Build Rules
International Build Rules and Regulations
2024 Edition
Fighting Robots Association
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Build Rules 2024
Copyright
The FRA Build Rules are copyright of Fighting Robots Limited © 2024. All rights reserved.
Any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited
other than the following:
• you may print or download extracts for your personal and non-commercial use only
• you may copy the content to individual third parties for their personal use, but only if
you acknowledge the website as the source of the material
You may not, except with our express written permission, distribute or commercially exploit
the content. Nor may you transmit it or store it in any other website or other form of
electronic retrieval system.
If you wish to use the FRA Build Rules in part or in full, please contact the Fighting Robots
Association.
Fighting Robots Association
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Build Rules 2024
Contents
Copyright 2
Contents 3
1. General 7
1.1 Participation 7
1.2 Loopholes 7
1.3 Safety Inspections 7
1.4 Activation 7
1.5 Safety Covers 7
1.6 Locking Bars 7
1.7 Tethers 7
1.8 Carrying Cradles 7
1.9 Restrictions 8
1.10 Power Tools 8
2. Weight Classes 9
2.1 Weight Classification 9
2.2 Bonus Weight 9
2.3 Consumables 9
2.5 Interchangeable Panels and Weapons 9
3. Mobility 10
3.1 Methods 10
3.1.1 Rolling 10
3.1.2 Walking 10
3.1.3 Shuffling 10
3.1.4 Ground Effect 10
3.1.5 Jumping 10
3.1.6 Flying 10
3.2 Restrictions 10
4. Radio control requirements 11
4.1 Frequencies 11
4.1.1 Permission 11
4.1.3 Interference 11
4.1.4 Digital Spread Spectrum 11
4.1.5 Allowed Frequencies 11
4.1.6 Special Exceptions 11
4.2 Failsafes 11
4.2.1 Dangerous Systems 11
4.2.2 Types of Devices 12
4.2.3 Built-in Devices 12
4.2.5 Servo Control 12
4.3 Failsafe Light (Advisory) 12
4.4 Remote Kill (Advisory) 12
4.5 Operation 12
4.6 Crystals 12
4.7 Changeable Frequencies 12
4.8 Output Power 12
4.9 Home Built 13
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4.10 Power Switch 13
4.11 Reserved Frequencies 13
4.12 Telemetry 13
5. Autonomous/ Semi-Autonomous Robots 14
5.1 Remote Operation 14
5.2 Disarming 14
5.3 Light 14
5.4 Deactivation 14
5.5 Timeout 14
6. Electrical Power 15
6.1 Deactivation 15
6.1.1 Removable Link 15
6.1.2 Accessibility 15
6.1.3 Covers 15
6.1.4 Kill Switch 15
6.1.5 Inverted Link 15
6.2 Cabling 15
6.3 Exposed Components 15
6.4 Power Light 15
6.5 Activation 15
6.6 Voltages 16
7. Batteries 17
7.1 Protection 17
7.2 Terminals 17
7.3 Permitted Types 17
7.4 Approved Battery Chemistry 17
7.5 Maximum Cell Count (series) and voltage 17
7.6 Parallel Cells 17
7.7 Charging 17
7.7.1 Design 17
7.7.2 Rate of Charge 18
7.8 Pb (SLA), NiCd, NiMH and LiFePo4 18
7.8.1 Charging 18
7.8.2 Voltage Cut-out (Advisory) 18
7.8.3 Fusing 18
7.8.4 Extra Equipment 18
7.8.5 Inspection 18
7.8.6 Charging 18
7.8.7 Damage 18
8. Internal Combustion Engines 19
8.1 Fuel Capacity 19
8.2 Fuel Tanks 19
8.2.1 Plastic 19
8.2.2 Metal 19
8.2.3 Protection 19
8.3 Fuel Lines 19
8.4 Return Spring 19
8.5 Clutch 19
8.6 Remote Shut-off 19
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8.7 Leaks 19
8.8 Non-standard Types 19
9. Pneumatics 20
9.1 Allowed Gases 20
9.2 Maximum Pressure 20
9.3 Cylinders 20
9.4 Burst Disc 20
9.5 Manual Isolation Valve 20
9.6 Remote Isolation Valve 20
9.6.1 Position 20
9.7 Rating 20
9.7.1 Custom Components 20
9.7.2 Hydraulic Components 20
9.8 Pressure Relief Device 20
9.8.1 Rating 20
9.8.2 Low Pressure Systems 21
9.8.3 Full Pressure Systems 21
9.8.4 Regulated Systems 21
9.9 Pressure Relief Devices 21
9.10 Mounting 21
9.11 Gauges (Advisory) 21
9.12 Dump Valve 21
9.12.1 Normally Open 21
9.13 Removable Cylinders 21
9.14 Heaters and Boosters 22
9.14.1 For the avoidance of doubt this includes the use of external devices such as
heaters, thermal blankets, liquids, or other methods to heat components including, but
not limited to, gas storage bottles, regulators, and buffer tanks. 22
9.15 Pressure Equipment Directive 22
