Trigonometric Identities and Equations Vidyamandir Classes

STANDARD RESULTS IN TRIGONOMETRY Section - 3

3.1. Trigonometric Ratios for sum and difference of angles :

 sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
 sin (A – B) = sinA cosB – cosA sinB
 cos (A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB
 cos (A – B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB

tan A  tan B   
tan ( A  B )  where A  n   , B  n  
1  tan A tan B  2 2
 
tan A  tan B  
tan ( A  B )   and A  B  m 
1  tan A tan B  2

cot A · cot B  1 
cot ( A  B ) 
cot A  cot B  where A  n , B  n 
 
cot A · cot B  1  and A  B  m
cot ( A  B )  
cot B  cot A 

tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C

 tan (A + B + C) =
1  tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A

cot A  cot B  cot C  cot A cot B cot C

 cot (A + B + C) =
1  cot A cot B  cot B cot C  cot C cot A
 sin (A + B + C) = sinA cosB cosC + cosA sinB cosC + cosA cosB sinC – sinA sinB sinC
or,
sin (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC (tanA + tanB + tanC – tanA tanB tanC)

 cos (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC – sinA sinB cosC – sinA cosB sinC – cosA sinB sinC
or,
cos (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC (1 – tanA tanB – tanB tanC – tanC tanA)

 sin (A + B) sin (A – B) = sin2A – sin2B = cos2B – cos2A

 cos (A + B) cos (A – B) = cos2 A – sin2B = cos2 B – sin2 A

S1  S3  S5  S7  ....
 tan (A 1 + A 2 + .... + An) = , where
1  S2  S 4  S6  ....
S1 = tan A1 + tan A2 + ..... + tan An = the sum of the tangents of the separate angles,

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S2 = tan A 1 tan A2 + tan A 2 tan A3 + ..... = the sum of the tangents taken two at a time,

S3 = tan A1 tan A2 tan A3 + tan A2 tan A3 tan A4 + ..... = the sum of the tangents taken three at
a time, and so on.

3.2. Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple and Submultiple Angles

(i) sin 2A = 2 sin A cosA
(ii) cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A
(iii) cos 2A = 2 cos2 A – 1 or, 1 + cos 2A = 2 cos2 A
(iv) cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin2 A or, 1 – cos 2A = 2 sin2 A

2 tan A 2 tan A
(v) tan 2A = (vi) sin 2A =
1  tan 2 A 1  tan 2 A

1  tan 2 A
(vii) cos 2A = (ix) sin 3A = 3 sinA – 4 sin3A
Illustration - 5 1  tan 2 A
3 tan A  tan 3 A
(x) cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cosA (xi) tan 3A =
1  3 tan 2 A
3.3 Tranformation Formulae

3.3A Expressing Product of Trigonometric Functions as Sum or Difference

(i) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B) (ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
(iii) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) (iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
The above four formula can be obtained by expanding the right hand side and simplifying.

Note : In the fourth formula, there is a change in the pattern. Angle (A – B) comes first and (A + B) later. In
the first quadrant, the greater the angle, the less the cosine. Hence cosine of the smaller angle is written
first [to get a positive result]

3.3B Expressing Sum or Difference of Two Sines or Two Cosines as a Product

CD
In the formulae derived in the earlier section if we put A + B = C and A – B = D, then A =
2
CD
and B = , these formulae can be rewritten as
2

CD CD
sinC + sinD = 2 sin · cos
2 2

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Trigonometric Identities and Equations Vidyamandir Classes

CD CD
sinC – sinD = 2 sin · cos
2 2

CD CD
cosC + cosD = 2cos · cos
2 2

CD CD CD DC

cosC – cosD = – 2sin · sin or 2 sin · sin
2 2 2 2
3.4 General formulae
sin ( A  B)  
 tan A  tan B   where A, B  n   , n  Z
cos A cos B  2

sin ( B  A) 
 cot A  cot B  where A, B  n , n  Z
sin A sin B 

cos ( A  B)  
 1  tan A · tan B   where A, B  n   , n  Z
cos A cos B  2

cos ( A  B) 
 1  cot A · cot B   where A, B  n , n  Z
sin A sin B 

1  cos   sin 
  tan  where   n 
sin  2 1  cos 

1  cos  
  cot , where   (2n  1) n
sin  2

1  cos  
  tan 2 , where   (2n  1) 
1  cos  2

1  cos  
  cot 2 , where   2n 
1  cos  2

  1  tan  cos   sin  1  sin 2

 tan       
4  1  tan  cos   sin  cos 2

  1  tan  cos   sin  1  sin 2

 tan       
4  1  tan  cos   sin  cos 2

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3.5 Values of Trigonometrical Ratios of Some Important Angles and Some Important Results

3 1 3 1
 sin 15° = cos 75   cos 15 
2 2 2 2

 tan 15  2  3  cot 75  cot 15  2  3  tan 75

1 1 1 1
 sin 22 
2 2
 2 2   cos 22 
2 2
 2 2 
1 1
 tan 22  2 1  cot 22  2 1
2 2

5 1 10  2 5
 sin 18   cos 72  cos 18   sin 72
4 4

10  2 5 5 1
 sin 36   cos 54  cos 36   sin 54
4 4

3 5  5 5 3 5  5 5
 sin 9   cos 81  cos 9   sin 81
4 4
1 1
 cos 36  cos 72   cos 36 cos 72 
2 4
 sin sin (60° – ) sin (60° + ) = 1/4 sin 3
 cos cos (60° – ) cos (60° + ) = 1/4 cos 3
 tan tan (60° – ) tan (60° + ) = tan 3
3.6 Expressions of sin A/2 and cos A/2 in terms of sin A
A A
1  sin A  sin  cos
2 2

Note : We must be careful while determining the square root of trigonometrical function e.g.

sin 2 x | sin x | not sin x

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