstones are formed from grains that have undergone
sedimentation, compaction, and cementation.
▪ Carbonates are principally formed on carbonate platforms by a
combination of biogenic and abiogenic processes.
Geological comparison between sandstone and carbonate rocks.
Sandstone Carbonate
▪ Usually composed of silica grains ▪ Two major types are limestone
(mainly quartz and some feldspar). (𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ) and dolomite
(𝐶𝑎𝑀𝑔(𝐶𝑂3 )2 ).
▪ Consolidated (the rock is combined
as one unit) or loosely ▪ Pore space consists of inter- or
consolidated. intragranular porosity as well as
areas of dissolution (vugs) and
fractures.
▪ May contain swelling clays (clays
have negative impact on reservoir
quality).
Introduction: What is Petrophysics?
▪ Petrophysics is the study of rock properties and rock-fluid properties.
These properties include: porosity, rock compressibility, single-phase
permeability, fluid saturation, electrical properties of reservoir rocks,
wettability, capillary pressure, and relative permeability.
▪ Petrophysics is divided into core and wireline petrophysics.
Introduction: What is Petrophysics?
▪ Core petrophysics requires conducting laboratory experiments on
core samples brought from the reservoir to the surface.
▪ Wireline petrophysics involves using logs to determine reservoir
properties.
▪ Rock samples are extracted from the reservoir through cuttings or
coring, can be subjected to two categories of laboratory analysis:
routine core analysis and special core analysis.
Routine Core Analysis (RCAL)
▪ Routine core analysis attempts to find the basic properties of the
reservoir rock such as porosity, grain density, permeability, and fluid
saturation.
Special Core Analysis (SCAL)
▪ Special core analysis is an extension of RCAL, and attempts to measure data
that is more representative of the reservoir conditions.
▪ These measurements include electrical properties of reservoir rocks,
wettability, capillary pressure, and relative permeability.
THANK YOU
Email: [Link]@[Link]