10. Hydraulics 23
10.1 Pressure 23
10.2 Test Point 23
10.3 Storage Tanks 23
10.4 Standards 23
10.5 Ratings 23
10.6 Protection 23
10.7 Accumulators 23
10.8 Bleeding (Advisory only) 23
10.9 Power Sources 23
11. Rotational weapons or full body spinning robots 24
11.1 Limits 24
11.1.1 Weight 24
11.1.2 Speed 24
11.1.3 Size 24
11.2 Stopping Time 24
11.3 Full body spinning robots 24
12. Springs and flywheels 25
12.1 Springs 25
12.1.1 Deactivation 25
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12.1.2 Small springs 25
12.2 Flywheels 25
12.2.1 Remote Deactivation 25
12.3 Failsafe 25
13. Weapon Restrictions 26
13.1 Invisible Damage 26
13.1.1 Electricity 26
13.1.2 Radio Frequency 26
13.1.3 Radio Frequency Noise 26
13.1.4 Electromagnetic Fields 26
13.2 Stopping Combat 26
13.2.1 Entanglement 26
13.3 Rotating Weapons 26
13.4 Hardened Blades 26
13.5 Blade Length 26
13.6 Untethered Projectiles 26
13.7 Heat and Fire 26
13.7.1 Generated 27
13.7.2 Flammables 27
13.7.3 Explosives 27
13.8 Smoke and Light 27
13.6.1 Smoke or Dust 27
13.6.2 Lights 27
13.9 Hazardous Materials 27
Fighting Robots Association
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Build Rules 2024
1. General
1.1 Participation
All participants build and operate Robots at their own risk. Fighting Robots is inherently
dangerous. There is no amount of regulation that can encompass all of the dangers
involved. Please take care to not hurt yourself or others when building, testing and
competing. Compliance with all event rules and competition regulations is mandatory. It is
expected that competitors stay within the rules and procedures of their own accord and do
not require constant policing.
1.2 Loopholes
If you have a robot or weapon design that does not fit within the categories set forth in
these rules or is in some way ambiguous or borderline, please contact the Fighting Robots
Association. Safe innovation is always encouraged, but surprising the event staff with your
brilliant exploitation of a loophole may cause your robot to be disqualified before it ever
competes.
1.3 Safety Inspections
Each event has safety inspections known as Tech checks. It is at the inspector’s sole
discretion that your Robot is allowed to compete. As a builder you are obligated to disclose
all operating principles and potential dangers to the inspection staff.
1.4 Activation
Robots must only be activated in the arena, testing areas, or with expressed consent of
the event organiser and the safety officials. All activation and de-activation of robots must
be completed from outside the arena barrier or within specially designated areas. You
must never enter the arena with live robots without the express permission and
supervision of the event organiser.
1.5 Safety Covers
All Robots not in an arena or official testing area must have secure safety covers over any
sharp edges and pinch hazards. Safety covers must be designed in such a way that they
cannot be dislodged unintentionally.
1.6 Locking Bars
All weapons must be secured using a locking bar. The locking bar must be designed in
such a way that it can quickly and easily be installed or removed without touching the
weapon. The design must ensure that the weapon cannot be fired during the activation
process.
1.7 Tethers
All high-speed weaponry with a single linkage, such as axes and flippers, must carry a
suitable tether to ensure moving parts cannot break free from the chassis during operation.
1.8 Carrying Cradles
All robots not in an arena or official testing area must be raised on their carrying cradles in
a manner so that their motive power cannot cause movement if the robot were turned on,
or cannot roll or fall off a pit table. Runaway robots are VERY dangerous.
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1.9 Restrictions
In some situations, the safety inspection team may deem it necessary to place restrictions
on your robots operation for safety purposes. It is entirely your responsibility that these
restrictions are adhered to at all times.
1.10 Power Tools
It is expected that builders will follow all basic safety practices such as gloves and goggles
when operating any machinery. The use of welders, grinders and other equipment that
may produce smoke, debris or other harmful substances is only permitted in dedicated
workshop areas. Please take care of yourself and others around you.
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2. Weight Classes
2.1 Weight Classification
• Antweight: Maximum 150g
• Beetleweight: Maximum 1.5kgs
• Featherweight: Maximum 13.6kgs
• Lightweight: Maximum 30kgs
• Middleweight: Maximum 55kgs
• Heavyweight: Maximum 110kgs
2.2 Bonus Weight
An event organiser may grant additional (bonus) weight allowance for some types of robot.
For example “Walking” robots may be allowed to compete at a specified percentage above
the weight classes maximum weight. Please check with the Event Organiser for specifics.
2.3 Consumables
Weight includes all consumables and any part of the robot that remains inside of the arena
such as gas bottles, removable link(s), and safety tethers. Locking bars, transmitters, and
tools required to activate the robot that are removed from the arena are not included.
2.4 Margin of Error
No allowance is given for any margin of error. It is recommended robots are designed in
such a way that excess weight can be removed easily, since scale calibration may vary.
2.5 Interchangeable Panels and Weapons
If interchangeable panels or weapons are used, the weight is measured with the heaviest
set-up in place. All configurations need to known prior to the competition starting and spot
checks may be performed at any time.
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3. Mobility
3.1 Methods
All Robots must have (easily visible mobility) in order to compete. Methods of mobility
include:
3.1.1 Rolling
Rolling on wheels or the whole robot rolling.
3.1.2 Walking
Walking such as linear actuator operated legs.
3.1.3 Shuffling
Shuffling mechanisms such as rotational cam operated legs.
3.1.4 Ground Effect
Ground effect air cushions such as a hovercraft
3.1.5 Jumping
Jumping and hopping (although the height may be limited by each event due to arena
safety constraints)
3.1.6 Flying
Flying (helium balloons, multirotors, etc.) (Currently flying robots are not allowed unless
prior approval by the event has been granted.)
3.2 Restrictions
Event organisers may impose additional restrictions on robots for the safety of the event.
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4. Radio control requirements
4.1 Frequencies
4.1.1 Permission
Transmitters must not be turned on at, or near events for any purpose without obtaining
explicit permission from the event organiser.
4.1.2 Regulation
Radio systems used at events MUST comply with restrictions put in place by local
regulatory bodies and applicable laws. For the UK this is OFCOM. Where a special
licence is required for operation of radio equipment the event organiser must be
informed and the license must be available for viewing at the event.
4.1.3 Interference
Radio systems MUST NOT cause interference to other frequency users.
4.1.4 Digital Spread Spectrum
Commercial Digital Spread Spectrum 2.4GHz is recommended for combat robotics in
all weight classes.
4.1.5 Allowed Frequencies
For use in robots, the following frequencies are allowed:
AW BW FW LW MW HW
IR ✓ ✓ X X X X
27/40MHz AM/FM ✓ ✓ X X X X
40MHz FM Digital ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ X
2.4GHz DSS ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
459MHz Digital ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Please note that events may have additional restrictions on allowable frequencies.
Symbols:
✓ = Allowed Frequency X = Disallowed frequency
AW = Antweight BW = Beetleweight FW = Featherweight LW = Lightweight
MW = Middleweight HW = Heavyweight
IR = Infra-Red remote control systems – For use with Antweights Only
27/ 40MHz AM/FM = PPM radio systems e.g. Futaba Skysports 4 40MHz FM Digital = 40MHzPCM radio systems e.g. Futaba Fieldforce 6
2.4GHz DSS = Digital Spread Spectrum radio systems e.g. Spektrum DX6 459MHz Digital = Radio systems using 459MHz Modules
4.1.6 Special Exceptions
Use of disallowed frequencies may be permitted in limited circumstances for example if
running an armoured radio control car or for older machines providing safe control can
be demonstrated. This will be limited to non-competition fights.
4.2 Failsafes
4.2.1 Dangerous Systems
All systems that are deemed to be 'dangerous' (normally the drive and weapons) must
have a 'failsafe' device. This MUST bring the systems to a pre-set 'off' or 'zero' position
if the transmitter signal experiences interference or is lost. These devices must failsafe
when the receiver battery is low or if power is completely lost.
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4.2.2 Types of Devices
The failsafe(s) may take the form of plug-in commercial devices; electronic circuitry
incorporated into receivers, or other devices. It may also consist of digital switches,
which return to pre-set off position on loss of power. Care must be taken in the
selection of devices to ensure they meet the requirements specified above.
4.2.3 Built-in Devices
Some receiver failsafes such as PCM do not store the pre-set positions and will take a
few seconds from first turning on to receive these settings from the transmitter. This
type of failsafe MUST be set correctly to ensure the safe operation of the robot and are
strongly discouraged.
4.2.4 Setting Failsafes
Care must be taken to ensure that the failsafe(s) are set correctly.
Particular attention must be taken with programmable failsafe(s) that may be
overlooked when transferring receivers between robots or when altering the trim (zero
position) on sticks that may affect the ‘off’ or ‘zero’ position. With newer receivers it
may be necessary to ‘bind’ your receiver to program the pre-set failsafe positions.
4.2.5 Servo Control
Care must be taken when using servo/ pot/ micro-switch interfaces, as these will
remain in their last position with loss of power leaving the weapon active. Additional
precautions must be taken when these interfaces are in use.
4.3 Failsafe Light (Advisory)
In addition to the main power light a separate light may also indicate if the robot is in
“failsafe”, “off” or “zero” position.
4.4 Remote Kill (Advisory)
Robots may incorporate a “remote kill” that brings the robot’s failsafe device(s) to the pre-
set ‘off’ or ‘zero’ position via a switch on the transmitter. This is to allow for de-activation of
robots from outside a fully enclosed arena and prevent accidental operation of controls.
4.5 Operation
All device(s) MUST operate to the tech checker’s satisfaction before the robot will be
allowed to compete.
4.6 Crystals
Where used, spare crystal pairs must be available for each Radio Control set involved in
running the robot.
4.7 Changeable Frequencies
Frequencies must be easily changeable e.g. where crystals are used they must be
accessible, particularly on the receiver, so that a change of frequency can easily take
place.
4.8 Output Power
Transmitter output power must not exceed that specified by the local regulatory body or
any applicable laws.
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4.9 Home Built
If you are using a home built remote control system, you must first clear it with the event
organiser and declare it during ‘Tech Check’. Home built remote control systems are not
recommended.
4.10 Power Switch
Radio equipment may be operated independently of the removable link, providing that no
dangerous systems can be operated with the link removed.
4.11 Reserved Frequencies
The event may have reserved frequencies for testing, safety and arena effects that you
may not use.
4.12 Telemetry
Radio telemetry is permitted on 433MHz and 2.4GHz. Please check with the event
organiser if you are using radio telemetry.
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5. Autonomous/ Semi-Autonomous Robots
Robots that do not require human input for one or more of their functions.
If you are bringing an autonomous robot or a robot with significant autonomous functions
please contact your event organiser in advance.
5.1 Remote Operation
Any autonomous function of a robot, including drive and weapons, must have the
capability of being remotely armed and disarmed.
5.2 Disarming
While disarmed, the robot is not allowed to function in an autonomous fashion.
5.3 Light
In addition to the required main power light, robots with autonomous functions must have
an additional clearly visible light, which indicates whether or not it is in autonomous mode.
5.4 Deactivation
When deactivated the robot must have no autonomous functions enabled, and all
autonomous functions must failsafe to off if there is loss of power or radio signal.
5.5 Timeout
In case of damage to components that remotely disarm the robot, the robot will
automatically deactivate 4 minutes after being activated.
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6. Electrical Power
6.1 Deactivation
Robots must incorporate a way of removing all power to weapons and drive systems
(systems that could cause potential human bodily injury) that can be operated easily
without endangering the person turning it off.
6.1.1 Removable Link
The main power cut-off MUST be an insulated, removable link, which must NOT be in
place unless the robot is in the arena or under the supervision of a technician. The link
must be removable without the use of tools. A key or switch is not allowed.
6.1.2 Accessibility
The link must be positioned in a visible part of the robot's bodywork, fitted away from
any operating weaponry or drive, and this position must be clearly marked.
6.1.3 Covers
The link may be fitted under a cover, but the cover must be able to be opened without
the use of tools.
6.1.4 Kill Switch
If the robot uses an internal combustion engine(s), the "Power" cut-off must take the
form of a clearly labelled "Kill" switch. See Section 7 for further details on engines.
6.1.5 Inverted Link
Robots in the heavyweight class that are capable of being driven inverted, having a
removable link fitted that is only accessible when the robot is the right way up, must
have a duplicate link fitted in the opposing panel, so as to allow the robot to be
disarmed when inverted.
6.2 Cabling
Cabling must be of sufficient grade and suitably insulated for maximum operational voltage
and current.
6.3 Exposed Components
Current must not be carried through exposed components.
6.4 Power Light
Robots must have at least one surface mounted non-filament power light that is illuminated
when the main link is fitted. The power light may be any colour but must be non-flashing
and in contrast with the surroundings.
6.5 Activation
The robot must be capable of being activated and de-activated by way of the removable
link from outside an arena. (e.g. in a “bullpen” over a low wall).
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6.6 Voltages
Voltage must not exceed 75V for direct current or 50V for alternating current except where
prior approval from the event organisers has been confirmed. Note that batteries may
have a higher voltage during charging and care must be taken not to exceed these limits.
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7. Batteries
7.1 Protection
Batteries must be adequately protected within the body and securely fixed to minimise the
chance of being punctured or coming loose during combat. In addition, packing such as
high density foam is recommended to reduce the shock of impacts.
7.2 Terminals
Battery terminals must be protected to prevent short circuits.
7.3 Permitted Types
The only permitted batteries are ones that cannot spill or spray any of their contents when
inverted. Standard car and motorcycle wet cell batteries are not permitted.
7.4 Approved Battery Chemistry
The following battery chemistry may be used. Other battery chemistry may be suitable
however prior approval must be sought from both the FRA and the Event Organiser.
NiCd (Nickel-cadmium), NiMH (Nickel-metal Hydride), Pb (Sealed Lead Acid), LiFePo4
(Lithium Iron Phosphate), LiPo (Lithium Polymer)
7.5 Maximum Cell Count (series) and voltage
Number
of Cells Vnom Vmin Vmax Vtotal
(series)
NiCd (Nickel-cadmium) 30 1.2v 0.9v 1.9v 36v
NiMH (Nickel-metal Hydride) 30 1.2v 0.9v 1.9v 36v
Pb (Sealed Lead Acid) 18 2.0v 1.5v 2.4v 36v
LiFePo4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate) 14 3.3v 2.8v 3.6v 46.2v
LiPo (Lithium Polymer) 14 3.7v 3.0v 4.2v 51.8v
Vnom – Nominal cell voltage during discharge
Vmin – Minimum cell voltage
Vmax – Peek cell voltage during charging
Vtotal – Nominal pack voltage during discharge
These values are taken as an approximation. Always check the manufacturers
specification.
7.6 Parallel Cells
Batteries cells may be connected in parallel to increase capacity and discharge current.
Caution must be taken with NiCd and NiMH as these cells may only be connected in
parallel during discharge.
7.7 Charging
Improper charging may result in fire and/ or explosion.
7.7.1 Design
Only chargers specifically designed for the battery chemistry may be used. Chargers
will be inspected during the Tech Check to ensure correct operation.
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7.7.2 Rate of Charge
The rate of charge must not exceed the manufacturer’s specification. Note that high
charge rates will decrease battery life and performance.
7.8 Pb (SLA), NiCd, NiMH and LiFePo4
The following battery types can be used without any specific precautions although care
must be taken when any battery particularly during charging:
• Pb (Sealed Lead Acid, SLA), non-spillable gel type.
• NiCd and NiMH
• LiFePo4 (Lithium Iron Phosphate)
7.8 LiPo
Lithium Polymer batteries have specific limitations and extra precautions which must be
adhered to.
7.8.1 Charging
LiPo batteries MUST be balance charged to prevent damage occurring to the cells.
Chargers that do not incorporate an integrated balancing circuitry are not permitted.
7.8.2 Voltage Cut-out (Advisory)
The robot may be fitted with an under voltage cut-out or alarm set at or higher than the
battery manufacturer’s recommendation to prevent the batteries from becoming
damaged by over-discharge.
7.8.3 Fusing
A fuse rated below the maximum burst discharge of the battery MUST be fitted. The
maximum burst discharge current is calculated by multiplying the C rating by the
capacity. E.g. 25C 2200mAh = 55 Amp
7.8.4 Extra Equipment
Roboteers using LiPo batteries must provide a LiPo sack.
7.8.5 Inspection
LiPo batteries must be removed from the robot, inspected and placed into a LiPo sack
prior to and during the charging process.
7.8.6 Charging
Lithium batteries must not be left unattended at any time during the charging process.
Leaving batteries unattended while charging will be considered a serious breach of pit
safety and may result in you and your robot being removed from the event. Event
organisers may provide a dedicated area for charging.
7.8.7 Damage
LiPo batteries showing any evidence of damage or swelling must immediately be
placed a LiPo sack and removed to a safe, well-ventilated area such as outdoors. Note
that LiPo fires occur rapidly and there is a serious risk of personal injury. Use extreme
care when handling any battery that shows signs of damage.
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8. Internal Combustion Engines
Note: Please check that your event allows internal combustion engines.
8.1 Fuel Capacity
Fuel capacity is limited to 500ml (17floz).
8.2 Fuel Tanks
8.2.1 Plastic
Fuel tanks separate to the engine must be made of an acceptable type of plastic (e.g.
nylon).
8.2.2 Metal
If the tank is integral to the engine assembly and is metal, the cap must be plastic or a
plastic "pop off" seal fitted.
8.2.3 Protection
The tank must be adequately protected from puncture.
8.3 Fuel Lines
All fuel lines must be of the correct type and held with the correct type of fittings. They
must be routed to minimise the chances of being cut.
8.4 Return Spring
A return spring must be fitted to the throttle of all internal combustion engines to return the
throttle to "idle" or "off" in the case of servo breakage or failure. This is in conjunction to
any failsafe device.
8.5 Clutch
The output of any engines connected to weapons or drive systems must be coupled
through a clutch which will de-couple the motor when it is at idle. This does not include
motors used for generators and hydraulic pumps.
8.6 Remote Shut-off
All engines must have a method of remotely shutting off.
8.7 Leaks
Any robot with liquid fuel and oil must be designed not to leak when inverted. Minor
leakage may be tolerated, however if it affects other robots or becomes a large clean-up
issue you will be banned.
8.8 Non-standard Types
Use of internal combustion engines other than standard piston type (e.g. turbines etc.)
must be pre-approved by the Fighting Robot Association.
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9. Pneumatics
9.1 Allowed Gases
Pneumatic systems must use Carbon Dioxide [CO2] or Air.
9.2 Maximum Pressure
The maximum pressure at any point within a pneumatics system must not exceed 1000psi (68bar).
9.3 Cylinders
The compressed gas must be stored in a commercially manufactured gas cylinder of appropriate design,
specification and certification. Except where the maximum storage pressure is less than 50psi (3.4bar).
9.4 Burst Disc
The gas cylinder must incorporate a burst disc rated below the maximum test pressure of the bottle. Except
where the storage pressure is less than 50psi (3.4bar).
9.5 Manual Isolation Valve
Gas cylinders charged to pressures of greater than 50psi must incorporate a manual isolation valve that can
be operated from outside of the robot.
9.6 Remote Isolation Valve
Where the manual isolation valve is not integral to the gas cylinder (for example: the gas is normally
released as soon as the cylinder is screwed into the mating pneumatic connection) must have an additional
remote isolation valve accessible from outside of the robot.
9.6.1 Position
Any remote isolation valve must be positioned to minimise the pipe length between it
and the cylinder. This pipe length must fully vent before the cylinder is fully unscrewed
from the pneumatic connection.
9.7 Rating
All pneumatic components used with pressures greater than 50psi (3.4bar) must be rated or tested to at
least the maximum pressure available in that part of the system. You may be required to provide
documentation or certification to support this.
9.7.1 Custom Components
Custom made components, or parts operating above the suppliers maximum working
pressure, must be independently tested and certified at 120% of the maximum system
pressure available at that point.
9.7.2 Hydraulic Components
Components originally designed for hydraulics use will be de-rated by 50% for
pneumatics use.
9.8 Pressure Relief Device
A pressure relief device must be installed in each part of the pneumatics system where a
different operating pressure is used.
9.8.1 Rating
Pressure relief devices must have a rating of 1000psi (68bar) or 110% of the
pneumatic component with the lowest ‘maximum working pressure’ rating protected by
that particular pressure relief device, whichever is the lower.
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9.8.2 Low Pressure Systems
Pneumatic systems employing pressures less than 50psi or systems employing air
compressors that have a maximum output pressure lower than the pneumatic
component with the lowest ‘maximum working pressure’ do not require a pressure relief
device.
The pressure relief device(s) dictate the maximum pressure available in that part of the
pneumatics system. The pressure relief device(s) must have a flow rate capacity that
exceeds the maximum flow rate that can be expected under ‘over pressure’ conditions.
Any attempt to falsify the pressure settings of pressure relief device(s) will be
considered as gross misconduct by the FRA and may result in expulsion.
9.8.3 Full Pressure Systems
Non-regulated pneumatic systems or pneumatic systems where the regulator is not
directly attached to the gas cylinder require that a 1000psi pressure relief device is
fitted.
9.8.4 Regulated Systems
Regulated pneumatic systems that operate at less than 235psi (16bar) and where the
regulator is directly attached to the gas cylinder do not require a 1000psi pressure relief
device before the regulator. The regulator must be rated to 120% of the gas bottle
burst disc pressure. A pressure relief device is required down-stream of the regulator
rated at 110% of the component with the lowest 'maximum working pressure' rating.
9.9 Pressure Relief Devices
Pressure relief devices must be readily accessible and must be removable for testing
purposes.
9.10 Mounting
All pneumatic components must be securely mounted and adequately protected within the
body shell. Any component storing gas (i.e. gas cylinders, buffer tanks etc.) must be
secured in such a way as it cannot escape the robot even if suffering a rupture.
9.11 Gauges (Advisory)
Pneumatic pressure gauges and pressure test points are not a requirement but may be
requested by some event organisers.
9.12 Dump Valve
All pneumatic systems must incorporate a pressure dump valve accessible from outside of
the robot. This dump valve will quickly and reliably exhaust all gas downstream of the gas
cylinder isolation (or remote isolation) valve including systems with a maximum operating
pressure of less than 50psi (3.4bar).
9.12.1 Normally Open
The dump valve must be left open at all times when the robot is not in the arena or
testing areas. Where non-return or quick exhaust valves are used, pay particular
attention to ensure no part of the system is left pressurised.
9.13 Removable Cylinders
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Gas cylinders must be readily removable for inspection and refilling. You must ensure that
your gas cylinder connection is compatible with the event organiser’s filling stations, or that
you have suitable adapters available.
9.14 Heaters and Boosters
Pneumatic systems using heaters or pressure boosters are not permitted.
9.14.1 For the avoidance of doubt this includes the use of external devices such as
heaters, thermal blankets, liquids, or other methods to heat components including, but
not limited to, gas storage bottles, regulators, and buffer tanks.
9.15 Pressure Equipment Directive
Pneumatic components manufactured from 1 June 2002 must carry a CE mark. Pneumatic
components ‘custom made’ since 30 May 2002 must carry a label indicating their non-
conformity with the ‘Pressure Equipment Directive’ and their non-availability for sale.
Components manufactured prior to 30 May 2002 are not necessarily required to carry a
CE mark.
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10. Hydraulics
10.1 Pressure
Hydraulic system pressure (In the actuator or cylinder) must be limited to 10,000psi by way
of a maximum pressure relief valve.
10.2 Test Point
A hydraulic test point is a mandatory fitment to allow verification of a robot’s maximum
system pressure. A team will need its own test gauge and hose.
10.3 Storage Tanks
Hydraulic fluid storage tanks must be of a suitable material and adequately guarded
against rupture.
10.4 Standards
Hydraulic fluid lines and fittings must be to British Standard (BS) and/ or to European DIN
specifications.
10.5 Ratings
Hydraulic fluid lines and fittings must be capable of withstanding the maximum working
pressures used within the robot.
10.6 Protection
Hydraulic fluid lines must be routed to minimise the chances of being cut or damaged.
10.7 Accumulators
Hydraulic accumulators (pressurised oil storage devices) are banned in whatever form
they may take.
10.8 Bleeding (Advisory only)
Care needs to be taken when building a hydraulic system that consideration is given to
bleeding the system of air. Trapped air in the hydraulic system will degrade the
performance of the system and may make a robot run afoul of rule 10.7.
10.9 Power Sources
For power sources (other than electric motors/ petrol engines) please consult the Fighting
Robots Association for advice as to suitability.
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11. Rotational weapons or full body spinning robots
11.1 Limits
Event organisers will impose specific limits for rotational weapons.
Rotational weapons exceeding any the limits below must be submitted for review and be
pre-approved by the event organiser.
11.1.1 Weight
The spinning element is more than 10% of the robots total weight. (This includes any
directly coupled motor components rotating on the same axis).
11.1.2 Speed
The spinning element spins above 500 RPM.
11.1.3 Size
The spinning element is greater than 500mm in diameter.
11.2 Stopping Time
The spinning element of any rotational weapon must spin down to a full stop in under 60
seconds.
11.3 Full body spinning robots
Full body spinning robots with an eccentric mass, are excluded from this section unless
they spin over 500 revolutions per minute.
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12. Springs and flywheels
12.1 Springs
Any large springs used for drive or weapon power must have a way of loading and
actuating the spring remotely under the robot’s power.
12.1.1 Deactivation
Under no circumstances must a large spring be loaded when the robot is out of the
arena or testing area. These devices must be made safe before removing the robot
from the arena or testing area.
12.1.2 Small springs
Small springs like those used within switches or other small internal operations are
excluded from this rule. In addition, springs used in robots less than 5 kilos may be
excepted from this rule. Please contact the Fighting Robot Association for clarification.
12.2 Flywheels
Flywheels or similar kinetic energy storing devices must not be spinning or storing energy
in any way, unless inside the arena or testing area. These devices must be made safe
before removing the robot from the arena or testing area.
12.2.1 Remote Deactivation
There must be a way of generating and dissipating the energy from the device remotely
under the robot’s power to allow safe activation and deactivation of the robot.
12.3 Failsafe
All springs, flywheels, and similar kinetic energy storing devices must fail to a safe position
on loss of radio contact or power.
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13. Weapon Restrictions
The following weapons and materials are forbidden from use: Note: Some of the listed
items may be allowed for effects but not as weapons. If you have an application of these
items which you feel may be allowed, please contact the Fighting Robot Association.
13.1 Invisible Damage
Weapons designed to cause invisible damage to the other robot. This includes but is not
limited to:
13.1.1 Electricity
Electricity as a weapon such as Tesla coils, Van-der-Graaf generators, stun guns, or
cattle prods.
13.1.2 Radio Frequency
Radio Frequency jamming equipment or similar devices.
13.1.3 Radio Frequency Noise
Radio Frequency noise generated by an IC engine. Use shielding around sparking
components.
13.1.4 Electromagnetic Fields
Electromagnetic fields from permanent or electromagnets, which affect another robots
electronics.
13.2 Stopping Combat
Weapons or defences, which tend to stop combat completely, of one or more robots. This
includes, but is not limited to the following:
13.2.1 Entanglement
Entanglement devices such as barbs, hooks, spikes, nets, fishing line, cables, string,
glues or tapes, which require the match to be stopped and the robots separated.
13.3 Rotating Weapons
The speed of any rotating weapons - e.g. circular saws, carbon or steel cutting discs -
must not exceed the manufacturer's specification. The manufacturer's specification must
be available for inspection.
13.4 Hardened Blades
Commercially manufactured, hardened steel blades that may shatter are not allowed.
13.5 Blade Length
Commercial blades - e.g. bayonets - must not exceed 20cm in length.
13.6 Untethered Projectiles
Projectiles must have a tether capable of stopping the projectile at full speed and be no
longer than 2.5m.
13.7 Heat and Fire
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Heat and fire are forbidden as weapons, (however some events may allow limited fire
effects). This includes, but is not limited to the following:
13.7.1 Generated
Heat specifically generated to damage an opponent
13.7.2 Flammables
Flammable liquids or gases
13.7.3 Explosives
Explosives or flammable solids such as DOT Class C devices, Gunpowder, Cartridge
Primers or Military Explosives, etc.
13.8 Smoke and Light
Smoke and light based weapons, which impair the viewing of robots by an Entrant, Judge,
Official or Viewer. (You are allowed to physically engulf your opponent with your robot
however.) This includes, but is not limited to the following:
13.6.1 Smoke or Dust
Large quantities of smoke or dust. Limited smoke effects may be allowed by some
events.
13.6.2 Lights
Lights such as external lasers above Class 2 (1mw) output and bright strobe lights,
which may blind the opponent.
13.9 Hazardous Materials
Hazardous or dangerous materials are forbidden from use anywhere on a robot where
they may contact humans, or by way of the robot being damaged (within reason) contact
humans. If unsure please contact the Fighting Robot Association.
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